{"id":43915,"date":"2017-08-13T18:41:07","date_gmt":"2017-08-14T00:41:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?p=43915"},"modified":"2017-08-17T09:04:05","modified_gmt":"2017-08-17T15:04:05","slug":"islam-mormonism-similarities-differences","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2017\/08\/islam-mormonism-similarities-differences.html","title":{"rendered":"Islam and Mormonism: Some Similarities and Differences"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>

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\"Malaysian<\/a>
Putrajaya Mosque, Malaysia \u00a0(Photograph by Nazir Amin,\u00a0Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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A few notes that I threw together quite a few years ago. \u00a0Comments welcomed:<\/p>\n

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Similarities<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Both religions worship the same deity.\u00a0 Allah<\/em> is related to the word Elohim<\/em>.\u00a0 Allah<\/em> is simply the Arabic word for \u201cGod,\u201d and is the term used in the Christian Arabic Bible as well as the Arabic Book of Mormon and other Latter-day Saint materials.\u00a0 [Incidentally because it is in the Qur\u2019an and because Arabic is the sacred language of Islam, Persians or Iranians sometimes use the Arabic Allah<\/em>, but they typically use the Persian word Khuda<\/em>\u2014which is related to the English word God<\/em>.]<\/p>\n

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In both faiths, God intervenes or acts in history.\u00a0 In fact, his primary self-revelation comes in his interactions with prophets and peoples over the course of history.\u00a0 (As opposed to, say, Buddhism<\/a>, where religious truths are sought in the mind, through meditation initiated by the person himself, and history is relatively unimportant.)<\/p>\n

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Mormonism and Islam share substantial history.\u00a0 Both recognize God\u2019s creation of the earth, and, thereafter, a line of prophets commencing with Adam and running forward through Noah, Abraham, Moses, David, and Jesus.<\/p>\n

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Although doctrine is certainly important in the two faiths, Islam and Mormonism have both tended to focus, as Judaism also does, on history rather than on theology (in the sense that mainstream Christians do theology).\u00a0 It is in history that the claims of the two faiths stand or fall.\u00a0 And both Mormonism and Islam, like Judaism, have tended to define whether one is a \u201cgood\u201d follower of the faith by asking questions about behavior and practice\u2014personal \u201chistory,\u201d in a sense.<\/p>\n

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Both Islam and Mormonism are focused on scripture (much more so than Buddhism and Hinduism)\u2014again, much like Judaism and mainstream (especially Protestant) Christianity.<\/p>\n

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Both faiths place a high priority on evangelizing non-adherents.<\/p>\n

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Both Mormonism and Islam see themselves as working to build societies that will embody their beliefs more fully.\u00a0 Just as Latter-day Saints speak of building \u201cZion\u201d and of the eventual coming of the New Jerusalem and the Millennium, and look back to the city of Enoch, Muslims are exhorted to \u201ccommand good and forbid evil\u201d and to seek to put the shari\u2018a<\/em>, Islamic law, into effect.\u00a0 The inner circle of the Prophet Muhammad is the ideal age to which they look back.\u00a0 This is to say that purely private, purely individual, practice of the religion, without regard to building a better society or interacting with other people, is seen as defective.\u00a0 \u201cThere is,\u201d the Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said, \u201cno monasticism in Islam.\u201d<\/p>\n

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Both Islam and Mormonism see an end to history, which is moving in linear fashion toward a divinely-determined goal.\u00a0 There are many prophecies about the Last Days in both faiths, and these prophecies are, in a number of ways, rather similar.\u00a0 In Islam, Jesus will return and confront al-Dajjal, an anti-Christ figure.\u00a0 There will be earthquakes and great destruction and, finally, the Last Judgment.<\/p>\n

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All human beings will be resurrected\u2014literally, bodily\u2014and brought before God for judgment, in both faiths.<\/p>\n

