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<\/a><\/p>\nAs some criticism on my post on slut-shaming<\/a> put it, the concept of shame as a protective feeling for the integrity of the entire person is \u201cnot even in the ballpark\u201d of what shame really is. Shame is, in fact, \u201cthe negative judgment of the conscience directed towards ourselves\u2026[it has] nothing to do with objectification or wholeness of person.\u201d<\/p>\n Now while this seems to make shame something simple, useful, and necessary to the restoration of a moral world, it actually makes shame a senseless emotion, weakens our concept of conscience, and contributes to a culture of emotional subjectivism. Shame absolutely cannot be \u201cthe negative judgment of conscience directed towards ourselves,\u201d and I will fight for the fact.<\/p>\n First of all, we do not always feel shame \u201cdirected towards ourselves.\u201d We often feel shame for others. (1)<\/p>\n Secondly, we feel shame apart from moral issues. If conscience is \u201ca dictate of the practical reason deciding that any particular action is right or wrong\u201d (2), and if shame is a negative judgment of conscience, then it should be impossible to feel shame except over morally wrong actions. But if my pants fall off at a public event, I will feel ashamed. If forget my words in the middle of a public address, and look up to the blank stare of an expectant audience, I will burn with shame. These are hardly judgments of my conscience accusing me of performing a morally wrong action. They are moments in which I fear and dread being seen as some spectacle, and thus seem to fall under the notion of shame we developed in the previous posts<\/a> \u2014 \u201ca protective feeling for the entirety of the person over and against the gaze or act which treats her as something less.\u201d<\/p>\n Conversely, if shame is a \u201cnegative judgment of conscience,\u201d then one could not have a negative judgment of conscience without<\/i> feeling shame. But we all experience negative judgments of conscience without shame. If I perform the sin I struggle most with, the one I seem to perform every day, the one the priest in the confessional probably knows I\u2019m going to say \u2014 it\u2019s extremely likely that I won\u2019t blush, long to hide and cover myself, or feel any typical shame-reactions. My attitude is \u2014 \u201cdamn, screwed up again.\u201d<\/p>\n Indeed, the problem of habitual sin is precisely this, that it makes a sin so typical of me <\/i>that I do not see it as a threat to the entirety of my person. I become used to my sin. It becomes a second nature, a tumor that I simply take as a part of my body. I cease feeling shame, which arises, not from wrongdoing plain and simple, but from wrongdoing felt as an attack on who I am<\/i> \u2014 the sin that makes me feel like I\u2019ve acted like a \u201cbeast,\u201d the sin that establishes me as a \u201ctype\u201d (i.e. a coward, a whore, a tyrant), and the sin I really recognize as undermining my dignity.<\/p>\n Nevertheless, just because I do not experience shame does not mean I do not experience a negative judgment of conscience directed towards myself. Indeed, this is the power of conscience, that it knows the truth of my action even when I don\u2019t feel<\/i> the truth of my action. I go to the sacrament and confess my sin to God, not because I am ashamed of it, but because I know it to be wrong despite<\/i> my lack of shame. I even pray for a return<\/i> of shame, to be able to see this sin as I first saw it \u2014 as something I am not, and attack on my entire person, one that tears me apart in my very ontological structure, and not as humdrum, daily, natural part of my person. Conscience, in the words of Doctor Joseph Ratzinger, \u201csignifies the perceptible and demanding presence of truth in the subject himself.\u201d It is a \u201cco-knowing with the truth.\u201d (3)<\/p>\n This is a crucial distinction. Shame is not fundamentally a matter of knowing<\/i>. Shame is fundamentally a matter of feeling<\/i>. It is, to use Aquinas\u2019 terms, a passion<\/i> of the soul, a response of the heart, whereas conscience is an act of the intellect<\/i>. (4, 5) When we moralize shame we emotionalize conscience. We conflate the head and the heart. We invite the perverse modern notion that human actions are justified by the strength of feeling with which their conscience assents or dissents from practical proposition, a view Ratzinger rebuked with the following: \u201cFirm, subjective conviction and the lack of doubts and scruples that follow from it do not justify man.