{"id":90862,"date":"2021-04-14T18:18:38","date_gmt":"2021-04-15T00:18:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?p=90862"},"modified":"2021-04-17T13:08:25","modified_gmt":"2021-04-17T19:08:25","slug":"the-man-who-knew-infinity-part-one","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2021\/04\/the-man-who-knew-infinity-part-one.html","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;The Man Who Knew Infinity&#8221; (Part One)"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><\/head><body><p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_90863\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-90863\" style=\"width: 322px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2021\/04\/51WZGOSkHDL._SX320_BO1204203200_.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-90863\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2021\/04\/51WZGOSkHDL._SX320_BO1204203200_.jpg\" alt=\"Great Story\" width=\"322\" height=\"499\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-90863\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cover of a book that I\u2019m reading right now, showing Dev Patel as Srinivasa Ramanujan and Jeremy Irons as G. H. Hardy from the book\u2019s film adaptation. (Fair Use)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>***<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>I first read about Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920) back when I was in eighth or ninth grade, probably either in James R. Newman\u2019s four-volume <em>The World of Mathematics<\/em> or in E. T. Bell\u2019s <em>Men of Mathematics.<\/em>\u00a0 (These are, incidentally, the books that initially sent me to the university as a mathematics major.)\u00a0 Ramanujan made an unforgettable impression on me.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>He was largely self-taught, having received formal training in the kind of mathematics needed for an accountant or a clerk, but essentially none in\u00a0pure mathematics.\u00a0 He did his own early original mathematical research in isolation for the simple reason that there was really nobody in his area capable of helping him.\u00a0 Nevertheless, he made significant contributions to such fields as\u00a0number theory, the study of infinite series, mathematical analysis, and\u00a0continued fractions, sometimes coming up with solutions to mathematical problems that, before him, had been considered insoluble.\u00a0 Although he tried to interest prominent academic mathematicians in his work, especially in distant England, he was unable to do so for a very long time.\u00a0 For one thing, his mode of presenting his findings didn\u2019t fit accepted standards \u2014 which was, clearly, a <em>result<\/em> of his isolation.\u00a0 (He hadn\u2019t been enculturated into the ways of professional mathematicians.)\u00a0 Accordingly, most of those whom he contacted dismissed him without serious attention.\u00a0 In 1913, however, he began a correspondence\u00a0with the great English mathematician\u00a0G. H. Hardy,\u00a0at Cambridge University.\u00a0 Hardy almost instantly recognized that he was corresponding with a genius, and he arranged for Ramanujan to come to England and to the University.\u00a0 Ramanujan soon became one of the youngest people, and only the second native of India, to be named a Fellow of the prestigious Royal Society \u2014 a very big deal in a time of <a href=\"http:\/\/historymatters.gmu.edu\/d\/5478\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\">quite unashamed English and Western colonialism and racism<\/a> \u2014 and he was the first Indian to be elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Tragically, Ramanujan was compelled by poor health to return to India in 1919, and he died there in 1920 at the age of thirty-two.\u00a0 (The cause was probably complications of amoebic dysentery that he had contracted many years earlier; he had long told friends that he would not live to see the age of thirty-five.)\u00a0 Right up until shortly before his death, though, he was still generating new mathematical ideas and theorems, which he shared with Hardy via letters.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_90865\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-90865\" style=\"width: 440px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2021\/04\/440px-Srinivasa_Ramanujan_-_OPC_-_1.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-90865\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2021\/04\/440px-Srinivasa_Ramanujan_-_OPC_-_1.jpg\" alt=\"Ramanujan, the great loss\" width=\"440\" height=\"603\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-90865\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Srinivasa Ramanujan, FRS (22 December 1887 \u2013 26 April 1920)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In the course of his sadly foreshortened life, Ramanujan compiled somewhere between 3,ooo and 4,000 distinct \u201cresults\u201d \u2014 that range was suggested by G. H. Hardy; <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.math.illinois.edu\/~berndt\/articles\/aachen.pdf\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\">Berndt and associates<\/a> came up with 3,254 (thanks to George Collins for the reference) \u2014 mostly in the form of identities and equations.