{"id":258,"date":"2009-11-29T06:29:00","date_gmt":"2009-11-29T06:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/2009\/11\/languages-and-scripts\/"},"modified":"2009-11-29T06:29:00","modified_gmt":"2009-11-29T06:29:00","slug":"languages-and-scripts","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/2009\/11\/languages-and-scripts.html","title":{"rendered":"Languages and Scripts"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>

More scholar-nerdiness to follow (a warning or an enticement)\u2026<\/p>\n

Here are a couple great web pages giving simple introductions to language trees<\/a> and to the evolution of scripts<\/a>. Neither is exhaustive (of course), and I was sad to see Persian\/Farsi omitted from the language tree, but these are very helpful tools for beginners, and some not-so-beginners to get oriented. The whole idea of a \u201cIndo-European\u201d language family is still foreign to many Buddhists<\/span>. Hopefully we can help with that a bit.<\/p>\n

Likewise with scripts. I first learned Sanskrit using the Devanagari script, somehow assuming it was like the Roman or Greek alphabets: really old. Not so, as it turns out. And it wasn\u2019t until this year in China that some kind and friendly travel-mates caught me up on this. It turns out that most of the Sanskrit that flowed north to Tibet and China (and hence Buddhist Texts, since little or no Pali was translated into these languages to my knowledge) would have been in other, earlier scripts\u2026.<\/span> and even that is a simplification, I\u2019m finding. As with most things, the more you learn, the more you see how much is out there still to be learned.<\/p>\n

The Pali Companion<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
<\/span>Pali, the language of the Buddhist canonical writings, is the oldest literary Prakrit.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n

The Language Tree<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Pali is one of the many vernacular dialects derived from Sanskrit called Prakrits. Prakrits are known to be used since the 3rd century BC (Middle Indo-Aryan period).<\/span><\/p>\n

2. The development of Indo-Aryan languages is generally divided into three stages as follows: Old Indo-Aryan (3rd century BC and before), Middle Indo-Aryan (from about 3rd century BC) and Modern Indo-Aryan (from about 10th century AD).<\/span><\/p>\n

3. The Old Indo-Aryan period comprises Vedic Sanskrit (used in Vedas, Brahmanas and Upanishads) and classical Sanskrit (used in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Puranas). However, contemporary Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (used in Mahayana texts) are later developments during the Middle Indo-Aryan period.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Family<\/span><\/td>\nSub-Family<\/span><\/td>\nBranch<\/span><\/td>\nGroup<\/span><\/td>\nLanguage<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Indo-European<\/span><\/td>\nGermanic<\/span><\/td>\nWest Germanic<\/span><\/td>\nAnglo-Frisian<\/span><\/td>\nEnglish**<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Netherlandic-German<\/span><\/td>\nGerman<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Italic<\/span><\/td>\nLatin-Faliscan (Latinian)<\/span><\/td>\n <\/td>\nLatin*<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Romance<\/span><\/td>\nSpanish, Portuguese, French<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Slavic<\/span><\/td>\nEast Slavic<\/span><\/td>\nRussian<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Greek<\/span><\/td>\nGreek*<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Indo-Iranian<\/span><\/td>\nIndo-Aryan (Indic)<\/span><\/td>\nOld Indo-Aryan<\/span><\/td>\nSanskrit*<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Indo-Aryan<\/span><\/td>\nPali*<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Modern Indo-Aryan<\/span><\/td>\nHindi, Bengali, Sinhalese<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Afro-Asiatic (Hamito-Semitic)<\/span><\/td>\nSemitic<\/span><\/td>\nNorth Central<\/span><\/td>\nHebrew*<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
South Central<\/span><\/td>\nArabic*<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sino-Tibetan<\/span><\/td>\nChinese (Sinitic)<\/span><\/td>\nMandarin Chinese**<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tibeto-Burman<\/span><\/td>\nBurmese, Tibetan<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Japanese<\/span><\/td>\nJapanese<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Korean<\/span><\/td>\nKorean<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Austro-Asiatic<\/span><\/td>\nMon-Khmer<\/span><\/td>\n <\/td>\nKhmer<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Viet-Muong<\/span><\/td>\nVietnamese<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Altaic<\/span><\/td>\nMongolian<\/span><\/td>\nMongolian<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tai<\/span><\/td>\nThai, Lao<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Austronesian<\/span><\/td>\nMalayo-Polynesian<\/span><\/td>\nWestern Malayo-Polynesian<\/span><\/td>\nMalay** (Malaysia, Indonesia)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Dravidian<\/span><\/td>\nTamil**<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
* Languages used in major religious texts:
\u2013 Pali: Theravada Tipitaka (Buddhism)
\u2013 Sanskrit: Vedas (Hinduism), Mahayana Texts (Buddhism)
\u2013 Hebrew: Old Testament (Judaism, Christianity)
\u2013 Latin: New Testament (Christianity)
\u2013 Greek: New Testament (Christianity)
\u2013 Arabic: Koran (Islam)<\/span>\n

** Four official languages of Singapore.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n

Table 1: A Simplified Tree of World Languages<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/span>To learn more about languages, please refer to <\/span>Article on \u201cLanguage\u201d<\/span><\/a> (Encarta Encyclopedia) and the Ethnologue at <\/span>http:\/\/www.sil.org\/ethnologue\/<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

The Pali Companion<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
<\/span> The uninflected form of a Pali word, without an ending, is called a stem.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n

