Mosques and Marriages: Manifestations of Patriarchy and Misogyny in the Western, Muslim Context

This post was written by guest contributor Amina Jabbar.

As I was sifting through the internet, blogger A Bengali in T.O. caught me with a personal question: “Where are the Girls in this Mosque?” The women’s prayer space at the mosque he was visiting was completely separated, with no direct view of speaker in the main prayer hall, only connected via a set of speakers and a monitor. In reflection, he aptly noted,

“This is the problem, the big problem, in today’s Muslim organizations. If you take a look at this picture, there is a LOT of empty space behind the men, in the MAIN prayer hall. Why can’t girls sit here, in close proximity to the speaker, so they can personally ask him questions, or be inspired in way that only a face-to-face conversation can?”

Shiri Yusuf provides an equally raw account of that same, familiar struggle to be visible within the Muslim community but just on a more intimate, micro-level. As an educated, British woman, she writes about the difficulties of finding a Muslim husband: “I am a woman who according to culture is very much pass [sic] her ‘sell-by’ date…” She attributes the trend to attitudes taught to young Indo-British men; that Western Muslim women with an education don’t know how to be wives and mothers.  [Read more...]

Egyptian Women Hanging out in Mosques

I came across an interesting Associated Press article a couple of days ago titled Egyptian women break new ground at the mosque by Canadian journalist Hadeel Al-Shalchi.

The article discusses how Egyptian women are beginning to not only frequent mosques more, but to use their time there to socialize, learn about Islam, and participate in community work.

All in all, it was a pretty solid article, and Al-Shalchi does a good job of discussing the ways women have increased their participation in the mosque. It isn’t a revolutionary thing they’re doing, though you get the feeling that’s what she’s telling us, but it’s interesting to note.

I particularly like how the story isn’t written in an “Oh my God, these women are doing something so incredible!” Instead, it’s written as it is: a natural progression resulting from “increasing religiosity” in Egypt, and of more women in Egypt (Muslim and non-Muslim) going ‘outside’ the home more and more to study and work.

(Although was it really necessary to say that women who used to come to the mosques/ shrines only prayed for “marriage, pregnancy [and] good grades for their children?” None of them were praying for a career or to be a better Muslim or a better person?)

Anyway, as Al-Shalchi points out:

More women want to engage in public prayer, increase their knowledge of Islam and do volunteer work in the community. Many Egyptian women already have had to balance their traditional place in the home with public roles at universities and jobs, so they tend to ask, “Why not a place in the mosque as well?”

The focus on the article is Muslim women in mosques, but Al-Shalchi does a good job of balancing the fact that it’s both a realization “that their faith allowed them to [enter mosques],” and a development in the Egyptian culture that has allowed women to visit mosques more often. Plus, she manages to make it clear that women aren’t only going to the mosques to pray, they’re going to engage more in their communities.

However, Al-Shalchi does only talk mainly about one mosque, Al-Sedeeq, one where:

Up to a 1,000 women may show up for the Quran lessons or twice-weekly religious lectures by women. On any given day, several hundred women buzz around the mosque, organizing clothing drives, cooking meals for the poor or teaching women to read. Al-Sedeeq also has medical clinics and a day care center for children of women who do volunteer work at the mosque.

And although she does point out though that this mosque is “one of the most dramatic examples of women taking a bigger role,” you may be left thinking a lot of mosques are like this, when this may not be true. A lot of other mosques, especially outside of Cairo, aren’t so welcoming of women.

Egypt is one of the most progressive nations in the Middle East on the issue of women attending mosques.

I would have perhaps liked to see a contrast with other nations here, more explaining on why Egypt is “one of the most progressive nations,” and what exactly that means—is it only in terms of available prayer space?

The only statement I had major qualms about was:

These women aren’t Western-style feminists seeking to change the faith’s teachings on women.

As if western-style feminists’ aim is to change Islam’s teachings on women, and not patriarchal interpretations of the faith.

I liked the juxtaposition of a female scholar encouraging women to stay at home and a male scholar saying women should be out and about. A nice touch to show diversity of thought, as well as the fact that supporters of women going to mosques aren’t always women and detractors aren’t always men.

Egyptian Muslim women perform Eid al-Adha prayers, or the Feast of Sacrifice in Cairo, Egypt. AP Photo/Mohamad Al Sehety

Egyptian Muslim women perform Eid al-Adha prayers, or the Feast of Sacrifice in Cairo, Egypt. AP Photo/Mohamad Al Sehety

The art chosen for this story was also suitable. Pictured leftis one of the photos, women praying dressed in all colors and types of dress. Another photo (pictured below right) showed women in niqab (face veil) at a mosque, and another showed them dressed in white scarves and normal clothes studying. A good combination.

Somehow, the following day, I stumbled upon an article on Wowowow.com that quoted Al-Shalchi’s article.