\u00a0 Many of these were completely original to him.\u00a0 (Again, his lack of formal training and enculturation virtually <em>guaranteed<\/em> originality on his part.)\u00a0 Often, his results were unconventional, and mathematicians are still discovering fresh insights from his published works as as well as from his \u201clost journal,\u201d which was recovered in 1976, and even his merest comments continue to yield a rich mathematical harvest.\u00a0 One can only imagine what he might have been able to accomplish had he lived a longer life.\u00a0 (For some reflections on that kind of question, please see my 2012 <em>Deseret News<\/em> column <a href=\"https:\/\/www.deseret.com\/2012\/7\/19\/20424798\/beethoven-is-a-study-in-hope-healing\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u201cBeethoven is a study in hope, healing.\u201d<\/a>\u00a0 Which was, by the way, not my choice for the column\u2019s title.)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>I found, and find, his story fascinating.\u00a0 Accordingly, when the film <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Man_Who_Knew_Infinity_(film)\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\"><em>The Man Who Knew Infinity<\/em><\/a> appeared in 2015, I was eager to see it.\u00a0 And I\u2019m very glad that I did, because it alerted me to a very interesting element of Ramanujan\u2019s life and mathematical work of which I had not previously been aware.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Finally, now, I\u2019m reading the book from which the film was drawn:\u00a0 Robert Kanigel,\u00a0<em>The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan<\/em> (New York and London: Washington Square Press, 1991).\u00a0 And here are some notes relating to that surprising element in Ramanujan\u2019s biography and mathematical practice:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Ramanujan \u2014 his name means, literally, \u201cyounger brother of [the Hindu deity] Rama\u201d \u2014 was born in what is today Tamil Nadu, India.\u00a0 His father was\u00a0a clerk in a\u00a0sari\u00a0shop.<sup id=\"cite_ref-Kanigel1991_14-2\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup>\u00a0His mother was a\u00a0housewife\u00a0who also served at a local Hindu temple.\u00a0 He didn\u2019t do very well in school other than in mathematics, the only subject in which he had any real interest.\u00a0 In that area, however, he was recognized as a prodigy already at the age of eleven, soon exhausting the ability of all available teachers and tutors.\u00a0 When he was sixteen, he was given a copy G. S. Carr\u2019s collection of 5,000 theorems, entitled\u00a0<i>A Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics<\/i>, which set his genius ablaze.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Eventually, he himself obtained a position as a clerk.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>He was exceptionally close to his mother, who was \u201cfiercely devout\u201d (20).\u00a0 He sang religious songs, participated in prayer meetings held at his house, grew up with the ancient stories of the <em>Mahabharata<\/em> and the Ramayana, and was devoted to the family deity, the goddess Namagiri of Namakkal.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>Ramanujan was a man who grew up praying to stone deities; who for most of his life took counsel from a family goddess, declaring it was she to whom his mathematical insights were owed; whose theorems would, at intellectually backbreaking cost, be proved true \u2014 yet leave mathematicians baffled that anyone could divine them in the first place.\u00a0<\/strong> (4)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>All the years he was growing up, he lived the life of a traditional Hindu Brahmin.\u00a0 He wore the <em>kutumi<\/em>, the topknot.\u00a0 His forehead was shaved.\u00a0 He was rigidly vegetarian.\u00a0 He frequented local temples.\u00a0 He participated in ceremonies and rituals at home.\u00a0 He traveled all over South India for pilgrimages.\u00a0 He regularly invoked the name of his family deity, the goddess Namagiri of Namakkal, and based his actions on what he took to be her wishes.\u00a0 He attributed to the gods his ability to navigate through the shoals of mathematical texts written in foreign languages.\u00a0 He could recite from the Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu scriptures.<\/strong>\u00a0 (30-31)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>It was goddess Namagiri, he would tell friends, to whom he owed his mathematical gifts.\u00a0 Namagiri would write the equations on his tongue.\u00a0 Namagiri would bestow mathematical insights in his dreams.\u00a0<\/strong> (36)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>To give a particularly, umm, vivid example:\u00a0 At one point,<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>in a dream, he saw a hand write across a screen made red by flowing blood, tracing out elliptic integrals.<\/strong>\u00a0 (66)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>All of this raises a really important issue that pre-existed Ramanujan:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>In the West, there was an old debate as to whether mathematical reality was made by mathematicians or, existing independently, was merely discovered by them.