{"id":89042,"date":"2020-11-04T13:50:04","date_gmt":"2020-11-04T20:50:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?p=89042"},"modified":"2020-11-11T22:11:34","modified_gmt":"2020-11-12T05:11:34","slug":"a-moral-argument-for-the-existence-of-god","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2020\/11\/a-moral-argument-for-the-existence-of-god.html","title":{"rendered":"A moral argument for the existence of God"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><\/head><body><p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_89045\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-89045\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2020\/11\/IMG_2400.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-89045\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2020\/11\/IMG_2400.jpg\" alt=\"Giant Meteor\" width=\"597\" height=\"448\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-89045\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the campaign yard sign in my front yard.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Please note that \u201cThe Temple on Mount Zion,\u201d the\u00a0Fifth Interpreter Matthew B. Brown Memorial Conference \u2014 jointly sponsored by the Interpreter Foundation and the Brigham Young University College of Humanities \u2014\u00a0will be held this coming Saturday, 7 November 2020, and will be streamed online, accessible at no charge:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"vQ6pKvSeIM\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/interpreterfoundation.org\/conferences\/2020-temple-on-mount-zion-conference\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">2020 Temple on Mount Zion Conference<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"\u201c2020 Temple on Mount Zion Conference\u201d \u2014 The Interpreter Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/interpreterfoundation.org\/conferences\/2020-temple-on-mount-zion-conference\/embed\/#?secret=RwNWyaNNMl#?secret=vQ6pKvSeIM\" data-secret=\"vQ6pKvSeIM\" width=\"500\" height=\"282\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>***<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Also now available from the Interpreter Foundation:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/interpreterfoundation.org\/interpreter-radio-show-october-18-2020\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Interpreter Radio Show \u2014 October 18, 2020<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The 18 October 2020 broadcast of the Interpreter Radio Show featured Bruce Webster and Kris Frederickson.\u00a0 The first portion of the show was a roundtable discussing the upcoming Come Follow Me lesson #46 (Ether 12-15).\u00a0 Then, in the second hour, they discussed the Church\u2019s return to open attendance during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>And, from Jonn Claybaugh:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/interpreterfoundation.org\/cfm-study-and-teaching-helps-bom-lesson-44\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><em>Come, Follow Me<\/em>\u00a0\u2014 Study and Teaching Helps: Lesson 44, November 9-15: Ether 1-5 \u2014\u00a0<em>\u201cRend That Veil of Unbelief\u201d<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>***<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">This entry is inspired by, and to an extent dependent upon,\u00a0Douglas Groothuis, <em>Christian Apologetics: A Comprehensive Case for Biblical Faith<\/em>\u00a0(Downers Grove: IVP and Nottingham: Apollos, 2011), 330-338:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>A basic, barebones \u201cmoral argument\u201d for the existence of God might run along the following lines:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Objective moral truths exist.<\/li>\n<li>A moral and personal God offers the best explanation for the existence of such objective moral truths.<\/li>\n<li>Therefore, it is likely that a moral and personal God exists.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Such an argument should <em>never<\/em> deny the easily demonstrated fact that non-Christians, including atheists, can both possess and act in accordance with true moral principles.\u00a0 Moreover, a person may realize \u2014 may <em>know<\/em> \u2014 that stealing is morally wrong <em>without<\/em> knowing or being able to articulate the ultimate <em>reason<\/em> why stealing is morally wrong.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>But are there objective moral truths?\u00a0 Is there an actually existing reality to which our moral views aspire to point and in accordance with which good people seek to live?<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Biblical authors seem to have thought so.\u00a0 For example, at Romans 2:14-15 Paul claims that all peoples have \u201cthe work of the law written on their hearts\u201d simply by virtue of being God\u2019s creatures.\u00a0 And the prophets of the Hebrew Bible believed that the nations around them were accountable to God for their actions because, even though they had not been given the law of Moses, they had sufficient moral knowledge to know good from evil (see, e.g., Jonah and Amos 1-2).<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>However, different societies have made demonstrably different moral judgments, which seems to suggest that such moral judgments inextricably depend upon contingent cultures.\u00a0 But if this is so, then there are, it seems, no moral truths that transcend human culture or apply to all societies, cross-culturally.\u00a0 On this understanding, what is \u201cmoral\u201d is simply what is regarded or defined as \u201cnormal.\u201d\u00a0 Morality would be, in this case, no more universal than tastes in food, fashions in clothing, and preferences in hair styles.\u00a0 We don\u2019t seriously say that tacos are \u201cright\u201d while Wienerschnitzel is \u201cwrong.\u201d\u00a0 Narrow ties and wide ties are fashion questions, not questions of objective rightness or wrongness.\u00a0 (Bow ties, of course, are another matter:\u00a0 They\u2019re an offense against all that is good and decent.)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, if what is moral is simply what is \u201cnormal\u201d in a society, what about those who, for whatever reason, are alienated from their society?\u00a0 Are they \u2014 to either their delight or their distress \u2014 morally homeless, without a moral system in which to live?<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Worse, what about what has been called \u201cthe reformer\u2019s dilemma\u201d?\u00a0 If what is socially \u201cnormal\u201d is, by definition, what is right and moral, on what grounds can a would-be reformer object or seek change?\u00a0 Discrimination against women, for instance, has been codified in many cultures and societies for centuries.\u00a0 How can a believer in women\u2019s suffrage or in equal pay or equal treatment under the law justify deviation from the norm?