Muslim in America: The Experiment

CNN recently featured a story of a social science experiment conducted by Dr. Akbar Ahmed, professor and chair of Islamic Studies at American University in Washington.

…[t]he project that’s been dubbed Journey into America…is an offshoot of a 2006 endeavor that took him, and a few of those traveling with him now… into the Muslim world abroad. That initial trip involving visits to mosques, madrassas (religious schools) and private homes from Syria to Indonesia became the basis of Ahmed’s book, “Journey into Islam: The Crisis of Globalization.”

“These questions Americans were asking [about Muslims] could not be answered without Americans looking at themselves … and looking at Muslims in the context of their own culture and society,” the professor explained. The group needed “to talk to Muslims and examine what they knew about American culture, American society and how they actually adjusted or assimilated or integrated — or not — into larger American society.”

Hailey Woldt. Image via CNN

Hailey Woldt. Image via CNN

The study includes not only interviewing Muslims around the United States but also having affiliates pose as Muslims, including Hailey Woldt, seen here. The article tells us of a portion of the experiment in which Woldt is in Arab, Alabama (oh, the irony) in “Muslim dress.”

“I expected people to say, ‘What is this terrorist doing here? We don’t want your kind here,’ ” said Woldt, a 22-year-old blue-eyed Catholic, recalling her anticipation before stepping into a local barbecue joint. “I thought I wouldn’t even be served.”

Instead, Woldt’s experiment in social anthropology opened her own eyes. Apart from the initial glances reserved for any outsider who might venture through a small-town restaurant’s doors, her experience was a pleasant one.

Reading this I had the same hesitations and concerns Jezebel contributor Megan did.

Woldt isn’t going to get looks or questions the same way an Arabic Muslim woman or an African Muslim woman would because she’s white and, with that, comes a basic assumption that she’s choosing to wear a garment for reasons that are her own. I mean, no one is going around arguing that the U.S. government needs to free Hasidic Jewish women from the confines of their wigs and modest clothing, right? No one is trying to get Mennonite or Amish women to free themselves from patriarchal religious structures that have them clothed in bonnets and long pioneer-woman type dresses (in some cases). No one is trying to get nuns to ditch their habits or their vows of chastity. And, yet, there is a very basic assumption that, for the (mostly) brown women who wear hijabs, abayas or niqabs for religious reasons, that they must be freed from the yokes of their oppressors — even in this country. Because, of course, if they knew they could choose, of course they wouldn’t.

Megan hits the nail on the head. As a social scientist myself, I can say that this is a strong criticism of the experiment if non-White Muslim women are no also affiliates  and places in similar situations. In and of itself, it does provide readers with an insight into the experiences of White, hijab/abaya-wearing, Muslim women and this is worth knowing as part of the larger picture. Nonetheless, having brown or black Muslim women, both with and without the abaya and hijab, should be a necessary component of the project if one wanted to make any conclusions about the experiences of affiliated females.

The project overall sounds fascinating and, with a scholar like Dr. Akbar Ahmed behind it, is sure to be educational and enlightening.  Let’s just hope the diversity of the Muslim community, including among Muslim women, is also reflected in the final results.

OH NOES! Hijab will make you sick!

The results of a new study on Arab women in Dearborn, Mich., have been released. The study revealed that women who wear “traditional clothing” (code word for hijab) are prone to lower levels of vitamin D because of less exposure to sunlight. Two articles on the study (here and here) read like,  “Oh noes! Those poor hijabis who get no sunlight will get so sick!” This recent study is just the latest in a line of studies on hijabis in various parts of the world which all have the same result: hijabis don’t get enough sunlight and hence don’t get enough vitamin D. We’re told of all the risks of not getting enough vitamin D: increased risk of cancer, diabetes, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis, heart disease and infections.

I am highly skeptical of these studies and the way they’re framed in the media. Not because of the results (if hijabis aren’t getting enough vitamin D, then we need to go about other ways of getting it), but because they all seem to have the same message: hijab is making you sick! There are many ways to get vitamin D, with exposure to sunlight being just one of them. You can also get vitamin D through diet. However, what is stressed in the two articles about the study is that hijabis don’t get enough vitamin D compared to non-hijabis despite the fact that the study also found “There was no difference in rates of health problems linked to vitamin D deficiency, such as bone or joint pain or breaks, or muscle weakness” between women in the study who wear hijab and women who don’t. In the Scientific American post, we’re given multiple quotes about how hijabis can’t enough vitamin D even from diet.

