{"id":4121,"date":"2016-05-10T09:50:24","date_gmt":"2016-05-10T13:50:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/carlgregg\/?p=4121"},"modified":"2016-05-09T10:20:44","modified_gmt":"2016-05-09T14:20:44","slug":"julia-ward-howe-founding-mothers-of-unitarian-universalism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/carlgregg\/2016\/05\/julia-ward-howe-founding-mothers-of-unitarian-universalism\/","title":{"rendered":"Julia Ward Howe: Founding Mothers of Unitarian Universalism"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>

I was excited to see that the renown feminist literary critic Elaine Showalter had published a new biography of Julia Ward Howe<\/a>.<\/strong>\u00a0If this post piques your interest, I highly recommend the book.\u00a0To begin with an overview that trances the competing priorities that Julia Ward Howe struggled to balance throughout her life, she:<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

had six children, learned six languages, and published six books<\/b>.\u2026 Born [in 1819], three days after Queen Victoria, she was sometimes called the Queen of America\u2026. When she married Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, Julia Ward was an aspiring poet, a beautiful, accomplished, studious heiress known in New York social circles as \u201cthe Diva.\u201d Howe was\u2026.a world-famous doctor who had developed a method for educating blind children\u2026. Florence Nightingale was the godmother of one of their daughters; Dickens, their guide in London. <\/b>They were devoted and imaginative parents\u2026. [But] their marriage was turbulent and unstable\u2014a prolonged battle over sex, money, independence, politics, and power\u2026. Writing the \u201cBattle Hymn of the Republic\u201d was the turning point in her life<\/b>\u2026. After her husband\u2019s death in 1876, Julia was free to forge a new identity. For the second half of her life, she was a leader of the fight for women\u2019s suffrage. (xi-xiv)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

She died in 1910 at the age of 91, having lived a remarkable, though often troubled, life. <\/span><\/p>\n

To begin filling in some of the details, in her early childhood Julia was like a \u201cprincess in a \"Howe\"<\/a>fairy tale\u201d <\/b>(1). And while being a princess has its advantages, as any Disney movies will remind you, there are downsides: strict expectations around behavior and dress, severe limits on your freedom, and pressure to find happiness through marrying an alleged \u201cPrince Charming.\u201d As Julia wrote in her memoir, \u201cmy dear father, with all his noble generosity and overweening affection, sometimes appeared to me as my jailer\u201d (1).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tragically, her mother, Julia Cutler Ward, after whom she was named, died of a postpartum infection at age twenty-seven, following the birth of her seventh child. At the time, Julia was only five years old, and her mother\u2019s death caused a major shift in her childhood.<\/b> Their Manhattan house was in one of New York City\u2019s most desirable neighborhoods and they were at the center of high society. But as Julia\u2019s mother had grown ill, she returned to the theologically conservative Calvinism of her own childhood. <\/span><\/p>\n

Likewise, Julia\u2019s father, in his grief, \u201cbecame a convert to his wife\u2019s Calvinist beliefs and a model of evangelical piety and sobriety.\u201d<\/b> (5). They moved to a new house, and the parties ended (6). To share just one of the ways these events impacted Julia, her father, who never remarried, began to make Julia take his wife\u2019s former place at meals. While he ate, he would hold Julia\u2019s hand with his left hand, never noticing that he was preventing her from eating since she too was right-handed (13). Suffice it to say, Freud would have had a field day with Julia\u2019s childhood and choice of husband. <\/span><\/p>\n

When Julia was twenty, her father died at age fifty-five. Influenced by his example following her mother\u2019s death, Julia entered into a two-year period of extreme Calvinistic piety. Finally, a friend of Margaret Fuller<\/a>\u2019s intervened and persuaded Julia to convert to Unitarianism<\/b> and begin looking to her future (18). So, <\/span><\/p>\n

\n

At twenty-two, Julia was\u2026beginning to make a modest intellectual reputation [publishing reviews of literary works]. As the Diva, her operatic singing voice, musical abilities, beauty, and personality made her popular and admired. And she was a great heiress. Samuel Ward\u2019s estate, divided among the six children, has been estimated at $6 million. (19) <\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