\u00a0 If the Third Reich advocates the extermination of the Jews, that is the \u201cnormal\u201d for Germany and its dominions.\u00a0 Is it immoral to resist or to object?\u00a0 Did William Wilberforce, John Newton, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman, and Harriet Beecher-Stowe violate morality in advocating the abolition of slavery? Should they be condemned as deviants?\u00a0 Does the reformer\u2019s moral authority come down, really, just to a matter of naked force or to a mere popularity contest?<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Here is.a passage from Martin Luther King\u2019s famous 16 April 1963 \u201cLetter from Birmingham Jail\u201d:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>A just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God.\u00a0 An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law.\u00a0 To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas: an unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Clearly, Martin Luther King believed that there exists a higher standard than merely what is regarded as \u201cnormal\u201d in a given society.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Actually, though, it doesn\u2019t logically follow from the fact that cultures differ on matters of morality that all moral judgments are equally good, acceptable, or \u201ctrue.\u201d\u00a0 That there is disagreement about a matter doesn\u2019t necessarily indicate that all opinions on the matter are equally valid.\u00a0 The Aztecs regarded it as a moral imperative to capture non-Aztec warriors and sacrifice them by ripping their still-beating hearts from their chests.\u00a0 Some in India thought it very important to burn widows on the funeral pyres of their husbands.\u00a0 Some Muslims insist on female genital mutilation.\u00a0 Many cultures have believed slavery to be both natural and good.\u00a0 And the list is long.\u00a0 But we don\u2019t simply shrug these things off as examples of \u201cdifferent strokes for different folks\u201d or of the principle <em>de gustibus non est disputandum<\/em>.\u00a0 Martin Luther King\u2019s famous paraphrase of Theodore Parker \u2014 \u201cThe arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice\u201d \u2014 says essentially nothing if there is no \u201cobjective\u201d meaning for the word<em> justice<\/em>.\u00a0 At most, it would simply indicate that things change.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, there is arguably less diversity between different cultures about fundamental human values than many believe.\u00a0 Variations of the \u201cgolden rule,\u201d for instance, can be found across cultures and throughout world history.\u00a0 As the prominent anthropologist <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clyde_Kluckhohn\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Clyde Kluckhohn<\/a> (1905-1960) pointed out:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong>Every culture has a concept of murder, distinguishing this from execution, killing in war, and other \u201cjustifiable homicides.\u201d\u00a0 The notions of incest and other regulations upon sexual behavior, the prohibitions upon untruth under defined circumstances, of restitution and reciprocity, of mutual obligations between parents and children \u2014 these and many other moral concepts are altogether universal.\u00a0 <\/strong>(Clyde Kluckhohn, \u201cEthical Relativity: \u2018<em>Sic et Non<\/em>,'\u201d <em>Journal of Philosophy<\/em> 52 [1955]: 672)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>C. S. Lewis, too, argued for the existence of an objective moral order \u2014 which he called the <em>Tao<\/em> \u2014 in <em>The Abolition of Man<\/em> (1943).\u00a0 He identified eight basic \u201claws\u201d as components of the Tao:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The law of general benevolence: (a) negative and (b) positive<\/li>\n<li>The law of special benevolence<\/li>\n<li>Duties to parents, elders, ancestors<\/li>\n<li>The law of justice: (a) sexual justice, (b) honesty, (c) justice in courts, etc.<\/li>\n<li>Duties to children and posterity<\/li>\n<li>The law of good faith and veracity<\/li>\n<li>The law of mercy<\/li>\n<li>The law of magnanimity<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In fact, cultural variations may create variety in moral behavior and the implementation of moral principles even if the fundamental moral truths acknowledged by each society are more or less the <em>same<\/em>.\u00a0 Thus, the principle of respect for one\u2019s parents has led some cultures to the practice of euthanasia or\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senicide#:~:text=times%20each%20year.-,Inuit,Inuit%20senicide%20was%20in%201939.\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">senicide<\/a> (abandoning or even killing the elderly and the infirm), while it inspires other cultures to venerate them and to care for them at great expense.\u00a0 Respect for the dead motivates the building of funeral pyres, the construction of platforms to expose corpses to carrion birds or other forms of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sky_burial\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u201csky burial,\u201d\u00a0<\/a>cremation, interment, and so forth, but the motivating principle remains respect for the dead.\u00a0 The principle is more or less the same, while the rules derived from it vary.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">To be continued.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 Please note that \u201cThe Temple on Mount Zion,\u201d the\u00a0Fifth Interpreter Matthew B. Brown Memorial Conference \u2014 jointly sponsored by the Interpreter Foundation and the Brigham Young University College of Humanities \u2014\u00a0will be held this coming Saturday, 7 November 2020, and will be streamed online, accessible at no charge: \u00a0 2020 Temple on Mount [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1019,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[6741,18004,6216,18812,1543,17989,10270,9284,70,2601,18809,18821,3133,17986,252,740,17998,18001,18818,8610,18815],"class_list":["post-89042","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-abolition","tag-abolition-of-man","tag-argument-from-morality","tag-birmingham-jail","tag-c-s-lewis","tag-clyde-kluckhohn","tag-ethical-relativism","tag-existence","tag-existence-of-god","tag-god","tag-letter","tag-man","tag-martin-luther-king","tag-moral-argument","tag-moral-relativism","tag-morality","tag-objective-moral-truth","tag-objective-moral-truths","tag-objective-morality","tag-relativism","tag-tao"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A moral argument for the existence of God<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"&nbsp; &nbsp; Please note that &quot;The Temple on Mount Zion,&quot; the\u00a0Fifth Interpreter Matthew B. 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