{"id":72244,"date":"2019-03-30T23:00:44","date_gmt":"2019-03-31T05:00:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?p=72244"},"modified":"2019-03-30T23:00:44","modified_gmt":"2019-03-31T05:00:44","slug":"new-testament-notes-157-158","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/03\/new-testament-notes-157-158.html","title":{"rendered":"New Testament Notes 157-158"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><\/head><body><p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20382\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20382\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2015\/05\/800px-Capernaum.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20382\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2015\/05\/800px-Capernaum.jpg\" alt=\"Capernaum - The Greek orthodox monastery\" width=\"597\" height=\"427\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20382\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0443\u043c \u2013 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044c (Wikimedia CC public domain photo by Sergey Serous)<br>This Greek Orthodox monastery stands beside the ruins of ancient Capernaum, where the exchange recounted in John 6 occurred.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lds.org\/scriptures\/nt\/john\/6.60-66?lang=eng\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">John 6:60-66<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Some critics that I\u2019ve come across seem to imagine that, if the Church were really true, people would be lined up to enter the font, nobody would ever fall away, and all customers would be completely satisfied and unfailingly enthusiastically willing to pay the price. \u00a0Everything that the Church taught would be pleasing to everybody, and instantly accepted without reservation.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The fact that the situation isn\u2019t so, they believe (or pretend to believe) demonstrates that the claims of the Restoration are false.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>This passage suggests the vacuity of that notion. \u00a0At least, it should to a believing Christian.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26679\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26679\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2015\/09\/715px-Treasury_Petra.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26679\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2015\/09\/715px-Treasury_Petra.jpg\" alt=\"Al-Khazneh fi al-Batra\u2019\" width=\"597\" height=\"501\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26679\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Treasury (al-Khazneh) at Petra, Jordan;\u00a0Wikimedia CC photo by Berthold Werner<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lds.org\/scriptures\/nt\/matt\/16.13-20\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Matthew 16:13-20<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lds.org\/scriptures\/nt\/mark\/8.27-30\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mark 8:27-30<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lds.org\/scriptures\/nt\/luke\/9.18-21?lang=eng\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Luke 9:18-21<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lds.org\/scriptures\/nt\/john\/6.67-71?lang=eng\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">John 6:67-71<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Compare Matthew 18:18; John 6:66; 20:22-23<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20412\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20412\" style=\"width: 596px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2015\/05\/800px-Banias_Spring_Cliff_Pans_Cave.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20412\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2015\/05\/800px-Banias_Spring_Cliff_Pans_Cave.jpg\" alt=\"AKA Banias\" width=\"596\" height=\"447\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20412\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Caesarea Philippi or Banias \u00a0(Wikimedia Commons public domain image)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20413\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20413\" style=\"width: 539px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2015\/05\/539px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Vatican_City.svg_.png\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20413\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2015\/05\/539px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Vatican_City.svg_.png\" alt=\"Vatican coat of arms\" width=\"539\" height=\"599\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20413\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coat of arms of the Vatican City State<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20410\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20410\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2015\/05\/640px-Rome_StPeter_Cupola-01.