\u201d (6)<\/p>\n I know that ethical emotionalism is not the end-game of those that wish to describe shame as a fundamentally moral<\/i> phenomenon, rather than a problem concerning the whole of man, but it is the natural conclusion of making shame-feelings the result of a negative judgment of conscience. If shame is no more than a negative judgment of conscience, it would not be unreasonable to say \u201cI feel no shame, therefore my conscience makes no negative judgment upon my action, therefore my action is morally justified.\u201d<\/p>\n So I disagree vigorously with my critic, when he says: \u201cWe tell people \u2018you should be ashamed of yourself.\u2019 [We] are saying \u2018What you did is wrong and your conscience should be telling you so. If you don\u2019t feel shame your conscience is badly formed.'\u201d<\/p>\n In this view, calling someone to shame makes us the voice of conscience they lack. But we cannot be someone else\u2019s conscience. \u201cHis conscience is man\u2019s most secret core and his sanctuary. There he is alone with God whose voice echoes in his depths.\u201d (7) Is it any wonder that those who are called to shame by another are immediately repulsed, as if some inner sanctuary has been violated? Is it any wonder that attempts to bring someone to shame are met with a criticism based on the idea that no man can make moral judgments for another? All someone who hears \u201cyour conscience is malformed\u201d needs say is \u201cyour<\/i> conscience is malformed!\u201d to avoid the criticism. And indeed, is this not the state of our dialogue concerning slut-shaming? Those who see acts as shameful shout \u201cshame!\u201d and those who perform those acts say, \u201cperhaps it is a judgment of your<\/i> conscience that my act is wrong, but it is not a judgment of my<\/i> conscience \u2014 so back off and let me do what I want.\u201d We are arguing about who knows better, because we have made shame a matter of the head, when it is, in reality, a response of the heart.<\/p>\n It is true that every sinful act ought to be a source of shame in the sinner. But this is not at all because every sin should inspire a negative judgment of conscience. It is because every sin is an act of violence against the dignity and integrity of the person who sins. To feel shame for another person is not to condemn them as inadequate or unintelligent or even to accuse them of a malformed conscience. We only feel shame for others, and thus wish they felt shame for themselves, when we recognize in them a value, a worth, a unique, personal dignity, which they are failing to present through their words, dress or actions. To feel shame when someone \u201cmakes an ass of themselves\u201d implies that we have a view of the inner worth of the person that is inadequately presented by an\u00a0\u201cass.\u201d To wish someone would feel shame for their action is to wish they would present themselves according to their dignity as a person, that they would protect themselves from the gaze or the action which presents them as something less. This is why we more naturally feel shame for those we love. We are intimately aware of their interior life, and we feel<\/i> when they are presenting themselves as something less than those profound depths, whether in immoral action, an accident of self-presentation, an idiocy \u2014 anything.<\/p>\n Something follows from all this that will no doubt ring strange in our ears. To shame someone, if it really follows from a feeling of shame for another, and not from a dry, rational\u00a0recognition of an immoral act, must be an act of love for the other person.<\/em> It must be an act of compassion that asks, and really means \u201chave you no shame?\u201d That, is \u201chave you no interior feeling for the unrepeatable value that you embody? Where, my friend, is your natural armor, steeled against the shifting opinions and malicious views of the public? Where is your grasp upon your own beauty, your own ontological constitution, that would warn you away from actions which present you as something less?\u201d If there is a lack of shame in our neighbors, it may very well be because there is a lack of love in our eyes.<\/p>\n More on this later.<\/p>\n (1) Welten, Zeelenberg, Breugelmans, \u201cVicarious Shame,\u201d Cognition and Emotion<\/i>, 2012, Volume 26, Issue 5, Pages 836-846. I disagree entirely with the authors\u2019 conclusions, but the paper provides excellent examples of vicarious shame.<\/p>\n (2) Rickaby, J. (1908). Conscience<\/a>. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.<\/p>\n (3) \u00a0On conscience: Two essays. (2007). Philadelphia: National Catholic Bioethics Center.<\/p>\n (4) Summa Theologica, II-II, Q. 144<\/a>, a. 1<\/p>\n (5) Ibid., I, Q. 72<\/a>, a. 13<\/p>\n (6) On conscience: Two essays. (2007). Philadelphia: National Catholic Bioethics Center.<\/p>\n
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