{"id":58706,"date":"2020-04-21T01:53:10","date_gmt":"2020-04-21T05:53:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/anxiousbench\/?p=58706"},"modified":"2020-04-20T20:34:02","modified_gmt":"2020-04-21T00:34:02","slug":"baking-bread-religious-meanings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/anxiousbench\/2020\/04\/baking-bread-religious-meanings\/","title":{"rendered":"Why I Bake Bread in the Middle of a Crisis"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><\/head><body><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I think I\u2019ve baked more bread in the past month than I did in all the decades leading up to it. I mean, I\u2019ve been baking since I was a teenager. But it\u2019s never been such a consistent part of my weekly routine as when sheltering in place for fear of spreading a deadly virus. The other day you should have my eyes light up above my mask when I found a jar of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/slate.com\/business\/2020\/04\/yeast-shortage-supermarkets-coronavirus.html\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fleischmann\u2019s active dry yeast<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Target. (Not the rapid rise instant stuff, but that\u2019s okay \u2014\u00a0I\u2019ve got plenty of time on my hands.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Of course, me being me, I haven\u2019t been able to make bread without overthinking that simple act. My mind keeps asking questions about the history of baking, and its religious implications.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a id=\"9HRsYkc8QKJtNdtateCSDw\" class=\"gie-single decorated-link\" style=\"color: #a7a7a7; text-decoration: none; font-weight: normal !important; border: none; display: inline-block;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/detail\/944761482\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Embed from Getty Images<\/a><script>window.gie=window.gie||function(c){(gie.q=gie.q||[]).push(c)};gie(function(){gie.widgets.load({id:'9HRsYkc8QKJtNdtateCSDw',sig:'XUrtEDr9v9FBvrOxI2nZq9og2c2wppIeAMKojHxf1Ts=',w:'594px',h:'382px',items:'944761482',caption: true ,tld:'com',is360: false })});<\/script><script src=\"\/\/embed-cdn.gettyimages.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\" async><\/script><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As my son and I watched <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/video\/house-of-the-divine-pyxbwk\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the PBS premiere<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0of the BBC series on <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earth\u2019s Sacred Wonders<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, I wondered if there\u2019s any world religion that doesn\u2019t somehow make meaning of bread. We noticed that the chapati that devout Sikhs baked for visitors to Amritsar\u2019s Golden Temple (250 pieces <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">per minute<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> during the harvest festival of Vaisakhi!) are not so different from the pitas that Palestinian paramedics in Jerusalem ate to break the Ramadan fast. Like its provision, the absence of bread also carries religious meaning, as when Moses told the wandering people of Israel that God humbled them \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">by letting you hunger, then by feeding you with manna\u2026 in order to make you understand that one does not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of the Lord\u201d (Deut 8:3).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But I doubt any religion does more with bread than Christianity. How could it not? Jesus quotes Moses in denying the devil\u2019s first, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Luke+4%3A1-4&amp;version=NRSV\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">bread-related temptation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but that baked good is never far from the story of the messiah who <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=John+6%3A35&amp;version=NRSV\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">calls himself<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u201cthe bread of life\u201d: in a life that featured parables about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Matthew+13%3A33&amp;version=NRSV\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">baking<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and miracles that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Mark+6%3A30-44&amp;version=NRSV\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">multiplied loaves<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; in a death that is remembered in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=1+corinthians+11%3A23-24&amp;version=NRSV\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the breaking of bread<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; and in a resurrection that the disciples believed after Jesus shared that same food (see <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Luke+24%3A28-32&amp;version=NRSV\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=John+21%3A12-14&amp;version=NRSV\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). After Jesus\u2019 ascension, the first Christians <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Acts+2%3A42-47&amp;version=NRSV\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gathered around bread<\/span><\/a>,<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and argued about <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Acts+6%3A1-6&amp;version=NRSV\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">how to distribute it<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=1+corinthians+11%3A20-22&amp;version=NRSV\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">equitably to the poor<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in their communities.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_58715\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-58715\" style=\"width: 244px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:The_Last_Supper,_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg#\/media\/File:The_Last_Supper,_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-58715\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/168\/2020\/04\/879px-The_Last_Supper_by_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger-244x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"244\" height=\"300\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-58715\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attacked by Protestant iconoclasts, Holbein\u2019s depiction of the Last Supper has been partially restored \u2013 Wikimedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There\u2019s so much more that could be said about bread in the history of Christianity. I was fascinated to come across <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/moses.creighton.edu\/jrs\/2009\/2009-1.pdf\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">an article<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> asking why Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Hans Holbein included loaves of leavened bread in their depictions of the Last Supper, when the medieval western church had insisted that the Host be as unleavened as it almost surely was in the upper room <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Luke+22%3A7-23&amp;version=NKJV\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that fateful Passover<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But if Lucila Crena is right that COVID-19 has made us all \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.christiancentury.org\/article\/first-person\/pandemic-has-made-us-unintentional-monastics\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">unintentional monastics<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,\u201d then it\u2019s not surprising that our unchosen isolation has made me especially interested in the monastic history of baking.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crena\u2019s correct that the \u201cmonastic life is as varied as the monastics who inhabit it,\u201d but every version of that life seems to have bread at its center \u2014 even the most ascetic. As Anthony the Great began his ministry, the Father of Christian Monasticism took what little money he hadn\u2019t given away and, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/fathers\/2811.htm\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">according to Athanasius<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u201cpart he spent on bread and part he gave to the needy.