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When the Prophet Muhammad died, a dispute arose regarding the succession.\u00a0 The group that came to be known as the Shi\u2018ites holds that his successor (the imam) must be his closest surviving male relative.\u00a0 The so-called Sunnis believe that the lineage of the successor (the caliph) is relatively unimportant, so long as there is<\/em> a successor to enforce and interpret the law.\u00a0 There is obviously at least a superficial similarity here to the split between the Latter-day Saints and the Reorganized Church.\u00a0 (In practice, however, the line of Shi\u2018ite imams seems to have died out in the late ninth century, and the Sunni caliphate was abolished by Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, the reformist founder of modern Turkey, in the early twentieth century.)<\/p>\n

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The Qur\u2019an is a book of revelations received by the Prophet Muhammad over the course of his twenty-two year ministry.\u00a0 The revelations are arranged, roughly, according to chronological considerations.\u00a0 It is not a narrative about Muhammad, and was not written by him, but is believed to represent the actual voice of God speaking to his prophet\u00a0 (either audibly or by internal inspiration).\u00a0 In several respects, it can be compared to the Doctrine and Covenants.<\/p>\n

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Islamic culture, like Mormon culture<\/a>, tends to be patriarchal and to place considerable emphasis on the family.\u00a0 Many of our values (e.g., chastity) are similar.\u00a0 However, Islam allows greater latitude to a double standard than Latter-day Saints can tolerate.\u00a0 (In other words, female chastity tends to be more vital in Islamic eyes\u2014in practice, although not in theory\u2014than does male chastity.)\u00a0 And, while the family plays an indispensable role in Latter-day Saint doctrine and expectations for the afterlife, it appears to be more of a cultural matter in Islamic areas.\u00a0 (Illustration:\u00a0 Plural marriage was an innovation, mandated by revelation to Joseph Smith, in nineteenth century Mormonism.\u00a0 In Islam, although polygamy is permitted, it has no particular religious significance.\u00a0 Islamic law simply regulates a pre-existing practice.)<\/p>\n

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That said, however, it is clear (with all the talk of the houris<\/em>, or the virgins of paradise) that Islamic expectations of the afterlife do include gender differentiation and continued sexual behavior.\u00a0 Although the parallel to Latter-day Saint doctrines relating to eternal marriage is only vague, it has been the object of considerable mockery among critics of the Church from the nineteenth century until today.<\/p>\n

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Differences<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Islam and Mormonism conceive of God rather differently.\u00a0 Mormonism teaches an embodied God; at least officially (whatever ordinary, uneducated Muslims may believe, and though the Qur\u2019an can easily\u2014and, I think, should\u2014be read otherwise), Islam teaches of a God without body or location.\u00a0 (There is overwhelming evidence that many early Muslims, probably including the Prophet Muhammad himself, believed in a corporeal deity.)<\/p>\n

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The line of prophets in Islam culminates with Muhammad, and the overwhelming majority of Muslims do not believe that any prophet can or will come after Muhammad.\u00a0 Mormonism has never recognized Muhammad as a prophet (though some Church leaders have been willing to describe him as inspired), but affirms the post-biblical prophethood of Joseph Smith and a line of successors.<\/p>\n

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The unforgivable sin in Islam is shirk<\/em>.\u00a0 (The Arabic word means, roughly, \u201cassociation,\u201d but can be loosely rendered as \u201cpolytheism.\u201d)\u00a0 To commit shirk<\/em> is to worship or recognize any other deity beyond or instead of the one true God.\u00a0 Muslims are uneasy with the mainstream Christian view of the Trinity, despite Trinitarian protests that the Trinity is really just one God; they will, I think, tend to find Latter-day Saint references to \u201cthe Gods\u201d (as in the Book of Abraham and elsewhere) rather disturbing.\u00a0 I see this as a potential flashpoint in our relations with Muslims.\u00a0 (However, historically, Muslims have learned to live more or less in peace with Hindus and other undeniably polytheistic groups, and even to evolve ingenious ways of considering them \u201cactually\u201d monotheists, so this can probably be managed.\u00a0 There is, obviously, as the Book of Mormon makes clear, a very powerful sense in which we too can truthfully say that we worship and believe in only one God.\u00a0 This will need to be emphasized in any theological discussions with devout Muslims, when and if they arise.)<\/p>\n