\u00a0 Ramanujan was squarely in the latter camp; for him, numbers and their mathematical relationships fairly threw off clues to how the universe fit together.\u00a0 Each new theorem was one more piece of the Infinite unfathomed.\u00a0 So he wasn\u2019t being silly, or sly, or cute when later he told a friend, \u201cAn equation for me has no meaning unless it expresses a thought of God.\u201d<\/strong>\u00a0 (66-67)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Ramanujan\u2019s patron at Trinity College, Cambridge, G. H. Hardy, could scarcely have been more opposite. For one thing, whereas Ramanujan was short and squat, even fat, \u201cwith a full nose set onto a fleshy, lightly pock-marked face\u201d (67), Hardy was physically beautiful.\u00a0 (That\u2019s the word that\u2019s often used for him, even into his fifties, rather than <em>handsome<\/em>.)\u00a0 \u00a0As late as his thirties, Hardy was sometimes refused alcohol in restaurants and mistaken for an undergraduate.\u00a0 He was commonly described as \u201ccharming.\u201d\u00a0 Yet he regarded himself as ugly.\u00a0 He allowed no mirrors in his rooms at Cambridge and, when traveling, would cover hotel room mirrors with towels.\u00a0 Like his sister Gertrude, to whom he was deeply devoted, he never married.\u00a0 Shy and very self-conscious, he loved cats, hated dogs, would not shake hands, and was an \u201calmost pathological\u201d player and fan of cricket, even weaving cricket metaphors into his mathematical papers \u2014 which often left his non-English colleagues completely baffled and lost.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Hardy and his sister Gertrude emerged from childhood \u201ccontemptuous of religion,\u201d perhaps reacting against the deep religiosity of their parents and especially of their mother (117).<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>Hardy judged God, and found Him wanting.\u00a0 He was not just an atheist; he was a devout one. . . .\u00a0 God, it would be said of him, was his personal enemy.\u00a0 Yet his friends included clerics . . .\u00a0<\/strong> (110)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>Hardy was an atheist even as a boy.\u00a0 Once, as he and a clergyman walked in the fog, they saw a boy with a string and stick.\u00a0 The clergyman likened God\u2019s presence to a kite, felt but unseen.\u00a0 In the fog, he told young Hardy, \u201cyou cannot see the kite flying, but you feel the pull on the string.\u201d\u00a0 But in fog, Hardy thought, there is no wind and no kite can fly.\u00a0 Gertrude felt much the same.\u00a0 Once, as an old woman confined to a nursing home, she was asked her religious preference.\u00a0 She replied \u201cMohammedan,\u201d bewailed the want of a mosque close by, even set about trying to locate a prayer rug to enhance the deception.\u00a0<\/strong> (117)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>Hardy spoke beautifully.\u00a0 He batted out sparking bons mots the way he did cricket balls from the popping crease \u2014\u00a0 provoking, challenging, asserting.\u00a0 He was scrupulously honest, fastidious about giving others their due, once even admitted that the pro-God position in a debate had been better argued.<\/strong>\u00a0 (111)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>For him, the whole spiritual realm was just so much bunkum.\u00a0 He knew \u2014 this was his faith \u2014 that wherever Ramanujan\u2019s genius came from, there was something straightforward to explain it.<\/strong>\u00a0 (288)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">Someone would later observe, though, that \u201cHardy\u2019s deep reverence for mathematics and for all things of the mind was precisely of the same kind as impels other people to the worship of God; the only enigma about Hardy was that this never seemed to occur to him.\u201d\u00a0 And at least for public consumption, it never did.\u00a0 Had Ramanujan scoured the British Isles, he could have found no one less sympathetic\u00a0 to his spiritual side, no one who, in this one realm, could appreciate him less.\u00a0 <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">(288)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In fact, Hardy sought to downplay Ramanujan\u2019s religious faith, suggesting that it wasn\u2019t really very deep, and perhaps not even entirely sincere.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>However, Ramanujan\u2019s biographer, Robert Kanigel, will have none of this, suggesting instead that, if there was any disingenuousness on the Indian mathematician\u2019s part, it was in not being forthright about his spirituality and his faith with the decidedly unsympathetic and unreceptive Hardy:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>Ramanujan probably wasn\u2019t long in England before Hardy let him know, perhaps without even realizing it, that invocations of Namagiri were not apt to be well received.\u00a0 Faced with a man once described as \u201can atheist evangelist,\u201d and hardly wishing to provoke his benefactor and friend on what was such touchy ground, Ramanujan simply never revealed to him the richness and extent of his inner spiritual life.