\u201d As Anthony went deeper into the desert and fasted more often, \u201cHis food was bread and salt.\u201d As his followers began to form communities in Egypt, they ate <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=CvuzDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA138\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">over 20 pounds of bread<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> per month. When Benedict of Nursia made his rule for a more moderate form of monastic discipline, he allocated each monk a more generous pound of bread per day.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The act of baking underscores at least two of the core themes of Benedictine monasticism. First, the importance of intentional community: as Father Dominic Garramone, OSB explains in his cookbook, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/How-Be-Breadhead-Beginners-Baking\/dp\/1935806378\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to Be a Breadhead<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u201cBaking invites and creates community. The very word \u2018companion\u2019 comes from the Latin <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cum pane<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u2018with bread.\u2019\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But even in its most solitary stages, baking also offers monks a daily ritual that embodied the motto of the Benedictine order: \u201cpray and work.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For the repetitive, tedious, tactile work of making bread lends itself to prayer. As I knead a batch of dough, I sometimes pray the Jesus prayer of Eastern Orthodoxy: \u201cLord Jesus Christ \u2014 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(press dough with heel of the hand)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2014\u00a0son of God \u2014 <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(push dough forward)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2014\u00a0have mercy on me \u2014\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(fold dough in half) <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014 a sinner <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(repeat)<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I daresay baking can even function as something like a spiritual discipline: teaching patience and humility and satisfying both physical and spiritual hunger.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_58709\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-58709\" style=\"width: 768px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/168\/2020\/04\/IMG_4424.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-58709\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/168\/2020\/04\/IMG_4424.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"576\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-58709\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Humility: thirty years into my baking career, I still struggle to produce a properly formed loaf of bread\u2026<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For me, baking also functions as a kind of historical reenactment. So much of what I do in my life feels particular to the 21st century, but in baking I repeat an ancient process that hasn\u2019t changed in its essentials over the millennia. And because I learned baking, like Christianity, from my mother \u2014 as she learned both from her mother and grandmother \u2014\u00a0every loaf connects me to that cloud of witnesses. Especially when I bake a Swedish bread like limpa, measuring the rye flour or grating the orange zest makes me feel like I\u2019m back in the immigrant kitchens where my recipe originated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But as a historian, baking also leaves me conscious of how that activity has changed over time in its particulars. I needn\u2019t gather my own yeast or mill my own flour, but can buy them from multinational corporations. (Well, COVID-challenged <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/business\/2020\/04\/14\/grocery-stores-empty-shelves-shortage\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">supply chains<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> permitting.) If I want to skip the prayerful work of kneading, I can let my standing mixer take over, thanks to a power supply that\u2019s reliable even in the middle of a public health crisis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And, in the end, baking for me is not the essential task it was for my ancestors. My children won\u2019t go hungry if our grocery store runs out of yeast, or if I just don\u2019t feel like baking one morning. But for millions past and present, the lack of bread isn\u2019t a casual choice, but a cruel constant.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/B00MG34K7I\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-58718\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/168\/2020\/04\/By-Bread-Alone-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"By Bread Alone cover\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\"><\/a>So scholars like Dorothee S\u00f6lle and Cathleen O\u2019Connor have urged Christians to read the Bible with a \u201chermeneutics of hunger.\u201d In that spirit, Fortress Press published a 2014 collection of essays intended \u201cto help the contemporary, first-world reader develop a different field of vision for the biblical texts\u2014one that <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sees<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">hears <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">those who hunger, both those mentioned or those intimated in the texts and those in our own world today.\u201d The editors of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/B00MG34K7I\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By Bread Alone: The Bible through the Eyes of the Hungry<\/span><\/i><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, saw that work<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as a necessary first step to engaging the revelatory text as it speaks to, for, and with those who hunger and thirst for food, water, shelter, clothing, freedom, respect, meaning, integrity, and all the fundamental needs of a fully human life.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For while \u201cJesus refused bread for himself\u201d when tempted by Satan, \u201che did not deny it to someone else\u2026 To choose to fast is one thing; to stand idly while others go hungry is quite another.\u201d It\u2019s fine to find spiritual meaning in the act of baking bread, but it should also leave us conscious of those without that staple.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you\u2019d like to help provide bread to those going hungry in the middle of this pandemic, please consider making a donation to <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.feedingamerica.org\/find-your-local-foodbank\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">your local food shelf<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which has likely seen <\/span><\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2020\/apr\/02\/us-food-banks-coronavirus-demand-unemployment\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">demand for its services skyrocket<\/span><\/i><\/a><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> since March.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Like many others during the COVID-19 pandemic, Chris has found himself baking bread \u2014\u00a0and thinking about the historical and religious meanings of that activity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2794,"featured_media":58709,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2974,5215,590],"tags":[6644,6647,2840,620,1078,373,2637],"class_list":["post-58706","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-chris-gehrz","category-food","category-jesus","tag-baking","tag-hunger","tag-islam","tag-monasticism","tag-moses","tag-prayer","tag-sikhs"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - 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I\u2019m professor of history at Bethel University in St. Paul, Minnesota, where I also help direct the Christianity and Western Culture program. 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