But less than four years after her father\u2019s death, Julia married Samuel Gridley Howe, a father-figure eighteen years her senior<\/b> (20-21). Dr. Howe was known by the nickname \u201cChev,\u201d a shorthand version of his title \u201cChevalier of the Order of St. Savior from the King of Greece\u201d for being one of the U.S. citizens who aided in the Greek War of Independence. <\/span><\/p>\n

Both Chev and Julia were formed in a nineteenth-century cultural context in which a woman, especially from a privileged family, was expected to find her sole fulfillment as a wife and a mother<\/b> (54). To share just one example of how this influenced their brief courtship, she wrote in a letter to her sisters, \u201cYesterday I sat with the Chev and said to him\u2026I shall try to please you in everything. \u2018What?\u2019 said he, \u201ceven to the paring of a nail?\u201d My dear children, you know the general state of my unfortunate nails. Of course I ran instantly upstairs and cut them very short, at which he was most pleased\u201d (51). But just as Julia unrealistically tried to be the perfect future wife at the beginning of their relationship, Chev also was initially accommodating in ways that he would be unwilling to maintain, such as accepting her unusual request to be known not as Mrs. Samuel Gridley Howe, but as Mrs. Julia Ward Howe <\/b>(54). Both parties ignored the warning signs of conflict to come.<\/span><\/p>\n

Despite her reservations about motherhood, their wedding was in late April, and she was pregnant by August (55, 60). Julia had serious battles with depression around each of her pregnancies, likely related at least in part to the circumstances of her own mother\u2019s death. However, as she became increasingly unhappy in her marriage, Julia began to channel her discontent into a fascinating novel about an intersex child<\/b>, \u201cborn with male and female sexual organs but raised as a boy by his parents\u201d (88). The protagonist, \u201cLaurence is the poet and adventurer she might have been if she had been a boy\u201d<\/b> (92). The unfinished manuscript lay undiscovered in 10 boxes of her unsorted writings until 1977 and was finally published in 2004<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

But she didn\u2019t keep all of her work secret. In the same year that Chev had a book rejected for publication, Julia\u2019s book of poetry titled Passion-Flowers <\/i>was not only published, but also sold enough to merit a second and a third edition (112, 115, 127). Needless to say, the contrast of Julia\u2019s literary success with Chev\u2019s literary failure did not help their relationship. <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

But the next decade of the 1860s was the biggest turning point in Julia\u2019s life <\/b>(163). Deeply moved by visiting Civil War camps and hospitals, Julia awoke in the middle of the night and wrote new lyrics to the tune of \u201cJohn Brown\u2019s Body\u201d\u2014verses that became the famous \u201cBattle Hymn of the Republic\u201d<\/b> (164):<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord; <\/span><\/p>\n

He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored; <\/span><\/p>\n

He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: <\/span><\/p>\n

His truth is marching on. <\/span><\/p>\n

Glory, glory, hallelujah!<\/i> His truth is marching on.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Keep in mind that Chev was one of the Secret Six<\/span><\/a>, who helped fund John Brown\u2019s raid on Harpers Ferry. Historians have written that, \u201cwithout Julia Ward Howe, John Brown may not have become fused with American myth\u2026.\u00a0 <\/span>She caught the essence of John Brown, a devout Calvinist who considered himself predestined to stamp out slavery. She had coupled his God-inspired antislavery to the North\u2019s mission and had thus helped define America<\/b>\u201d (167). Remember that when the Civil War began, it was far from clear in the North if the fight was only<\/i> to preserve the union or<\/i> if was also to end slavery. Julia\u2019s \u201cBattle Hymn of the Republic\u201d was written in November 1861, more than a year before<\/i> Lincoln\u2019s Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Julia\u2019s lyrics helped catalyze popular support for using the Civil War as an opportunity to end slavery once and for all.<\/span><\/p>\n

