{"id":68025,"date":"2018-12-05T21:31:24","date_gmt":"2018-12-06T04:31:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?p=68025"},"modified":"2018-12-05T22:50:16","modified_gmt":"2018-12-06T05:50:16","slug":"an-egyptian-historical-chronology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2018\/12\/an-egyptian-historical-chronology.html","title":{"rendered":"An Egyptian historical chronology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>
\n
\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Egypt<\/a>
A NASA satellite photo of Egypt (roughly from the west southwest) and its environs. \u00a0The fertile Nile Valley, running from right to left, is clearly visible, as is the Nile Delta, where the Nile empties into the Mediterranean Sea. \u00a0The Red Sea and the triangular Sinai Peninsula are also plainly apparent, framed on the one side by the Gulf of Suez and on the other side by the Gulf of Aqaba (or, for Israelis, the Gulf of Eilat). \u00a0 \u00a0(Wikimedia Commons public domain)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\n

I\u2019ll be accompanying a tour to Egypt later this month. \u00a0For this occasion, I thought that I would put together a chronology of basic Egyptian history that I might give out to participants in the group.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

I make absolutely no claim to originality here; I\u2019ve consulted three other timelines, thus far. \u00a0And this is a work in progress. \u00a0I\u2019ll probably include just a bit of biblical and other external history in order to put Egyptian events in context. \u00a0I think that such an effort might be helpful to some.<\/p>\n

\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

ca. 7000 BC<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Settlement of Nile Valley begins.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

ca. 4500-3000 BC \u2013 Neolithic Period<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

ca. 3100 BC<\/strong> \u2013 The Egyptians develop hieroglyphic writing.<\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 3000-2650 BC \u2013 Early Dynastic Period<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 3000-2950 BC<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt unite under Menes (who may or may not be identical with Narmer or with Hor-Aha, two other names credited with the unification of Egypt). \u00a0The distinctly dual character of Egypt will never be forgotten during the time of the pharaohs.<\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 2700 BC<\/strong> \u2013 Papyrus is developed as a medium for writing<\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 2650-2150 BC \u2013 Old Kingdom Period<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 2600 BC<\/strong> \u2013\u00a0Pharaoh Djoser (or Zoser) builds the first\u00a0pyramid, with Imhotep as the architect.<\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 2500 BC<\/strong> \u2013 The Sphinx and the Great Pyramids of Giza are constructed.<\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 2150-2040 BC \u2013 First Intermediate Period<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 2040-1640 BC \u2013 Middle Kingdom<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 1640-1550 BC \u2013 Second Intermediate Period<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 1600 BC <\/strong>\u2013 The chariot is introduced.<\/span><\/p>\n

1550-1070 BC \u2013 New Kingdom<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 1500 BC<\/strong> \u2013 The pharaohs begin to be buried in the\u00a0Valley of the Kings.<\/span><\/p>\n

1479 BC<\/strong> \u2013\u00a0Hatshepsut\u00a0becomes pharaoh.<\/span><\/p>\n

1386 BC<\/strong> \u2013 Amenhotep III becomes pharaoh. Ancient Egypt reaches its political peak and the Temple of Luxor begins to be constructed.<\/span><\/p>\n

1279 BC<\/strong> \u2013\u00a0Ramses II\u00a0begins his 67-year reign as pharaoh.<\/span><\/p>\n

1070-712 BC \u2013 Third Intermediate Period<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ca. 945 BC<\/strong> \u2013 Pharaoh Shoshenq I (biblical Shishak)<\/span><\/p>\n

712-332 BC \u2013 Late Period<\/strong> (second pharaoh of which is Piankhy [cf. Book of Mormon Paanchi)<\/span><\/p>\n

670-669 BC<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Assyrians from Mesopotamia conquer and rule Egypt.<\/span><\/p>\n

525 BC\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Persian conquest.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

332 BC-642 AD \u2013 Graeco-Roman Period<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

332 BC<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Alexander the Great, of ancient Macedonia, conquers Egypt and founds Alexandria. A Macedonian dynasty rules until 31 BC.<\/span><\/p>\n

305 BC<\/strong> \u2013 Ptolemy I, a general under Alexander the Great, becomes \u201cpharaoh.\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n

