![\"Safina\"](\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/47\/2017\/08\/Safina.jpg\")
<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n2,500 years ago, a Greek philosopher named Protagoras (c. 490 \u2013 c. 420 BCE) declared that \u201cMan is the measure of all things\u201d <\/b>(Safina 20). On one hand, it is understandable that we humans have often declared that\u2014surprise!\u2014we<\/i> are the best universal standard. On the other hand, a human-centric worldview was easier to defend intellectually two-and-a-half millennia ago: before<\/i> Copernicus showed us that we humans are not at the center of the universe, but merely on the third rock from the sun; before<\/i> Darwin showed us that we humans are not a little lower than the angels, but merely a little higher than the apes.<\/span><\/p>\n As this debate about the central importance of humanity continued, in the 1600s a French philosopher named Ren\u00e9 Descartes (1596-1650) said, \u201cThe reason animals do not speak as we do is not that they lack the organs but that they have no thoughts<\/b>.\u201d <\/b>From a dissenting point of view, a few decades later, Descartes\u2019 fellow Frenchman Voltaire spoke as derisively about Descartes\u2019 views as Descartes had spoken about animals: <\/span><\/p>\n What a pitiful, what a sorry thing to have said that animals are machines bereft of understanding and feelings. <\/b>Is it because I speak to you, that you judge that I have feeling, memory, ideas? Well, I do not speak to you; you see me going home looking disconsolate, seeking a paper anxiously, opening the desk where I remember having shut it, finding it, reading it joyfully. You judge that I have experienced the feeling of distress and that of pleasure, that I have memory and understanding. Bring the same judgment to bear on this dog which has lost its master, which has sought him on every road with sorrowful cries, which enters the house agitated, uneasy, which goes up the stairs, from room to room, which at last finds in his study the master it loves, and which shows him its joy by its cries of delight, by its leaps, by its caresses. (Safina 79-80)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n If\u00a0 <\/span>you have lived in close proximity to animals, I suspect you could tell similar stories of having some sense of what animals think and feel. My dogs, for example, have different barks for when they want to be fed or let outside compared to when they are trying to scare away a fearsome postal worker. Similarly, I\u2019m pretty sure my cat is trying to tell me he is losing his patience when I wait too late to feed him, he looks me dead in the eyes, and\u2014bam!\u2014deliberately sticks his paw out to knock over the gate that keeps the dogs out of the cat\u2019s room. <\/span><\/p>\n It seems obvious to me that animals think and feel, but there have been serious debates over the past millennia about precisely that issue. So\u00a0 <\/span>I would like to invite us to explore some of what scientists has been learning about what we can and can\u2019t know about animal thinking and feeling. If you are interested in learning more, my exploration of this topic was inspired by the excellent book <\/b>Beyond Words: What Animals Think and Feel<\/b><\/span><\/a> by the ecologist Carl Safina, who is a professor at Stony Brook University.<\/span><\/p>\n As we proceed, a crucial point to keep in mind is the challenge we have been facing since 1859, when Darwin\u2019s published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection<\/i>: we humans are animals too<\/b>. We are part of the Animal Kingdom. And as Darwin wrote later in his 1871 book The Descent of Man<\/i>, \u201cEveryone has heard of the dog suffering under vivisection, who licked the hand of the operator. This man, unless the operation was fully justified by an increase of our knowledge, or unless he had a heart of stone, must have felt remorse to the last hour of his life.\u201d Darwin later added: \u201cAnimals, whom we have made our slaves, we do not like to consider our equal\u201d<\/b> (Safina 80). <\/span><\/p>\n Now, I will readily allow that I do not think Darwin was saying that all animals are equal in their capacity to think and feel, but he was<\/i> challenging us to consider that the differences between us and our fellow animals is rather more one of degree<\/i> than of kind. There is a spectrum<\/i> of thinking and feeling\u2014and we are on it along with our fellow animal species.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n If you will allow me to stay with Darwin for just one more moment, the extent to which that spectrum is the case may become more obvious if we stretch our perspective beyond animals to include plants. Less than two years before Darwin\u2019s death in 1882, he published a book on The Power of Movement in Plants <\/i>in which he concluded that, \u201cIt is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radical [root]\u2026acts like the brain of one of the lower animals\u2026receiving impression from the sense organs and directing the several movements\u201d<\/b> (Safina 24). So it is not surprising that all of life is on a spectrum of thinking and feeling because all of life can be traced back to a common ancestor on the evolutionary \u201ctree of life<\/b><\/span><\/a>.\u201d <\/span><\/p>\n We are part of a 13.8 billion year old \u201cUniverse Story.\u201d This planet on which we find ourselves formed around 4.5 billion years ago. And life originated here on Earth approximately 3.8 billion years ago. But even when life began, there was still an extremely long time when that life was merely \u201csingle-celled organisms in the sea<\/span>.\u201d<\/span> The first members of the Animal Kingdom emerged from the evolutionary tree of life \u201cperhaps a billion years ago, but probably some time after that\u201d (<\/span>Godfrey-Smith 15). \u201cFor any pair of animals alive now (you and a bird, you and a fish, a bird and a fish), we can trace two lines of descent down the tree until they meet in a\u00a0 <\/span>common ancestor, an ancestor of both\u2026.<\/b> In the case of humans and chimps, we reach a common ancestor very quickly, living about six million years ago. For very different pairs of animals\u2014humans and beetles, say\u2014we have to trace the lines further down\u201d (Godfrey-Smith 7). Moreover, we now know today that at the DNA level, there is only a <\/b>1.23% difference<\/b><\/span><\/a> between<\/b><\/span> <\/b>homo sapiens<\/i> (human beings) and pan troglodyte <\/i>(chimpanzees).<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n I will continue this theme tomorrow in a post on\u00a0\u201cOctopuses & Other Minds: The Deep Origins of Consciousness<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n The Rev. Dr. Carl Gregg is a certified spiritual director, a D.Min. graduate of San Francisco Theological Seminary,\u00a0and the minister of the\u00a0Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Frederick<\/a>, Maryland.\u00a0Follow him on\u00a0Facebook<\/a>\u00a0(facebook.com\/carlgregg) and\u00a0Twitter<\/a>\u00a0(@carlgregg).<\/em><\/p>\n\n