Heads up, Britishers*

I posted links a while back to a Louis Theroux documentary, The Most Hated Family in America, in which Louis tried to get inside the mind of the Phelps family of Westboro Baptist Church fame.

Well, Louis has been back! He’s written an article about it prior to the airing of his new documentary, America’s Most hated Family In Crisis, on Sunday 3rd of April 2011, and he’s also posted a couple of interesting clips, which I thought I would share:

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Tune in to BBC 2 at 21:00 on Sunday 3rd April 2011 if you can!

* And everybody else once some kind person inevitably rips it from the iplayer to youtube.

Update: I’m aware that this content isn’t available in the US, but I’ve been unable to rip it from the BBC site – I was planning to rehost it on YouTube, but now can’t, obviously. I’ll do my best to find a workaround and get back to y’all ASAP.

Update 2: I’ve now replaced the BBC videos with YouTube ones. Enjoy!

Calling a Fraud a Fraud

Bart Ehrman has a new article up at HuffPo to promote his latest book. The article is titled, Who Wrote The Bible and Why It Matters, and it’s basically an attempt to change how we talk about the bible.

Many of the books of the New Testament were written by people who lied about their identity, claiming to be a famous apostle — Peter, Paul or James — knowing full well they were someone else. In modern parlance, that is a lie, and a book written by someone who lies about his identity is a forgery.

Most modern scholars of the Bible shy away from these terms, and for understandable reasons, some having to do with their clientele. Teaching in Christian seminaries, or to largely Christian undergraduate populations, who wants to denigrate the cherished texts of Scripture by calling them forgeries built on lies? And so scholars use a different term for this phenomenon and call such books “pseudepigrapha.”

I suppose you could say that Ehrman is opposed to those who want to be RC – “religiously correct” – in order not to offend. His argument is that many of the works in the New Testaments would be called forgeries today, would have been called forgeries at the time they were written, and yet we do not admit these facts unless forced. These works might have been pious frauds, but they were frauds nonetheless.

If everybody admitted that these letters were forgeries, what would change? What would it do to the authority of the Bible?

Does Religion Exist?

Sabio at Triangulations pointed me toward a very interesting article by the anthropologist Pascal Boyer, Why would (otherwise intelligent) scholars believe in “Religion”?

That’s a deliberately provocative title, and his thesis is equally provocative:

There really is no such thing as “religion”. Most people who live in modern societies think that there is such a thing out there as “religion”, meaning a kind of social and cognitive package that includes views about supernatural agency (gods and suchlike), notions of morality, particular rituals and sometimes particular experiences, as well as membership in a particular community of believers and the constitution of specific organizations (castes of prests, churches, etc.).

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But all this is a recent invention. Most of human evolution took place in small-scale communities that did not have any religious institutions. This was also the case of most human groups outside modern economic development until recently, and it is still the case in remote places outside the direct influence of modern states. In all these places, there is no unified domain of “religion”. True, there may be various ideas about superhuman agents, there may be ideas about morality (often not connected with those agents), there may be notions about ritualized sequences that must be performed (some with and many without a connnection to spirits etc.), there may be community affiliation (generally unrelated to morality or superhuman agency), but there is nothing that would justify putting all these things together.

It reminds me of the Buddhist parable of the chariot. Briefly, a Buddhist wiseman approaches a chariot, points at a wheel and asks “Is that the chariot?” No. He points at the axle, “Is that the chariot?” No. He points at the harness and asks, “Then is this the chariot?” Again, no.

Then what is the chariot? It’s the sum of all these things, and if you take one away you no longer have a chariot. Change the configuration of the pieces – put the wheels in the floor and drag the axle behind you – and the chariot is just a way to really irritate your horses.

But a person can function when their “religion” has been broken into unconnected pieces, or been put together in different ways. In fact, as Boyer points out, most people throughout history have done just that. So what is a religion?

Boyer admits that we have to use the word for now, but that it should be deprecated:

It makes some pragmatic sense, and it is almost forgivable, if you are in the business of attracting grants or selling books, to talk about “the brain and religion”, “the evolution of religion”, “how religion works”, “explaining religion”, or even, if you are really desperate, of “religion explained”.

All this is harmless if your scholarship then proceeds to deflate the notion and explain why your empirical studies have to focus on genuine natural kinds, like costly signaling, counter-intuitive concepts, monopolistic specialists guilds, coalitional psychology, imagined agents, etc.

