{"id":83445,"date":"2020-03-09T19:15:39","date_gmt":"2020-03-10T01:15:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?p=83445"},"modified":"2020-03-10T00:58:03","modified_gmt":"2020-03-10T06:58:03","slug":"geology-and-third-nephi-14-broken-and-scattered-rocks-part-one","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2020\/03\/geology-and-third-nephi-14-broken-and-scattered-rocks-part-one.html","title":{"rendered":"Geology and Third Nephi (14): \u201cBroken and Scattered Rocks\u201d (Part One)"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><\/head><body><p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_83448\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-83448\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2020\/03\/616px-Pacaya-12.jpeg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-83448\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2020\/03\/616px-Pacaya-12.jpeg\" alt=\"Pacaya erupts\" width=\"597\" height=\"743\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-83448\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 1992 eruption of Guatemala\u2019s Pacaya volcano. \u00a0\u00a0(Wikimedia Commons public domain photo)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\">And behold, the rocks were rent in twain; they were broken up upon the face of the whole earth, insomuch that they were\u00a0found in broken fragments, and in seams and in cracks, upon all the face of the land. \u00a0(3 Nephi 8:18)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019re nearing the end, but I\u2019m still working my way through <a href=\"https:\/\/byustudies.byu.edu\/content\/thirty-and-fourth-year-geologists-view-great-destruction-3-nephi\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\">Bart J. Kowallis, \u201cIn the Thirty and Fourth Year: A Geologist\u2019s View of the Great Destruction in 3 Nephi,\u201d\u00a0<em>BYU Studies<\/em>\u00a037\/3 (1997-1998)<\/a>:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Nephi\u2019s description of the effects the cataclysm had on the rocks might at first glance be ascribed to a great earthquake. \u00a0Certainly during a great quake the earth is rent and broken, and rocks may afterward be found in \u201cseams and cracks\u201d and in \u201cbroken fragments.\u201d \u00a0However, Nephi states that the rocks were found in this manner scattered over the whole face of the land. \u00a0This is not typical of earthquakes, where the zone of actual breakage of rock is usually fairly narrow and confined, even in the greatest earthquakes. \u00a0On the other hand, an explosive volcanic eruption commonly produces large quantities of broken and shattered rocks that are frequently scattered over a very wide area. \u00a0(172)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Deposits of such broken and fragmented rocks are termed <em>pyroclastic<\/em> by geologists, from the Greek \u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1 (<i>pyr\u00a0<\/i>or <em>pur<\/em>, \u201cfire\u201d) and\u00a0<span lang=\"grc\" title=\"Ancient Greek language text\">\u03ba\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 (<em>klastos<\/em>)<\/span>, meaning \u201cbroken in pieces.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The largest rock fragments ejected by a volcanic eruption usually fall back to earth near their place of origin, and most of them are sand-sized pieces of ash and dust. \u00a0During the very violent eruption of Italy\u2019s Mount Etna in 1669, however, \u201chuge boulders, some weighing as much as three hundred pounds, were shot several miles through the air\u201d \u00a0(quoted at 173). \u00a0\u201cVolcanic bombs over three feet in diameter were thrown over three miles during the 1938 eruption of Asama in central Japan.\u201d \u00a0During the 1815 eruption of Tambora, fist-sized stones fell up to 25 miles distant from the volcano.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>An eyewitness of two successive phases of the 1754 Taal eruption in the Philippines had this to say:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\">On November 15, it vomited enormous boulders. \u00a0More intense earthquakes than had been experienced before tottered those houses which still stood. \u00a0Immense waves of water in the lake threatened the low-lying villages along its shores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\">At 7 in the morning of November 28 occurred a new paroxysm, during which the volcano vomited forth such masses of fire and ejecta that in my opinion, all the material ejected during so many months, if taken together, would not equal the quantity which issued at that time. \u00a0The columns of fire and smoke ascending higher than ever before, increasing every moment in volume, and setting fire to the whole island, there being not the smallest portion of the latter which was not covered by smoke and glowing rocks and ashes. \u00a0All this was accompanied by terrific lightning and thunder above, and violent shocks of earthquakes underneath. \u00a0(174)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 And behold, the rocks were rent in twain; they were broken up upon the face of the whole earth, insomuch that they were\u00a0found in broken fragments, and in seams and in cracks, upon all the face of the land. \u00a0(3 Nephi 8:18) \u00a0 We\u2019re nearing the end, but I\u2019m still working my way [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1019,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1341,8834,56,8841,8844,8529,8520,1356,1353,8526,8556,1350,4640,8838,1050,1369,8837,8831,1347,3838,8825,8828,3178,8531,8822],"class_list":["post-83445","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-3-nephi","tag-bart","tag-book-of-mormon","tag-burial","tag-buried","tag-cataclysm","tag-catastrophe","tag-christ","tag-destruction","tag-devastation","tag-drought","tag-earthquake","tag-fire","tag-flood","tag-geology","tag-jesus","tag-kowallis","tag-lightning","tag-seismology","tag-storm","tag-tempest","tag-thunder","tag-volcanism","tag-volcano","tag-whirlwind"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Geology and Third Nephi (14): \u201cBroken and Scattered Rocks\u201d (Part One)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"&nbsp; 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