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>And that was the problem: with Hardy, Ramanujan could not let his hair down \u2014 had to dissemble, could not be himself.\u00a0 There remained between the two men a great, unbridgeable gap.\u00a0 Even after working with him for several years, the conclusion is inescapable, Hardy never really <em>knew<\/em> Ramanujan \u2014 and thus could be no real buffer against the profound loneliness Ramanujan felt in England.<\/strong>\u00a0 (289)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>But was G. H. Hardy really as hostile to religion and to theism as he seemed (and as he likely felt himself to be)?\u00a0 It\u2019s tempting to wonder whether there might not have been, within the great mathematician, a spiritual core that, given different upbringing and altered circumstances and possibly a fresh perspective on theism \u2014 perhaps, I myself wonder as a Latter-day Saint theist, the circumstances now available to him in the world of spirits \u2014 might have made him more open to God.\u00a0 When Hardy died in 1947, one mourner spoke of his<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>profound conviction that the truths of mathematics described a bright and clear universe, exquisite and beautiful in its structure, in comparison with which the physical world was turbid and confused.\u00a0 It was this which made his friends . . . think that in his attitude to mathematics there was something which, being essentially spiritual, was near to religion.<\/strong>\u00a0 (7)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">To be continued.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>***<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>I finished my last class as a full-time member of the faculty of Brigham Young University last night at just a little before 5:00 PM.\u00a0 I\u2019ll miss my interactions with students \u2014 which have already been blunted and made less satisfying by COVID-19 for the past year and more \u2014 and I\u2019ll miss regular teaching, which I\u2019ve always enjoyed.\u00a0 But it\u2019s time, and there are other things that I need and want to do.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Almost immediately after the class was over, my wife told me that a couple we know wanted to take me out for dinner to celebrate my retirement.\u00a0 (Strictly speaking, I\u2019m still working for the University through 30 June.\u00a0 My formal retirement will be effective on 1 July.)\u00a0 Fine, I thought.\u00a0 Having chosen a restaurant to go to \u2014 in itself, a thrilling novelty these days \u2014 I was caught totally by surprise when, entering the building, I saw a group of friends there, waiting for our arrival.\u00a0 I can\u2019t believe that I was so na\u00efve and clueless.\u00a0 I hadn\u2019t so much as <em>thought<\/em> of such a thing.\u00a0 Right up to the very moment of seeing familiar faces.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">***<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993300;\">If you haven\u2019t yet gone to <a style=\"color: #993300;\" href=\"https:\/\/witnessesfilm.com\/\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">the <em>Witnesses<\/em> website<\/a> and indicated that you want the film to come to a theater in your community, please do so.\u00a0 Please do so <em>now<\/em>.\u00a0 (See the band across the top of the site, where it says \u201cBring <em>Witnesses<\/em> to your city this summer.\u201d)\u00a0 Don\u2019t put it off.\u00a0 It\u2019s important.\u00a0 It will be helpful to us even if you live in Utah, but especially if you live <em>outside<\/em> of Utah.\u00a0 Please do it while you\u2019re on the computer right now.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 *** \u00a0 I first read about Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920) back when I was in eighth or ninth grade, probably either in James R. Newman\u2019s four-volume The World of Mathematics or in E. T. Bell\u2019s Men of Mathematics.\u00a0 (These are, incidentally, the books that initially sent me to the university as a mathematics major.)\u00a0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1019,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1014,3799,7102,11830,22370,5445,4051,22361,22358,11846,3304,861,8576,22373,22367,16945,69,22352,22355,22364,22349,1848,2454],"class_list":["post-90862","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-atheism","tag-atheist","tag-cambridge","tag-college","tag-dev-patel","tag-england","tag-english","tag-g-h-hardy","tag-hardy","tag-hindu","tag-hinduism","tag-india","tag-indian","tag-jeremy-irons","tag-madras","tag-mathematician","tag-mathematics","tag-ramanujan","tag-srinivasa-ramanujan","tag-tamil-nadu","tag-the-man-who-knew-infinity","tag-trinity","tag-university"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>&quot;The Man Who Knew Infinity&quot; (Part One)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"&nbsp; &nbsp; *** &nbsp; I first read about Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920) back when I was in eighth or ninth grade, probably either in James R. 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