{"id":82380,"date":"2020-01-27T13:07:56","date_gmt":"2020-01-27T20:07:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?p=82380"},"modified":"2020-01-27T16:56:37","modified_gmt":"2020-01-27T23:56:37","slug":"hard-evidence-of-ancient-american-horses-part-6-plus-a-note-on-evolution-and-faith","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2020\/01\/hard-evidence-of-ancient-american-horses-part-6-plus-a-note-on-evolution-and-faith.html","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;&#8216;Hard&#8217; Evidence of Ancient American Horses&#8221; (Part 6), Plus a Note on Evolution and Faith"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><\/head><body><p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_82383\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-82383\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2020\/01\/632px-Horseevolution.png\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-82383\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2020\/01\/632px-Horseevolution.png\" alt=\"A chart of horse evolution\" width=\"597\" height=\"725\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-82383\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The evolution of the horse. Public domain mage created by \u201cMcy jerry\u201d at English Wikipedia<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Newly published on the website of the Interpreter Foundation:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><a style=\"color: #993300;\" href=\"https:\/\/interpreterfoundation.org\/reprint-sm1-14-the-theory-of-evolution-is-compatible-with-both-belief-and-unbelief-in-a-supreme-being\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><em>Science &amp; <a href='https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/library\/mormonism' target='_blank'>Mormonism<\/a> Series 1: Cosmos, Earth, and Man \u00a0\u201c<\/em>The Theory of Evolution is Compatible with Both Belief and Unbelief in a Supreme Being\u201d<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Part of our book chapter reprint series, this article by David M. Belnap originally appeared in\u00a0<em>Science &amp; Mormonism Series 1: Cosmos, Earth, and Man<\/em>\u00a0(2016).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><em>Abstract:\u00a0David Belnap, professor of biochemistry and biology at the University of Utah, explains how the theory of evolution neither unequivocally commends atheism or belief in God \u2014 \u201cfaith (in God or atheism)\u201d inevitably derives from \u201ceach person\u2019s spiritual conviction and choice.\u201d He describes how \u201can intelligent Creator\u201d could use the evolutionary mechanisms of \u201crandom variation coupled to selection to produce and maintain life on earth.\u201d He makes it clear why simple explanations can both be helpful and mislead at the same time.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>***<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Continuing with my notes from\u00a0<a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/archive.bookofmormoncentral.org\/file\/392\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Daniel Johnson, \u201c\u2018Hard\u2019 Evidence of Ancient American Horses,\u201d \u00a0<em>BYU Studies Quarterly<\/em>\u00a054\/3 (2015)<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In my immediately previous blog entry on this subject (Part 5), I began summarizing accounts, provided by Daniel Johnson (with references), seeming to suggest very early involvement of Native American groups with horses and horsemanship. \u00a0<em>Very<\/em> early involvement. \u00a0I continue in that vein:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0It is believed that the Pawnee had horses as early as 1650, and perhaps even as early as 1630. \u00a0(161)<\/li>\n<li>The early twentieth-century anthropologist Clark Wissler suggested that tribes like the Pawnee and the Kiowa had begun horse raiding by the early 1600s. \u00a0(161)<\/li>\n<li>The Apache were plainly trading for horses in the latter half of the 1600s, but they were using them much earlier than that \u2014 perhaps originally not as mounts and beasts of burden but for food. \u00a0(161)<\/li>\n<li>Francisco de Ibarra traveled in Mexico\u2019s Sonora Valley in 1567. \u00a0[That\u2019s only seventy-five years after First Contact. \u00a0However, Columbus\u2019s initial voyage didn\u2019t even take him to the mainland but, rather, to the islands of today\u2019s Turks and Caicos or Bahamas, and then to Cuba and Hispaniola. \u00a0Whether he had any horses with him, I don\u2019t know. \u00a0That he let any loose, even on those Caribbean islands, seems unlikely.] \u00a0De Ibarra says that at least some of the tribes in the Sonora Valley region were not only acquainted with horses but were practiced horsemen. \u00a0(161)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Remarks Johnson,<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Knowing what horses are and that they can be useful is one thing. \u00a0But being able to raise, care for, train, and use them effectively is quite another. \u00a0If an indigenous group is seen as accomplished in horsemanship and has a deep cultural connection to the horse by a certain date, analysts could naturally suspect that the actual introduction of that animal to that people must have been much earlier than typically believed. \u00a0(161)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>European or \u201cWhite\u201d scholarship has typically devalued Native American traditions on the origin of American horses , but they\u2019re worth considering. \u00a0For example:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0The Blackfoot claim of having horses goes as far back as their traditions reach. \u00a0(161)<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0The Comanche believed that the Great Spirit had created horses specifically for them. \u00a0(161)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">To be continued.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 Newly published on the website of the Interpreter Foundation: \u00a0 Science &amp; Mormonism Series 1: Cosmos, Earth, and Man \u00a0\u201cThe Theory of Evolution is Compatible with Both Belief and Unbelief in a Supreme Being\u201d Part of our book chapter reprint series, this article by David M. Belnap originally appeared in\u00a0Science &amp; Mormonism Series [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1019,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[3655,56,249,909,7806,599,55,7809,280,743,243],"class_list":["post-82380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-archaeology","tag-book-of-mormon","tag-evolution","tag-faith","tag-horse","tag-horses","tag-mormonism","tag-pre-columbian-america","tag-pre-columbian-american","tag-religion","tag-science"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>&quot;&#039;Hard&#039; Evidence of Ancient American Horses&quot; (Part 6), Plus a Note on Evolution and Faith<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"&nbsp; &nbsp; Newly published on the website of the Interpreter Foundation: &nbsp; 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