{"id":49959,"date":"2019-08-20T01:53:17","date_gmt":"2019-08-20T05:53:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/anxiousbench\/?p=49959"},"modified":"2019-08-19T11:52:03","modified_gmt":"2019-08-19T15:52:03","slug":"mainline-protestants-donald-trump","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/anxiousbench\/2019\/08\/mainline-protestants-donald-trump\/","title":{"rendered":"It&#8217;s Not Just Evangelicals: Trump and Mainline Protestantism"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><\/head><body><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With good reason, pundits, journalists, and scholars like us have spilled buckets of virtual ink trying to explain white evangelical support for Donald Trump \u2014 to the point of rethinking the very term \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eerdmans.com\/Products\/7695\/evangelicals.aspx\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">evangelical<\/a>.\u201d If you continue to find such questions interesting, let me encourage you to read two recent articles in the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Washington Post<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2014\u00a0Elizabeth Bruenig\u2019s account of her trip to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2019\/08\/14\/evangelicals-view-trump-their-protector-will-they-stand-by-him\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evangelical churches in Texas<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and Julie Zauzmer\u2019s report <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/evangelicals-arent-turned-off-by-trumps-first-term--theyre-delighted-by-it\/2019\/08\/11\/3911bc88-a990-11e9-a3a6-ab670962db05_story.html\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from three battleground states<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2014\u00a0plus Angela Denker\u2019s new book, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Red-State-Christians-Understanding-Elected\/dp\/1506449085\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Red State Christians<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. (I\u2019ll have an interview with Denker at <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Anxious Bench <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">next month.) But I wonder if we haven\u2019t focused too much on one branch of the American Protestant tree.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What of the Baptist, Episcopalian, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterian, and other Christians collectively known as the \u201cmainline\u201d? Their long-declining <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewforum.org\/religious-landscape-study\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">numbers now lag behind<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> those of evangelicals, Catholics, and \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/religionnews.com\/2019\/03\/21\/nones-now-as-big-as-evangelicals-catholics-in-the-us\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the nones<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u201d but white mainline (or, if you prefer, \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.christiancentury.org\/article\/2014-06\/glory-days\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ecumenical<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d) Protestants still account for nearly 15% of the American population. And their politics are far more complicated than you may realize.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_49989\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-49989\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/hiway77\/45982688885\/in\/photolist-2d4kioM-FdmBtD-9WVs8i-jjheQ5-ocmsyT-ntwYbL-eXuFYv-29qdcKi-6wk6fX-e6VyKB-8MBLui-dAUnPc-jyXZv-SGKaF7-oyCZvt-926VEV-no5cGa-ibgHKa-e14gCL-otv8X1-5TUGmn-8FwCR3-p1neXi-e17wsh-787SpZ-qQAJiq-qzncdX-GP9Rx8-72eUhS-ot2BnJ-7rLSoY-TEGoeC-dB1HxL-91qEEF-cELs8Y-dNPLsf-nMUS2X-5u3JZ8-emTJwM-gjvWzS-29HvJKn-8mxVFp-SURqcq-dAU1Si-6AtoVr-2cJCk63-hBWT7N-7aDsJU-84MLYb-dqkSBA\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49989\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/168\/2019\/08\/45982688885_1bd42f3912_c.jpg\" alt=\"Rural Lutheran church in shadow\" width=\"768\" height=\"437\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-49989\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">St. Paul\u2019s Lutheran Church in Gilead, Nebraska \u2013 CC BY-ND 2.0 (Tim Vrtiska)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Right away, let me stress that I\u2019m not a political scientist, nor a historian of mainline Protestantism. But both because I\u2019m currently attending a mainline church and because people like me have tended to look past that particular intersection of religion and politics in order to zoom in on evangelicalism, I want to note some statistics and hazard some perhaps foolish explanations. If actual experts out there would like to write a guest post following up on this one, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bethel.edu\/academics\/faculty\/gehrz-christopher\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\">get in touch with me<\/a>. Now, on with the show!<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider the largest Protestant denomination in my part of the country: the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). At its <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.elca.org\/About\/Leadership\/Churchwide-Assembly\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">annual meeting<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> earlier this month, the ELCA not only passed statements condemning <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/religionnews.com\/2019\/08\/09\/elca-names-sexism-and-patriarchy-as-sins-condemns-white-supremacy-at-lutheran-churchwide-assembly\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">patriarchy and white supremacy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but made national news for declaring itself a \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/clintschnekloth\/2019\/08\/a-vision-for-the-elca-as-the-first-church-to-declare-itself-a-sanctuary-denomination\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sanctuary church body<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d Hundreds of delegates joined Lutheran activists in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/religionnews.com\/2019\/08\/07\/elca-declares-self-a-sanctuary-church-body-marches-to-ice-building-in-milwaukee\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">marching a mile<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to the Milwaukee office of the federal office of Immigration and Customs Enforcement, where they held a prayer vigil and posted 9.5 theses on care for refugees and other immigrants. \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We put the protest back in Protestant,\u201d proclaimed some of the signs held by protestors. (And I don\u2019t think they meant it like <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/protestprotest\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">one of our blogging neighbors<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> does.