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Crucial difference:\u00a0 Islam recognizes Jesus as a prophet, even a very great one, but only as a prophet.\u00a0 He is not the Son of God, for Islam recognizes no children of God.\u00a0 Qur\u2019an 112 reads as follows:\u00a0 \u201cSay: He is God, One. \u00a0God, the Absolute.\u00a0 He does not beget nor is He begotten, and there is none like unto him.\u201d\u00a0 (It is just remotely possible that Muhammad is not responsible for this passage.\u00a0 But I know of no way to prove it, and he probably was.)<\/p>\n

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While both Mormonism and Islam speak of the Virgin Birth of Jesus, Latter-day Saints do so to insist that Jesus\u2019 father was not Joseph but God himself, with all that that entails for Jesus\u2019 capacity to save us in his role as Savior and Redeemer.\u00a0 Muslims, by contrast, insist that Jesus was the \u201cson of Mary.\u201d\u00a0 He had no father at all, but was a miraculous sign from the all-powerful God.<\/p>\n

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Related to this point is the fact that, for Muslims, we are not<\/em> all brothers and sisters because we are the children of the same God.\u00a0 They understand what Christians mean when such words are used, and may even be sympathetic to the point a Christian might be trying to make, but, in their view, God does not have children.\u00a0 We are creatures<\/em> of God\u2014no more related to Deity than the light bulb was related to Thomas Edison.<\/p>\n

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Another absolutely crucial difference:\u00a0 In Islam, God is sovereign and free.\u00a0 He can forgive (or not forgive) anyone he wants.\u00a0 Accordingly, Muslims see no need for an atonement.\u00a0 And their prophetic but human Jesus lacks the innate capacity to effect an atoning sacrifice.\u00a0 Mormonism, on the other hand, speaks of a cosmic law of justice that has to be satisfied, which even God (in some sense) is not free to ignore, and of Jesus as the perfect and divine sacrificial offering who settled a debt on our behalf that we could not have taken discharged by ourselves.<\/p>\n

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The Qur\u2019an is absolutely central to Islam and Islamic culture, in ways that go far beyond the centrality of the Bible and other scriptures among Latter-day Saints.\u00a0 Qur\u2019anic recitation\u2014the Qur\u2019an is chanted, and there are experts who actually become popular \u201cstars\u201d because of their chanting abilities and the quality of their voices\u2014begins and ends each broadcast day on radio and television.\u00a0 Qur\u2019anic verses are carved into stone on public buildings and sewn into tapestries and wall-hangings and inscribed by expert calligraphers on metal trays and framed parchments.\u00a0 Students learn to read and recite the Qur\u2019an in Arabic, even if Arabic is not their native language.\u00a0 Great emphasis is placed on reciting the Qur\u2019an properly, but relatively little is placed on understanding what it means.\u00a0 The words themselves are thought to be the words of God, and so there is power in simply saying them.\u00a0 But there are no study editions of the Qur\u2019an, and it is unthinkable that anyone would ever take a MagicMarker to a Qur\u2019an to highlight certain passages, or make notes in the margin.\u00a0 Muslims I have known have been appalled to see Latter-day Saints place their scriptures under a chair at a meeting; the Qur\u2019an should never touch the ground, and readers should, ideally, have washed their hands and made themselves ritually pure before opening it.\u00a0 Some Western scholars have even argued that the best analogy to the Qur\u2019an in Christianity is not the Bible, but the (mainstream) Christian view of the Son himself.\u00a0 Both Jesus and the Qur\u2019an, they contend, can be regarded as \u201cthe Word,\u201d as God\u2019s eternal utterance, the tangible manifestation of God in this world.\u00a0 I think the comparison is apt.\u00a0 The same arguments that swirled around the relationship of the Father and the Son in the early apostate Christian church and culminated in the Nicene Creed were made, in Islam, about the Qur\u2019an.\u00a0 (Was it created, or eternal? Etc.)<\/p>\n