What is the Real Bible?

I’ve been flipping through The Rise and Fall of the Bible by Tomothy Beal, so I was pleased to see that he’s got an editorial up at CNN’s Belief Blog: There’s no such thing as the Bible and never has been. Beal examines the American Christian tendency to treat the Bible as an idol, while at the same time printing knock offs like The Golfer’s Bible, The Waterproof Bible: Sportsman’s Edition or “biblezines” which pair biblical selections with relationship advice.

He makes the point that there is no single Bible. It’s continually being reinterpreted and retranslated, sometimes to fit the preconceptions of the believers doing the work. And he also makes the point that there never has been one single book that we can point to and call “The Real Bible.”

Not only is there no such thing as the Bible now; there never has been.

There is no pure original, no Adam from which all Bibles have descended. During the time of Jesus, there were many different versions of Scriptures in circulation, and no central publishing house or religious authority to standardize the process.

Same with the early Christian movement. Indeed, it wasn’t until the 4th century that there was even an official canon of Christian Scriptures. Even then, moreover, there were lots of unofficial varieties. The “story of the Book” is a fascinating one, with many surprising turns, but the upshot is that the further we go back in history, the more biblical variety we discover. “That old time religion” is an illusion.

For many of us, it’s more than a little disconcerting to realize that there’s no pristine original Bible to recover, that it’s messy and plural all the way back to the beginning. But is it not also a very familiar feeling?

Trying to save the Bible by recovering the Adam of all Bibles is as futile as trying to save the marriage by recovering the Eden of married life. There’s no such thing, so there’s no going back. Our desire for a pure, unadulterated, original Bible, “in the beginning,” is an illusion that shields and distracts us from the real, unstable, often terrifyingly ambiguous relationship with another that is the life of faith.

Insider Scoop on the Church of Scientology

If you haven’t already, check out New Yorker journalist Lawrence Wright’s story on ex-Scientologist writer-director Paul Haggis: The Apostate: Paul Haggis vs. the Church of Scientology At 26 pages, it’s long and rambling in the way of New Yorker articles, but its core is solid.

Paul Haggis is known for writing the screenplay of Million Dollar Baby, and writing and directing Crash (and being the executive producer of The Facts of Life and co-creator of Walker, Texas Ranger, kind of a mixed resume). He dropped out of the Church of Scientology in 2009. The final straw was the church’s refusal to retract its support of Proposition 8.

But there were a lot of straws before that, and the article contains 26 pages worth of them. It’s a very compelling story, because Wright does a good job of sketching Haggis. He comes across as a rootless and energetic young atheist who suddenly discovered a system that explained everything and seemed to make life easier to live.

Later on, after it had lost its sheen, he continued in Scientology despite reservations. He mentions that he felt no smarter or more “enlightened” after repeated auditings:

He noted that a Scientologist hearing this would feel, with some justification, that he had misled his auditors about his progress. But, after hundreds of hours of auditing sessions, he said, “I remember feeling I just wanted it over. I felt it wasn’t working, and figured that could be my fault, but did not want the hours of ‘repair auditing’ that they would tell me I needed to fix it. So I just went along, to my shame. I did what was easy . . . without asking them, or myself, any hard questions.”

We could play a game comparing Scientology to Fundamentalism. It seems to promote a similar mindset. There are some ironies as well:

Haggis and a friend from this circle eventually got a job writing for cartoons, including “Scooby-Doo” and “Richie Rich.”

That makes me want to see an episode of Scooby-Doo where they take the mask off of Xenu, and find that it was L. Ron Hubbard all along.

The article gets darker in the last third, when Wright starts talking about Gold Base, a Scientologist “monastery” and headquarters in California, and the abuse inflicted by higher-ups in the Scientologist chain of command. Apparently that abuse has been enough to attract the attention of the F.B.I., who are investigating the church for – get this – slave trafficking:

The laws regarding trafficking were built largely around forced prostitution, but they also pertain to slave labor. Under federal law, slavery is defined, in part, by the use of coercion, torture, starvation, imprisonment, threats, and psychological abuse. The California penal code lists several indicators that someone may be a victim of human trafficking: signs of trauma or fatigue; being afraid or unable to talk, because of censorship by others or security measures that prevent communication with others; working in one place without the freedom to move about; owing a debt to one’s employer; and not having control over identification documents. Those conditions echo the testimony of many former Sea Org members who lived at the Gold Base.