The Scripts<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1. According to Sri Lanka tradition, the first written Pali Tipitaka was completed in the first century BCE near Matale in Sri Lanka. These texts were probably written in the Brahmi script.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. The earliest Buddhist texts discovered to-date were Gandhari text written in the Kharosthi script, and found in the Gandhara region of modern day Afghanistan.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. The Edicts of Asoka, a collection of inscriptions from the Indian emperor Asoka, were written in various languages and scripts, including Magadhi in the Brahmi script, a form of Sanskrit in the Kharosthi script, and even in Greek and Aramaic.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Today, the main scripts used for presenting the Pali Tipitaka include Roman, Sinhala, Thai, Burmese, Khmer, Lao, Tai (in Yunnan, China) and more recently Devanagari.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
England 1<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\nScripts<\/b><\/span><\/td>\nChina 1<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Prehistoric Britain<\/span><\/td>\n1050 BCE \u2013 Phoenician alphabet<\/span><\/td>\nIndus 2<\/sup> script or Aramaic script ???<\/span><\/td>\n1050 BCE \u2013 Oracle Bone script \u7532\u9aa8\u6587; also Bronze script \u91d1\u6587<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9th century BCE \u2013 Greek alphabet<\/span><\/td>\n8th century BCE \u2013 Aramaic alphabet<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8th century BCE \u2013 Cumae alphabet<\/span><\/td>\n8th century BCE \u2013 Seal script \u7bc6\u4e66<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7th century BCE \u2013 Latin\/Roman alphabet<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4th century BCE \u2013 Kharo.s.thii script<\/span><\/td>\n6th century BCE (?) \u2013 Braahmii script<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
North<\/i> 3<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\nSouth<\/i> 3<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n3rd century BCE \u2013 Clerical script \u96b6\u4e66<\/span><\/td>\nTraditional Chinese \u7e41\u4f53\u5b57 5<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Roman Britain<\/span><\/td>\n <\/td>\n400 CE \u2013 Gupta script<\/span><\/td>\n <\/td>\nPallava script ??<\/span><\/td>\nMon script<\/span><\/td>\n <\/td>\n200 CE \u2013 Regular script \u6977\u4e66<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5th century CE \u2013 Futhorc (Runic) alphabet [Old English]<\/span><\/td>\n750 CE \u2013 Naagarii script<\/span><\/td>\n600 CE \u2013 Siddha.m script<\/span><\/td>\n700 CE \u2013 Sinhala script<\/span><\/td>\n6th century CE \u2013 Grantha script<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7th century CE \u2013 English alphabet [Modern English]<\/span><\/td>\n650 CE \u2013 Tibetan script<\/span><\/td>\n600 CE \u2013 Khmer script 4<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1200 CE \u2013 Devanaagarii script<\/span><\/td>\n1283 CE \u2013 Thai script 4<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1050 CE \u2013 Burmese script<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1350 CE \u2013 Lao script 4<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n1300 CE \u2013 Lanna script<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
<\/td>\n <\/td>\n1900s \u2013 Simplified Chinese \u7b80\u4f53\u5b57 5<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Notes:
1. Writing systems in England and China used for illustration.
2. See Wikipedia article on the Indus Script<\/a> for comprehensive discussion.
3. Indicative, see Wikipedia article on Brahmi Script<\/a> for details.
4. The Khmer, Thai and Lao scripts are currently used in Cambodia, Thailand and Laos respectively.
5. Both Traditional and Simplified forms of written Chinese are in widespread use today.
6. Scripts mentioned in the main text are highlighted with a light color shade.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 1: Historical Development of Writing Scripts<\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
To learn more about scripts, please refer to Wikipedia article on Writing Systems<\/a> and Ancient Scripts<\/a> website.<\/span> <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n

10 May 2009<\/p>\n

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More scholar-nerdiness to follow (a warning or an enticement)\u2026 Here are a couple great web pages giving simple introductions to language trees and to the evolution of scripts. Neither is exhaustive (of course), and I was sad to see Persian\/Farsi omitted from the language tree, but these are very helpful tools for beginners, and some […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":118,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-258","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nLanguages and Scripts<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"More scholar-nerdiness to follow (a warning or an enticement)...Here are a couple great web pages giving simple introductions to language trees and to the\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/2009\/11\/languages-and-scripts.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Languages and Scripts\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"More scholar-nerdiness to follow (a warning or an enticement)...Here are a couple great web pages giving simple introductions to language trees and to the\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/2009\/11\/languages-and-scripts.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"American Buddhist Perspectives\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2009-11-29T06:29:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/www.tipitaka.net\/pali\/companion\/icon.gif\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Justin Whitaker\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Justin Whitaker\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/2009\/11\/languages-and-scripts.html\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/2009\/11\/languages-and-scripts.html\",\"name\":\"Languages and Scripts\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2009-11-29T06:29:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2009-11-29T06:29:00+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/#\/schema\/person\/abfb8f851f671638c4c7536b963f9da9\"},\"description\":\"More scholar-nerdiness to follow (a warning or an enticement)...Here are a couple great web pages giving simple introductions to language trees and to the\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/2009\/11\/languages-and-scripts.html#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/2009\/11\/languages-and-scripts.html\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/2009\/11\/languages-and-scripts.html#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Languages and Scripts\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/\",\"name\":\"American Buddhist Perspectives\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/#\/schema\/person\/abfb8f851f671638c4c7536b963f9da9\",\"name\":\"Justin Whitaker\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/americanbuddhist\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/817b6fba8ae056aaff4f9bdc84347d72?s=96&d=identicon&r=pg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/817b6fba8ae056aaff4f9bdc84347d72?s=96&d=identicon&r=pg\",\"caption\":\"Justin Whitaker\"},\"description\":\"I am an almost-life-long Montanan; a baptized Catholic; an ardent Atheist; a practicing Buddhist; a lover of Wisdom. 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