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20410\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2015\/05\/640px-Rome_StPeter_Cupola-01.jpg\" alt=\"At the base of St. Peter's dome\" width=\"597\" height=\"796\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20410\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the interior of St. Peter\u2019s Basilica \u00a0\u00a0(Wikimedia Commons public domain photograph)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lds.org\/scriptures\/nt\/matt\/16.13-20\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Matthew 16:13-20<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lds.org\/scriptures\/nt\/mark\/8.27-30\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mark 8:27-30<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lds.org\/scriptures\/nt\/luke\/9.18-21?lang=eng\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Luke 9:18-21<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lds.org\/scriptures\/nt\/john\/6.67-71?lang=eng\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">John 6:67-71<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Compare Matthew 18:18; John 6:66; 20:22-23<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #056e05;\"><strong>I.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The passages of the synoptic gospels listed above are absolutely crucial to the claims of the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church. \u00a0Right around the base of the dome of St. Peter\u2019s Basilica, in enormous letters \u2014 see the photograph above \u2014 Jerome\u2019s Latin Vulgate translation of the words of Jesus to Peter declares the authority of Peter and his papal successors: \u00a0<em>Tu es Petrus et super hanc petram aedificabo ecclesiam meam<\/em>. \u00a0\u201cThou art Peter, and upon this rock [<em>hanc petram<\/em>] I will build my church.\u201d \u00a0Everywhere in that massive basilica, the symbols of the popes prominently feature the crossed keys of Peter, and painting after painting of Peter, there and elsewhere, identifies him by placing large keys in his hands.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>But the passage is crucial to the claims of the <a href='https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/library\/mormonism' target='_blank'>Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints<\/a>, as well. \u00a0And, on this point, those are clearly <em>rival<\/em> claims. \u00a0(See pages 105-107 of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mormoninterpreter.com\/seeing-ourselves-through-the-eyes-of-a-friendly-and-thoughtful-evangelical\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">an article that I published in <em>Interpreter<\/em>\u00a0back in 2015<\/a> for a comment on precisely this topic.)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Allow me to provide some notes toward a Latter-day Saint reading of this portion of Matthew 16:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #056e05;\"><strong>a.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>As is very often the case in the New Testament, the term <em>heaven<\/em> in the phrase <em>my Father who is in heaven<\/em> (Mt 16:17) actually reflects an underlying Greek plural, <em>heavens<\/em>: \u00a0\u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f41 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2. \u00a0This goes back, literally, to the biblical beginning: \u00a0The King James Version\u2019s\u00a0<em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth<\/span><\/em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0could more precisely be rendered as <em>In the beginning God created the heaven<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">s<\/span> and the earth<\/em>\u00a0[\u05d1\u05b0\u05bc\u05e8\u05b5\u05d0\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u0596\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05b8\u05bc\u05e8\u05b8\u05a3\u05d0 \u05d0\u05b1\u05dc\u05b9\u05d4\u05b4\u0591\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05b5\u05a5\u05ea \u05d4\u05b7\u05e9\u05b8\u05bc\u05c1\u05de\u05b7\u0596\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd \u05d5\u05b0\u05d0\u05b5\u05a5\u05ea \u05d4\u05b8\u05d0\u05b8\u05bd\u05e8\u05b6\u05e5]. \u00a0Although English translations usually obscure this, the biblical text almost always (or virtually always) refers to\u00a0multiple <em>heavens<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #056e05;\"><strong>b.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s a crucial difference, in Greek, between the masculine <em>petros<\/em> (which is given to Cephas as a name) and the feminine <em>petra<\/em>. \u00a0<em>Petros<\/em> refers to a stone, a smallish one of the kind that you might skip across a pond. \u00a0<em>Petra<\/em> refers to a massive rock, like that at Gibraltar. \u00a0Or like that at . . . \u00a0well, <em>Petra<\/em> (see the photo above), the ancient city in Jordan that was carved right into the red sandstone cliffs of Edom.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u201cYou are Peter [<em>petros<\/em>],\u201d says Christ to his chief apostle, \u201cand I will build my church upon this rock [<em>petra<\/em>]\u201d: \u00a0\u03c3\u1f7a \u03b5\u1f36 \u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u1fb3 \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s clearly a play on words going on here, but it contrasts the smallness (and instability? compare <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lds.org\/scriptures\/nt\/matt\/16.21-23?lang=eng\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Mt 16:21-23<\/a>, just a few verses later in the same chapter)\u00a0of Peter as an individual with the solidity of the firm foundation upon which the Savior intends to build his church. \u00a0I think it no coincidence that Jesus made this statement at Caesarea Philippi (see the photo above), which sits at the base of a substantial rock cliff where the headwaters of the Jordan River gush from the base of Mount Hermon. \u00a0It\u2019s a powerful visual aid.