31 BC<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Egypt comes under Roman rule; Queen Cleopatra VII commits suicide after Octavian\u2019s army defeats her forces. \u00a0She is the last \u201cpharaoh,\u201d and Egypt now comes under Roman control<\/span><\/p>\n

33 AD\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Christianity comes to Egypt, and by 4th century has largely displaced Egyptian religion.<\/span><\/p>\n

641-642\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Arab conquest of Egypt.<\/span><\/p>\n

969\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Cairo founded as capital of Egypt under the Fatimids.<\/span><\/p>\n

1250-1517<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Mamluk rule<\/span><\/p>\n

1517\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Egypt is conquered by the Ottoman Empire and absorbed into it.<\/span><\/p>\n

1798\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Napoleon Bonaparte\u2019s forces invade, but are repelled by the British and the Turks in 1801.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1805<\/strong> \u2013 Ottoman general Muhammad Ali becomes leader in Egypt. He establishes his own dynast<\/span><\/div>\n

1805<\/strong> \u2013 Ottoman Albanian commander Muhammad Ali establishes dynasty that rules until 1952, although nominally part of the Ottoman Empire.<\/span><\/p>\n

1859-69<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Suez Canal built, but it and other infrastructure projects nearly bankrupt Egypt and lead to gradual British takeover.<\/span><\/p>\n

1882\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 British troops defeat Egyptian army at the Battle of Tell el-Kebir and take control of country.<\/span><\/p>\n

1914\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Egypt formally becomes a British protectorate.<\/span><\/p>\n

1922\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Fuad I becomes King and Egypt gains independence, although British influence remains significant until mid-1950s.<\/span><\/p>\n

1928\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Muslim Brotherhood founded by Hassan al-Banna, who is killed in 1949.<\/span><\/p>\n

1948\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Syria attack the new state of Israel. Egyptian army\u2019s poor performance increases unpopularity of King Farouk.<\/span><\/p>\n

1949\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Committee of the Free Officers\u2019 Movement formed to overthrow corrupt monarchy.<\/span><\/p>\n

1952\u00a0<\/strong>July \u2013 Coup by the Free Officers\u2019 Movement. Farouk abdicates in favour of his infant son Ahmed Fuad II.<\/span><\/p>\n

1953\u00a0<\/strong>June \u2013 Coup leader Muhammad Najib becomes president as Egypt is declared a republic.<\/span><\/p>\n

1954\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Fellow coup leader Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes prime minister and, in 1956, president, ruling unchallenged until his death in 1970.<\/span><\/p>\n

1954\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Evacuation Treaty signed. British forces, who began a gradual withdrawal under 1936 treaty finally leave Egypt.<\/span><\/p>\n

1955\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Prime Minister Nasser reorients Egypt away from West towards neutrality, buys arms from Communist Czechoslovakia to re-equip army after Western powers refuse to do so on terms acceptable to Egypt.<\/span><\/p>\n

1956\u00a0<\/strong>July \u2013 Having just assumed the Egyptian presidency, PNasser nationalises the Suez Canal to fund the Aswan High Dam, after Britain and US withdraw financing.<\/span><\/p>\n

1956\u00a0<\/strong>October-November \u2013 Invasion of Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel over nationalization of Suez Canal fails through US opposition, greatly enhancing President Nasser\u2019s standing at home and abroad.<\/span><\/p>\n

1958\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 President Nasser steps up campaign to promote pan-Arab unity, most visible signs of which were brief United Arab Republic unitary state including Syria (1958-61). He also supports friendly elements in Lebanese and North Yemen conflicts, but to little avail.<\/span><\/p>\n

1961-1966\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 President Nasser adopts socialist policies, including nationalisation of industry and an ambitious welfare program, combined with repression of Muslim Brotherhood and leftist opponents, in an unsuccessful attempt to boost the economy and the popularity of his government.<\/span><\/p>\n

1967\u00a0<\/strong>May \u2013 Egypt expels UN buffer forces from Sinai and closes the Straits of Tiran to Israeli ships, then sign defence pact with Jordan. Israel interprets this as preparation for war.<\/span><\/p>\n