Building on the popularity of the \u201cBattle Hymn,\u201d Julia became increasingly active in public life. In the coming years, she was elected president of the New English Woman Suffrage Association<\/b> (187), and she delivered her Mother\u2019s Day Proclamation for Peace<\/b> (192):<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

We will not have great questions decided by irrelevant agencies. Our husbands shall not come to us, reeking with carnage, for caresses and applause. Our sons shall not be taken from us to unlearn all that we have taught them of charity, mercy and patience\u2026. <\/b>In the name of womanhood and of humanity, I earnestly ask that a general congress of women without limit of nationality may be appointed and held at some place deemed most convenient and at the earliest period consistent with its objects, to promote the alliance of the different nationalities, the amicable settlement of international questions, the great and general interests of peace.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

She did not become fully free, however, until 1876, following Chev\u2019s death from a stroke (203). After years of marital strife, they reconciled on his deathbed, but it was too late to change his will. And although Chev knew that he had squandered much of Julia\u2019s inheritance through his poor investment choices, he punishingly left her nothing in his will from his estate <\/b>(204). But after so many years of abuse from him she responded to this news matter-of-factly (205). Undeterred, she embarked on a two-year trip to Europe with her youngest daughter, which left her $3,500 in debt. But Julia Ward Howe was just getting started on her new life and would not be held back any longer (208).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cThe two decades of her sixties and seventies were her golden years<\/b>\u201d (209). With the help of her eldest brother, she moved into a prominent new house on Beacon Street in Boston (210) and began to entertain in the extravagant manner of her earliest childhood memories prior to her mother\u2019s death.<\/b> Famous guests at her parties included the Irish writer Oscar Wilde (211). And although she was born in 1819, she lived through the first full decade of the twentieth century. \u201cModern technology delighted her,\u201d<\/b> including long-distance telephones, phonographs, fast cars, motorcycles, and the elevator that was installed in her house (235).<\/span><\/p>\n

There is much more to say about the triumphs and travails of Julia Ward Howe, but for now, I will leave the closing words to Elaine Showalter from her excellent new biography, The Civil Wars of Julia Ward Howe<\/span><\/a>:<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

She began her life as a damsel imprisoned in an enchanted castle and ended it as an international icon<\/b>\u2026. <\/span><\/p>\n

As a young wife, she had painfully come to the realization that her husband could not be the partner she had dreamed of, no matter how many times she sacrificed her wishes to his command. <\/span><\/p>\n

As a mother, she slowly revised her concept of maternity and questioned its centrality to a woman\u2019s life. <\/span><\/p>\n

During the Civil War, Julia understood that she was also fighting a domestic and personal civil war\u2026. She never achieved the level of feminine self-denial and scorn of material things that society still demands from its female saints. But as she wrote at the end, \u201cI do not desire ecstatic, disembodied sainthood\u2026 I would be human, and American, and a woman. <\/b>She won her civil wars, and she won her place in American history. (243)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

The Rev. Dr. Carl Gregg is a trained spiritual director, a D.Min. graduate of San Francisco Theological Seminary,\u00a0and the minister of the\u00a0Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Frederick<\/a>, Maryland.\u00a0Follow him on\u00a0Facebook<\/a>\u00a0(facebook.com\/carlgregg) and\u00a0Twitter<\/a>\u00a0(@carlgregg).<\/em><\/p>\n

Learn more about Unitarian Universalism: http:\/\/www.uua.org\/beliefs\/principles<\/a><\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

I was excited to see that the renown feminist literary critic Elaine Showalter had published a new biography of Julia Ward Howe.\u00a0If this post piques your interest, I highly recommend the book.\u00a0To begin with an overview that trances the competing priorities that Julia Ward Howe struggled to balance throughout her life, she: had six children, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":191,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nJulia Ward Howe: Founding Mothers of Unitarian Universalism<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"I was excited to see that the renown feminist literary critic Elaine Showalter had published a new biography of Julia Ward Howe.\u00a0If this post piques your\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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