The website name should give you some indication of how they tackled the article. And the fact that they titled the article Egyptian Women Take Mosques By Storm – In a Good Way.

Ignoring the fact that they slightly plagiarized Al-Shalchi’s article, they painted the fact that women were visiting mosques more as a pioneering “women’s movement.” The female scholar who Al-Shalchi quoted as saying women should stay at home is quoted again here, as a critic of the movement. The male scholar who said they should go to the mosque is conveniently left out.

The women who go to the mosques are lumped together as “housewives” who “take care of the husbands and kids.”

But don’t be mistaken. This is not necessarily a case of Egyptian women trying to break free of their religion, but rather them trying to worship and practice more publicly.

Egyptian Muslim women study Islamic lessons at Al-Azhar Mosque, the highest Islamic Sunni institution (AP Photo/Amr Nabil)

Egyptian Muslim women study Islamic lessons at Al-Azhar Mosque, the highest Islamic Sunni institution. (AP Photo/Amr Nabil)

Basically, the article attempts to position the ‘movement’ as one were the housewives are consciously making a stand, making their voices heard! with critics trying to shut them up while they struggle valiantly for their rights, ‘storming’ and ‘taking on’ the mosques. No mention is made that there are many accommodating male mosque leaders who are supporters of women praying and participating in mosque activities.

Once again, it’s the poor Muslim women trying to navigate their way in a religion and society that’s intolerant. Oh, and by the way, the article adds, in case you thought this was an Egyptian problem, it’s not: a lot of Muslims try and keep women out of the mosque or *gasp* separated, “even here in the United States.”

They then go ahead and quote Asra Nomani as saying:

Intolerance toward women is like the canary in the coal mine for intolerance toward other people. When you allow sexism to go unchallenged, you allow bin Laden-type mentalities to go unchallenged. That’s why it’s so vital that the expression of Islam in the world be one that is completely affirming of women’s rights.

So how is that talking about Egyptian women participating more in their communities? Oh yeah, it isn’t. It’s just an excuse to spout platitudes about Islam’s intolerance towards women.

Looking at Masjid Inequality in Australia

‘Eid Mubarak to everyone! ‘Eid ul’adha is a reflective time for Muslims all over. There’s the story Abraham and Ismail’s sacrifice to God and what that sacrifice means in terms of our own relationships to God. There’s also Hagar’s story of being in the desert and actively asking God to help her find food and water for her and her child. During Hajj itself, there are many lessons learned by the pilgrims. One of the greatest is the equality of all Muslims before God. During hajj, men and women stand side by side to worship God. This is a point made by Nadia Jamal in an editoral in The Sydney Morning Herald about the lack of equality in the Australian mosques. Jamal asserts that in Sydney’s largest mosque, there is physical separation of the sexes that doesn’t occur in Makkah.

Jamal rightfully points out the gender segregation that occurs in Australian mosques and mosques all over the world is way beyond what was the norm during the time of Prophet Muhammad and that prominent Muslims in Australia, including Sheikh Fehmi, are working to change this. However, they are facing opposition from conservative elements. Jamal’s anecdotes of gender segregation sound woefully familiar to situations encountered by Muslim women, myself included. In one situation, Jamal walked out of a social gathering that was gender segregated. This is a common occurrence at mosques and a situation that can be very uncomfortable.

I am glad that Jamal pointed out that often gender segregation is not a result of official policy at mosques but a result of conservatism by various men and women. I have experienced this first-hand when a partition was pulled in front of me during prayer, despite the fact that the president of the mosque in question told me himself that this was not official policy.

One thing I do wish Jamal had done, though, was call for more dialogue between Muslim women and men to address this issue. At the end of the article Jamal insists that Muslim women have to “insist on sitting at the same table as their Muslim brothers.” I agree that we have to insist on our rights, but I do think we also need more dialogue between the genders to discover why gender segregation is occurring at mosques, despite the fact that gender segregation is not even possible outside the masjid. If men aren’t engaged, then I don’t think much will change. Also, I think we have to call for calm dialogue and not put men in a position where they feel like they’re being attacked. I know this is easier said than done.

Also, I wished that Jamal hadn’t placed the actions of some on the entire Muslim community. “When Muslims are criticised for being “backward” I am among the first to defend the community. My latest experience makes this stance one that is increasingly harder to maintain.” I know that dealings with fellow Muslims aren’t always easy, but I think we have to resist the urge to make blanket statements.

Lastly, Jamal speaks about men who prevent gender inequality at mosques. I think that we also need to look at the role women play in gender inequality as well. Some of the biggest defenders of gender inequality and gender segregation are women. Their support helps to maintain the status quo just as much as the support of men. Jamal’s editorial will hopefully help to increase dialogue on this issue and make our mosques more open.