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Evangelization, in the Islamic view, tends to be a one-way street.\u00a0 People can and should convert to Islam.\u00a0 If a person converts from Islam to some other (necessarily inferior) religion, many Muslims will deem that person worthy of death.\u00a0 The view that \u201capostasy\u201d is a capital offense has been represented in Islamic law since roughly 800 A.D.\u00a0 That is, it is a post-Muhammadan development, but nonetheless very old and deeply ingrained.\u00a0 This represents an obvious problem for Latter-day Saints, who, by contrast, place heavy emphasis on religious freedom and \u201cagency\u201d\u2014which, in our view, was a primary issue in the grand premortal council.\u00a0 A related matter is the fact that Islamic cultures tend to emphasize social controls (for example, in segregating men and women, and covering women from head to toe), whereas Latter-day Saints are willing to pay certain costs (in allowing sin, to put it bluntly) in order to preserve the opportunity for freely-chosen<\/em> virtue.<\/p>\n

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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints<\/a> is hierarchical and centralized.\u00a0 Authority flows, and direction is given, to local leaders from those holding the keys.\u00a0 Islam, in contrast, and especially in its majority Sunni form, is extremely decentralized.\u00a0 In fact, one cannot legitimately speak of a Muslim \u201cchurch\u201d or anything like it.\u00a0 There is no Muslim priesthood (although the several Shi\u2018ite movements, notably the so-called \u201cTwelvers\u201d who dominate Iran, sometimes come close).\u00a0 Instead, in the absence of a living prophet or even an analogue to the pope, leadership of the Muslim community has fallen into the hands of the so-called \u2018ulama\u2019<\/em>, whose authority flows from their knowledge of the Qur\u2019an and the other authoritative texts of Islam.\u00a0 (They are roughly comparable to rabbis, in that regard.)<\/p>\n

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Authority, in Islam (and, again, particularly among its Sunni majority) resides in the past.\u00a0 Knowledge of that past, and of the legal and doctrinal precedents to be found there\u2014in the form of what are called hadith<\/em>, or, roughly, \u201ctraditions\u201d\u2014gives the individual religious leader his power and authority.\u00a0 This means that there is little room for innovation within Islam.\u00a0 (The Arabic word bid\u2018a means both \u201cinnovation,\u201d or \u201cnovelty,\u201d and \u201cheresy.\u201d)\u00a0 If innovation occurs, it requires a re-reading and re-interpretation of the already available canonical texts.\u00a0 This is quite different from authority among the Latter-day Saints, where changes in practice, etc., can come quite suddenly, as in the case of the 1978 revelation on priesthood.\u00a0 Islam\u2019s solid base in the past, and the diffusion of interpretive authority among tens of thousands of \u201crabbis\u201d from Indonesia to Morocco, from Saudi Arabia to Nigeria and Canada, makes it very difficult to hijack\u2014and very difficult to reform or adapt.<\/p>\n

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Islam\u2014particularly in its Iranian Shi\u2018ite form\u2014places considerable emphasis on the idea of martyrdom, while Latter-day Saints, by and large, do not.\u00a0 We do not believe, for example, that Joseph Smith went to heaven because<\/em> he was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob.<\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 A few notes that I threw together quite a few years ago. \u00a0Comments welcomed: \u00a0 \u00a0 Similarities \u00a0 Both religions worship the same deity.\u00a0 Allah is related to the word Elohim.\u00a0 Allah is simply the Arabic word for \u201cGod,\u201d and is the term used in the Christian Arabic Bible as well as […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1019,"featured_media":43682,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-43915","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nIslam and Mormonism: Some Similarities and Differences<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"      A few notes that I threw together quite a few years ago. \u00a0Comments welcomed:     Similarities   Both religions worship\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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