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #056e05;\"><strong>c.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>But it\u2019s more than that.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Mount Hermon and the specific area of Caesarea Philippi (known today as Banias) were held sacred by many different faiths. \u00a0In the photo above, you can see a cave that was once holy to the Greek god Pan \u2014 which is the source of the name <em>Banias<\/em> (because Arabic lacks a letter <em>p<\/em>). \u00a0Out of the photo to the upper left is a Druze shrine. \u00a0(The Druze are an esoteric offshoot of Islam. \u00a0Many of them live in the Golan Heights, adjacent to Banias.)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Water coming out of the base of a mountain was seen as miraculous; caves were regarded as passageways to the underworld, to the realm of the dead.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Mount Hermon has been suggested by some as the site of the Transfiguration of Jesus, which, for Latter-day Saints, would imply temple connections (because many Latter-day Saints believe that priesthood keys were bequeathed to Peter, James, and John there). \u00a0So it\u2019s appropriately temple-like to have the waters of life issuing forth from the base of a temple-mountain. \u00a0(Think where temple baptistries are located, within \u201cthe mountain of the Lord\u2019s house.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In light of the foregoing, Mt 16:18-19 takes on a particular significance for Latter-day Saints:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Jesus says that he\u2019s going to give to Peter \u201cthe keys of the kingdom of the heavens\u201d (<em>heavens<\/em>, again, in the plural:\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u03c4\u1f70\u03c2\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd), the power to bind and loose in \u201cin the heavens.\u201d \u00a0And, says the King James Translation, \u201cthe gates of Hell\u201d won\u2019t prevail against the Church. \u00a0But KJV\u2019s\u00a0<em>the gates of Hell<\/em> misrepresents the Greek\u00a0\u03c0\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f85\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, which really reads \u201cthe gates of Hades.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHell\u201d is a place of evil, so, with that in mind, many people have misread this promise as a pledge that the power of evil would never overcome the Christian church, and, specifically, as a refutation of the Latter-day Saint teaching of a universal apostasy of the ancient church.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Hades, however, is simply the place to which all the dead go, both good and bad. \u00a0As such, it has no particular connotation of wickedness. \u00a0It\u2019s just\u00a0a reference to the realm of the dead, to the spirit world (Hebrew\u00a0<i>she\u2019ol<\/i>), or to Death itself.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Thus, Peter is going to be given keys that will permit his authority to extend beyond the gates of death. \u00a0Sealing power, in other words.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>A significant\u00a0text about temples and the power of their ordinances to pass the portals of the grave.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #056e05;\"><strong>II.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019ve always found Peter\u2019s response to Jesus\u2019 question (at John 6:67-68) quite moving:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u201cJesus said to the twelve, \u2018Do you also wish to go away?\u2019 \u00a0Simon Peter answered him, \u2018Lord, to whom shall we go? \u00a0You have the words of eternal life.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>This is the way I\u2019ve felt, when aggressive anti-Mormons have summoned me to reject my own faith and accept theirs. \u00a0With all respect, I can\u2019t help but think of\u00a0the words of the sixteenth century Hindu princess and mystic poet Mirabai:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #056e05;\">\u201cI have felt the swaying of the elephant\u2019s shoulders; and now you want me to climb on a jackass? \u00a0Try to be serious.\u201d<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 John 6:60-66 \u00a0 Some critics that I\u2019ve come across seem to imagine that, if the Church were really true, people would be lined up to enter the font, nobody would ever fall away, and all customers would be completely satisfied and unfailingly enthusiastically willing to pay the price. \u00a0Everything that the Church taught [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1019,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-72244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>New Testament Notes 157-158<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"&nbsp; &nbsp; John 6:60-66 &nbsp; Some critics that I&#039;ve come across seem to imagine that, if the Church were really true, people would be lined up to\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2019\/03\/new-testament-notes-157-158.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" 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