1967\u00a0<\/strong>June \u2013 Israeli pre-emptive attack (\u201cSix-Day War\u201d) defeats Egypt, Jordan and Syria, leaving it in control of Sinai up to the Suez Canal and Egyptian-occupied Gaza (along with the Golan Heights, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem). \u00a0Emergency Law largely suspends civil rights. Remains in force with brief break in early 1980s until 2012.<\/span><\/p>\n

1970\u00a0<\/strong>September \u2013 Nasser dies, having never recovered his leading role among Arab states after the 1967 defeat, and is succeeded by Vice-President Anwar al-Sadat.<\/span><\/p>\n

1971\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 The Aswan High Dam is completed, with Soviet funding, and has a huge impact on irrigation, agriculture and industry in Egypt.<\/span><\/p>\n

1972\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 President Sadat expels Soviet advisers and reorients Egypt towards the West, while launching an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to open the economy to market forces and foreign investment.<\/span><\/p>\n

1973\u00a0<\/strong>October \u2013 Egypt and Syria go to war with Israel to reclaim land lost in 1967. Egypt begins negotiations for the return of Sinai after the war.<\/span><\/p>\n

1975\u00a0<\/strong>June \u2013 The Suez Canal is re-opened for first time since 1967 war.<\/span><\/p>\n

1977\u00a0<\/strong>January \u2013 \u201cBread riots\u201d in major cities against end to subsidies on basic foodstuffs under agreement with World Bank and International Monetary Fund.<\/span><\/p>\n

1977\u00a0<\/strong>October \u2013 President Sadat visits Israel, beginning process that leads to 1979 peace treaty, return of occupied Sinai Peninsula, and Egypt\u2019s suspension from Arab League until 1989. Egypt becomes major beneficiary of US financial aid.<\/span><\/p>\n

1981\u00a0<\/strong>October \u2013 President Sadat assassinated by Islamist extremists month after clampdown on private press and opposition groups in wake of anti-government riots. Succeeded by Vice-President Hosni Mubarak.<\/span><\/p>\n

1981 \u2013\u00a0<\/strong>President Mubarak reimposes State of Emergency, restricting political activity, freedom of expression and assembly.<\/span><\/p>\n

1991\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 Egypt joins allied coalition to expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait, and benefited from major multilateral loans and debt relief in return, allowing government to launch another attempt at liberalising economy.<\/span><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0<\/strong>February \u2013 President Mubarak steps down and hands power to the army council. Goes on trial in August, charged with ordering the killing of demonstrators.<\/span><\/p>\n

2012<\/strong>\u00a0June \u2013 Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Morsi narrowly wins presidential election.<\/span><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0<\/strong>December \u2013 Islamist-dominated constituent assembly approves draft constitution that boosts the role of Islam and restricts freedom of speech and assembly. Public approve it in a referendum, prompting extensive protest by secular opposition leaders, Christians and women\u2019s groups.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0<\/strong>January \u2013 More than 50 people are killed during days of violent street protests. Army chief Abdul Fattah al-Sisi warns that political strife is pushing the state to the brink of collapse.<\/span><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0<\/strong>June \u2013 President Morsi appoints Islamist allies as regional leaders in 13 of Egypt\u2019s 27 governorships, including member of a former Islamist armed group linked to a massacre of tourists in Luxor in 1997. Protests force Luxor governor out.<\/span><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0<\/strong>July \u2013 Army overthrows President Morsi amid mass demonstrations calling on him to quit.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2013<\/strong>\u00a0August \u2013 Hundreds killed as security forces storm pro-Morsi protest camps in Cairo. \u00a0Some 40 Coptic churches are destroyed in wave of attacks.<\/span><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0<\/strong>December \u2013 Government declares Muslim Brotherhood a terrorist group after a bomb blast in Mansoura kills 12.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0<\/strong>January \u2013 New constitution bans parties based on religion.<\/span><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0<\/strong>May \u2013 Former army chief Abdul Fattah al-Sisi wins presidential election.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 I\u2019ll be accompanying a tour to Egypt later this month. \u00a0For this occasion, I thought that I would put together a chronology of basic Egyptian history that I might give out to participants in the group. 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