Jews, Comics, and the Creation of the Superhero

Much has been written recently on the prevalence of Jews in early comic book production, both as writers and artists, and as publishers, owners, and managers.  Depression-era Jews found work in the industry because comic books were generally despised, and immigrants and their children often find employment doing the work no one else wants to do.

A recent entry to the corpus, Danny Fingeroth's Disguised As Clark Kent: Jews, Comics, and the Creation of the Superhero (Continuum, 2007) ponders this reality through the twin lenses of comics expertise and Jewish culture.  The author of the much-admired Superman on the Couch (Continuum, 2004), Fingeroth is a former editorial director of the Spider-Man comics and the current Senior Vice-President of Education for the Museum of Comics and Cartoon Art in New York.  Fingeroth is also, as Spider-Man's creator Stan Lee notes in his forward, the son of a cantor.

That personal detail provided by Lee helps explain the eloquent affection and empathy with which Fingeroth writes about the creators of our most beloved and iconic superheroes, such as Superman's Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, Captain America's Jack Kirby and Joe Simon, Batman's Bob Kane, MAD Magazine's Harvey Kurtzman, and The Spirit's Will Eisner.  Fingeroth writes about these children of the shtetl as though he spent his childhood evenings sitting with them at the supper table, listening enthralled to their stories.  And perhaps, in a sense, he did.

As a result, the book is personal, touching, and pleasurable to read.  Fingeroth elegantly dispenses with the thorny problem of author intent, maintaining that the comics' creators never intended to create specifically Jewish heroes or tell specifically Jewish stories.  Lee helps him by writing in his forward that "we never thought about it, never talked about it, never even seemed to be aware of it."  In Fingeroth's view it doesn't matter that these creators, sharing an Eastern European Jewish heritage, were not overly conscious of their identity.  Indeed, it might be one stamp of their Jewishness that their heroes and their stories have universal appeal.

Fingeroth proceeds by sketching short biographies of these legendary comics creators, and then discussing the ways in which the superheroes and their stories reflect the culture, history, traditions, habits, and morality of Eastern European Jewish immigrants.  This is a liberating hermeneutic that allows Fingeroth to compose some of his most enticing prose.

He is at his inspiring best when he is engrossed in discovering the ultimate meaning of these heroes.  His discussion of Superman is a wonderful example.  He identifies Moses and Jesus as "the main metaphor systems at war for credit for the inspiration of Superman."  Is Superman a Jesus figure (an argument recently disputed in this column), or is Superman a Moses figure, as many others have contended?