While heavy doses of vitamin D are available in supplements, the body manufacturers the most through sun exposure (admittedly in short supply in early spring in Michigan, when the study was done), Hobbs says. The vitamin naturally occurs in only a few foods, including mackerel, tuna, salmon and eggs, and it’s added to milk in the U.S. To get the recommended 1,000 International Units of vitamin D a day (or no more than 2,000), you’d have to drink 20 glasses of milk daily, or eat 80 eggs, Hobbs says. Spend a few minutes in the sunshine, though, and your body will make 10,000 to 20,000 units, he says.

So what am I or any other hijabi suppose to take away from this study? That unless I take off my hijab I’m not ever going to get enough vitamin D? That makes me feel very hopeful.

What was also troubling was that the study was only done on Arab American women. The Muslim community in the U.S., even in the Detroit area, is really diverse. Why were only Arab American women used in the study? Why weren’t women from other ethnic groups who wear hijab also used? This is troubling to me because it once again reinforces the idea that Muslim=Arab. The way the Freep.com article and Scientific American post were framed reinforced this idea. The titles of the articles are “Vitamin low in Arab women” and “Does modest dress among Arab-American women promote vitamin D deficiency?”, yet the bulk of both articles focus on hijabis. The article itself says that vitamin D levels were higher in women who didn’t wear hijab and since the study was done on Arab women, I assume that the women who didn’t wear hijab were also Arab. Also, there are Arabs who aren’t Muslim. Yet the articles are framed in such a way that equates Arab with Muslim.

So while it’s good to know that I should be conscious of my vitamin D intake, I also know that studies like these aren’t perfect.

Capitol Ladies: a feel-good post about Muslim women in Congress

I’m a member of the Congressional Muslim Staffer’s Association (CMSA), an organization on Capitol Hill that seeks to unite Muslims working in Congress and quell myths about Islam through outreach. Last Friday, some members of CMSA met with a group of young Egyptian men and women as their two-week congressional internship came to a close. Their trip, sponsored by the American Embassy in Cairo, was part of a student-led project to build a replica of U.S. government. I asked some of the women about their experience.

Sally Kotb, 23, a graduate student in International business law at the University of Indiana’s campus in Cairo, said she was surprised by the diversity in American politics: “The practical life we see in Congress is very different from what we see in the media,” she said. “I thought all lobbyists were like AIPAC, but there are also lobbyists who support the Middle East.”

Her colleague, Sara Mustafa, 22, agreed. “The media makes it seem that Muslims are refused in America, she said. “We found it completely different; it’s definitely not to the extent that we believed it to be,” she said.

Not many families in Egypt would allow their daughters to travel thousands of miles on their own. Ms. Mustafa, who was traveling on her own for the first time, agreed that the subject was contentious but said her family recognized the value in her visit.

“For two weeks I was totally independent and it is difficult,” she said. “But my mother was the one who really encouraged me to go because she saw it was a good opportunity.”

Heba Al Hass, 20, a political science major at The Faculty of Economics and Political Science, said the internship was an eye-opening experience, especially for a Muslim woman from Egypt.

“This is what I study, so it was great to see the process and also to see so many women working in government,” she said.

Al Hass also agreed with the other women, saying she was surprised by how easily accepted Muslims are in America: “I’m surprised there are Muslims in U.S. government and I’m surprised there is a mosque*  in the Capitol, it’s really great.”

I asked Al Hass what her perceptions were about the treatment of Muslim women in America: “Well, we used to think they are not that easily accepted,” she said. “But I’ve seen people smile at women who wear the veil, and it’s really nice.”

I’m glad I met with these women. It was heartwarming to know some of their misperceptions abut America were corrected. They really valued their experience and enjoyed their time. Their company made my day a little brighter and reminded me why it’s important to write about Muslim women and continue the fight for women’s rights in the Middle East.

*It’s more a large prayer room than a mosque, but barakah is there nonetheless.

Editor’s Note: This was written by Yusra, but was initially published under Fatemeh’s name erroneously. The error has been corrected, and MMW is sorry for any inconvenience or confusion.