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As religion reporter Emily McFarlan Miller had <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/religionnews.com\/2019\/08\/06\/5-things-to-watch-at-the-elca-churchwide-assembly\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">predicted<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the 2019 ELCA assembly offered \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a window into the issues important to many progressive Christians across the country.\u201d But how many of the ELCA\u2019s 3.5 million members are actually (politically) progressive?<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"500\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Gathering under the theme \"We are church,\" voting members of the 2019 Churchwide Assembly of the <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/ELCA?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">#ELCA<\/a> made a number of key decisions to further the mission and ministry of this church. <\/p>\n<p>Summary of <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/ELCAcwa?src=hash&amp;ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">#ELCAcwa<\/a> actions: <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/aMk2oy4kVj\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/t.co\/aMk2oy4kVj<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/mTqTJNsY0V\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">pic.twitter.com\/mTqTJNsY0V<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u2014 ELCA Lutherans (@ELCA) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ELCA\/status\/1162001792214994944?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">August 15, 2019<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consider some of the numbers that political scientist Ryan Burge has been crunching from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), which surveys over 64,000 Americans every two years. Not only do 49% of ELCA respondents in the 2018 CCES <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ryanburge\/status\/1160247615365308417\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">identify as Republican<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (vs. 42% as Democrats), but even more <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ryanburge\/status\/1160256674571182082\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">approve of Donald Trump<\/span><\/a>: 52% of those Lutherans,<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a035% strongly. When Burge drilled down <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ryanburge\/status\/1156622964621807619\/photo\/3\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to look at religious behavior<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, he found that ELCA support for Trump was strongest among those who attended church <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">most often<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0and weakest among those who show up just once or twice a year<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I don\u2019t want to make too much of this. Pro-Trump numbers among ELCA respondents are dwarfed by those for evangelical denominations. For example, about half of Southern Baptists, Nazarenes, and <a href='https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/library\/pentecostal' target='_blank'>Assemblies of God<\/a> Pentecostals strongly approve of Trump\u2019s performance, as do the majority of the ELCA\u2019s Missouri Synod cousins. (Here too, it\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/religioninpublic.blog\/2019\/06\/19\/trump-was-favored-by-uneducated-lukewarm-christians-right\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">most <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">faithfully religious<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who are most likely to identify with the political right in the Age of Trump.) Meanwhile, other mainline groups skew darker blue: e.g., 55% of Episcopal and UCC respondents strongly disapprove of Trump, and historically black members of the National Council of Churches like respondents from the African Methodist Episcopal Church (83% strongly disapprove) and AME Zion (91%) are even more unified in their feelings about this president.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_49992\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-49992\" style=\"width: 300px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ryanburge.net\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-49992\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/168\/2019\/08\/Ryan-Burge-300x207.jpg\" alt=\"Ryan Burge speaking\" width=\"300\" height=\"207\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-49992\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Burge is both a political scientist at Eastern Illinois University and an American Baptist pastor. Read more from him at the blog <em><a href=\"https:\/\/religioninpublic.blog\/contributors\/burge-2\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Religion in Public<\/a>.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But the ELCA rank and file is not alone in defying the conventional notion of the mainline having become the Democratic Party at prayer. The PCUSA isn\u2019t nearly as red on Burge\u2019s chart as the PCA or Orthodox Presbtyerians (the single most pro-Trump group in the set, with 70% strong approval), but 52% of Trump\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.uscatholic.org\/articles\/201701\/faith-donald-trump-30910\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fellow (?)\u00a0 Presbyterians<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> do approve of his performance. The United Methodist Church skews even more sharply to the right, with almost three in five continuing to back this president.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With Americans just over a year away from deciding on a second Trump term in office, these figures are not insignificant. The ELCA is particularly strong in Republican bastions like the Dakotas and Nebraska, but it also accounts for significant numbers of voters in three states that had tiny electoral margins in 2016: Pennsylvania and Wisconsin (two of the states Zauzmer visited) plus my own Minnesota. And each also has a good-sized UMC presence. (I\u2019m relying on 2010 figures from <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.thearda.com\/rcms2010\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Religious Congregations and Membership Study<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the adherence rates.)