{"id":69385,"date":"2019-01-19T15:40:39","date_gmt":"2019-01-19T22:40:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?p=69385"},"modified":"2019-01-19T23:45:26","modified_gmt":"2019-01-20T06:45:26","slug":"we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html","title":{"rendered":"\u201cWe can only ask questions that we have imagination for.\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><\/head><body><p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_69388\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-69388\" style=\"width: 576px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2019\/01\/576px-Lobaria_pulmonaria_01.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-69388\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2019\/01\/576px-Lobaria_pulmonaria_01.jpg\" alt=\"A form of lichen\" width=\"576\" height=\"768\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-69388\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lobaria pulmonaria, Lobariaceae, tree lungwort, lung lichen, lung moss; Upper Bavaria, Germany. \u00a0\u00a0(Wikimedia Commons public domain image)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s a brief but interesting article on a little-known field in the biological sciences:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2019\/01\/how-lichens-explain-and-re-explain-world\/580681\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u201cThe Overlooked Organisms That Keep Challenging Our Assumptions About Life: Gorgeous and weird, lichens have pushed the boundaries of our understanding of nature\u2014and our way of studying it.\u201d<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>I like the opening passage of this 17 January 2019 article, which was written by Ed Yong for\u00a0<em>The Atlantic<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #003300;\">\u201cScience is sometimes caricatured as a wholly objective pursuit that allows us to understand the world through the lens of neutral empiricism. But the conclusions that scientists draw from their data, and the very questions they choose to ask, depend on their assumptions about the world, the culture in which they work, and the vocabulary they use. The scientist Toby Spribille once said to me, \u201cWe can only ask questions that we have imagination for.\u201d\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>A good illustration of this view of science is lichenology, the study of lichens.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Since roughly 24 November 1859, when Charles Darwin published his masterpiece\u00a0<em>On the Origin of Species<\/em>, which is generally considered the founding text of modern evolutionary biology, biologists have been strongly inclined to view nature as a gladiatorial arena, dominated by perpetual conflict for reproductive success, light and energy and nutrition, and what might be termed, with a very conscious nod to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deseretnews.com\/article\/900025378\/was-adolf-hitler-religious.html\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">those notable Social Darwinists Hitler and the Nazis<\/a>, <em>Lebensraum<\/em> or \u201cliving space.\u201d More and more, though, biologists are recognizing that lichens aren\u2019t simple and single plants but, rather, colonies of cohabiting, cooperative organisms that would, in a sense, not exist on their own.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>But, of course, the point suggested by Toby Spribille is relevant far beyond the sciences, and perhaps even more obviously so. \u00a0If complete objectivity and neutrality are difficult to achieve in the physical and biological sciences, if not altogether impossible, how much more obviously so will this be the case with respect to the social sciences and the humanities.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">If the conclusions that scientists draw from their data, and the very questions they choose to ask, depend on their assumptions about the world, the culture in which they work, and the vocabulary they use, won\u2019t that be even more obviously true for psychologists, sociologists, and historians? \u00a0The principle that we can only ask questions for which we have the imagination surely holds true in philosophy, historiography, archaeology, and similar fields where error isn\u2019t so immediately apparent in the form of unsatisfactory instrument readings and, sometimes, laboratory explosions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 Here\u2019s a brief but interesting article on a little-known field in the biological sciences: \u00a0 \u201cThe Overlooked Organisms That Keep Challenging Our Assumptions About Life: Gorgeous and weird, lichens have pushed the boundaries of our understanding of nature\u2014and our way of studying it.\u201d \u00a0 I like the opening passage of this 17 January [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1019,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[2767,2773,2776,2770,243],"class_list":["post-69385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-historiography","tag-human-factors","tag-neutrality","tag-objectivity","tag-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u201cWe can only ask questions that we have imagination for.\u201d<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"&nbsp; &nbsp; Here&#039;s a brief but interesting article on a little-known field in the biological sciences: &nbsp; &quot;The Overlooked Organisms That Keep\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u201cWe can only ask questions that we have imagination for.\u201d\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; &nbsp; Here&#039;s a brief but interesting article on a little-known field in the biological sciences: &nbsp; &quot;The Overlooked Organisms That Keep\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Sic et Non\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-01-19T22:40:39+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-01-20T06:45:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2019\/01\/576px-Lobaria_pulmonaria_01.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dan Peterson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dan Peterson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html\",\"name\":\"\u201cWe can only ask questions that we have imagination for.\u201d\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2019-01-19T22:40:39+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2019-01-20T06:45:26+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#\/schema\/person\/77113e9b09701bd1599fa272c4f65045\"},\"description\":\"&nbsp; &nbsp; Here's a brief but interesting article on a little-known field in the biological sciences: &nbsp; \\\"The Overlooked Organisms That Keep\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u201cWe can only ask questions that we have imagination for.\u201d\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/\",\"name\":\"Sic et Non\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#\/schema\/person\/77113e9b09701bd1599fa272c4f65045\",\"name\":\"Dan Peterson\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5ed1a72d26805e35a503e3167599df7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5ed1a72d26805e35a503e3167599df7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Dan Peterson\"},\"description\":\"\\\"Life was very unsatisfying until I discovered Dan's blog, which gave me a reason to live.\\\" (gemli, 7 November 2019)\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/author\/danpeterson\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u201cWe can only ask questions that we have imagination for.\u201d","description":"&nbsp; &nbsp; Here's a brief but interesting article on a little-known field in the biological sciences: &nbsp; \"The Overlooked Organisms That Keep","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u201cWe can only ask questions that we have imagination for.\u201d","og_description":"&nbsp; &nbsp; Here's a brief but interesting article on a little-known field in the biological sciences: &nbsp; \"The Overlooked Organisms That Keep","og_url":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html","og_site_name":"Sic et Non","article_published_time":"2019-01-19T22:40:39+00:00","article_modified_time":"2019-01-20T06:45:26+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2019\/01\/576px-Lobaria_pulmonaria_01.jpg"}],"author":"Dan Peterson","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Dan Peterson","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html","url":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html","name":"\u201cWe can only ask questions that we have imagination for.\u201d","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#website"},"datePublished":"2019-01-19T22:40:39+00:00","dateModified":"2019-01-20T06:45:26+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#\/schema\/person\/77113e9b09701bd1599fa272c4f65045"},"description":"&nbsp; &nbsp; Here's a brief but interesting article on a little-known field in the biological sciences: &nbsp; \"The Overlooked Organisms That Keep","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/01\/we-can-only-ask-questions-that-we-have-imagination-for.html#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u201cWe can only ask questions that we have imagination for.\u201d"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/","name":"Sic et Non","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#\/schema\/person\/77113e9b09701bd1599fa272c4f65045","name":"Dan Peterson","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5ed1a72d26805e35a503e3167599df7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/5ed1a72d26805e35a503e3167599df7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Dan Peterson"},"description":"\"Life was very unsatisfying until I discovered Dan's blog, which gave me a reason to live.\" (gemli, 7 November 2019)","url":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/author\/danpeterson"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69385","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1019"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=69385"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/69385\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=69385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=69385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=69385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}