<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Minnesota <em>(Clinton +1.5%)<\/em>: 139.1 ELCA per 1000 of population, 19.2 UMC<\/li>\n<li>Wisconsin <em>(Trump +0.8%)<\/em>: 72.9 ELCA, 20.2 UMC<\/li>\n<li>Pennsylvania <em>(Trump +0.7%)<\/em>: 46.6 UMC, 39.5 ELCA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In what\u2019s bound to be a close 2020 decision, changing the opinion of these Christians could potentially alter the map of the Electoral College. Yet this far into the Trump administration, there continues to be a disconnect between denominations that loudly protest the most regressive aspects of the Trump presidency and their more politically complicated members.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There\u2019s also a divide between clergy and laity. Consider\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eitanhersh.com\/uploads\/7\/9\/7\/5\/7975685\/hersh_malina_draft_061117.pdf\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a 2017 article<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by political scientists Eitan Hersh and Gabrielle Malina., who wondered just how partisan Christian pastors and their flocks were. Using earlier versions of the CCES survey and public data from the 29 states where voters register by political party, they found that clergy partisanship varies dramatically, if predictably, by denomination. Not only did nearly 100% of the ELCA\u2019s seminary faculty register as Democrats, but so too did 73% of its pastors \u2014\u00a0vs. just 46% of the ELCA respondents in the CCES data, one of the biggest clergy-laity divides in the study.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They note how few religious Americans choose their congregation because of politics \u2014\u00a0not even 20%, according to a 2012 study \u2014 so it\u2019s not necessarily surprising to see this kind of clergy\/laity political split. <em>(At one point in\u00a0<\/em>Red State Christians<em>, Angela Denker writes about having supper with some Lutherans in Missouri. One young Trump backer glanced at an ELCA pastor in the group \u201cand then looked away. \u2018I don\u2019t want my religion to influence my political beliefs,\u2019 Eric said. \u2018That makes it much more complicated.'\u201d)<\/em> Hersh and Malina still conclude that pastors have the ability to persuade differently-minded congregants on specific issues. But it wouldn\u2019t surprise me if\u00a0the pro-Trump rank-and-file in the mainline are just as likely as their evangelical counterparts to take more of their cues from Fox News and social media than from credentialed religious leaders speaking from more traditional pulpits.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not that the evangelical\/mainline distinction is as clean-cut as I\u2019m making sound. There are no doubt lots of evangelicals sitting in Methodist, Presbyterian, and other mainline pews. And as I <a href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/anxiousbench\/2018\/11\/mainline-evangelical-protestantism\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\">suggested here<\/a> last fall, the fact that those churches are part of historically mainline denominations doesn\u2019t keep them from participating in evangelical networks, supporting evangelical ministries, and using evangelical music and media<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All of which to say\u2026 mainline denominations are no more monolithic than evangelicalism. The ELCA resulted from a convoluted series of mergers that fused together Lutheran bodies of diverse theologies and pieties. I\u2019m sure the same is true of the not-so-United Methodists, seemingly on the brink\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/religionnews.com\/2019\/08\/15\/a-united-methodist-group-proposes-a-denominational-breakup\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of a schism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> over sexuality and marriage. Here I\u2019d also love to see someone like Burge break down the CCES data by location. He did find little difference between <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/ryanburge\/status\/1156625848910471168\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mainliners in the South<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> vs. everywhere else, but I suspect that Lutherans, Methodists, and Presbyterians in rural areas, smaller cities, and exurbs would tend to have different politics than their urban and perhaps suburban co-religionists.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fortresspress.com\/redstatechristians\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-49995\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/168\/2019\/08\/Red-State-Christians-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"Denker, Red State Christians\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\"><\/a>Or perhaps large numbers of white mainliners \u2014\u00a0and no American denomination is <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2015\/07\/27\/the-most-and-least-racially-diverse-u-s-religious-groups\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">whiter than the ELCA<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2014 have simply been no more eager than their evangelical cousins to relinquish their historic influence over a country going through rapid social, economic, demographic, and cultural change. Maybe it\u2019s not just evangelicals who can fall under the spell of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/anxiousbench\/2019\/08\/christians-against-christian-nationalism\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Christian nationalism<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In her book, Angela Denker\u2019s focus is on evangelicals, but I\u2019d expect to find plenty of mainliners among the Red State Christians who \u201cwant to be the ones who get to define what America is, and for them, it must be conservative, and it must be Christian\u201d \u2014 even if it takes a Donald Trump to keep it that way.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Though mainline Protestants are often seen as theologically and politically progressive, many of those Lutherans, Methodists, Presbyterians, and others continue to support Donald Trump.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2794,"featured_media":49989,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2974,2878,43,771],"tags":[2287,456,325,2280,2822],"class_list":["post-49959","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chris-gehrz","category-donald-trump","category-evangelicalism","category-mainline-protestantism","tag-christian-nationalism","tag-conservatism","tag-lutherans","tag-methodists","tag-presbyterians"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - 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