{"id":97629,"date":"2022-11-23T20:21:16","date_gmt":"2022-11-24T03:21:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?p=97629"},"modified":"2022-11-23T21:05:30","modified_gmt":"2022-11-24T04:05:30","slug":"an-atmosphere-of-gratitude-and-grounds-for-appreciation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2022\/11\/an-atmosphere-of-gratitude-and-grounds-for-appreciation.html","title":{"rendered":"An Atmosphere of Gratitude and Grounds for Appreciation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"NASA<\/a>
The thin line of Earth\u2019s atmosphere and the setting sun are featured in this NASA public domain photograph taken on 25 November 2009 by the crew of the International Space Station while space shuttle Atlantis on the STS-129 mission was docked with the station.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

I wrote these two newspaper columns for Thanksgiving 2019:<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

As we in the United States approach the national Thanksgiving holiday for 2019, it\u2019s appropriate to consider things for which we should express our gratitude.\u00a0 Obviously, of course, there\u2019s the good food that many of us will be eating.\u00a0 There are the family members with whom many of us will be gathering to share it.\u00a0 However, there is much, much more.\u00a0 Indeed, our reasons for gratitude are virtually infinite.\u00a0 Here, let me suggest one vital factor in our lives that we almost always take for granted:<\/span><\/p>\n

The phrase \u201cthin blue line\u201d\u00a0is sometimes used to refer to the role of the police in society, who hold chaos at bay and thus permit order and civilization to flourish. \u00a0The term could perhaps be used even more appropriately to describe the function of our terrestrial atmosphere, which allows not only civilization and order but sheer physical survival.<\/span><\/p>\n

Our atmosphere as it exists today derives (as our oceans also do) from the \u201cdegassing\u201d of the primitive semi-molten earth, supplemented by later additions belched up from volcanoes and emitted by hot springs. \u00a0The atmosphere of early geologic times was composed of such gases as hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and various forms of hydrogen chloride. \u00a0We couldn\u2019t have survived those conditions.\u00a0 However, the lighter gases (e.g., hydrogen and helium) escaped toward space. \u00a0Five hundred miles above the earth, our \u201catmosphere,\u201d if it can still be called that, is composed of 50% helium and 50% hydrogen.<\/span><\/p>\n

Somewhat later in our planet\u2019s history, living organisms developed that were capable of photosynthesis.\u00a0 They provided the oxygen that then permitted animal respiration and eventually the colonization of land, as well as providing the famous ozone layer that shields Earth (and us) from the sun\u2019s ultraviolet radiation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Evidence for this sequence of atmospheric development can be found, to some degree at least, in Precambrian rocks and a few fossils, which show a transition from a largely oxygen-free environment to what we might term a free-oxygen environment.<\/span><\/p>\n

Our terrestrial atmosphere is an exceedingly thin envelope surrounding Earth. \u00a0Perhaps somewhat more than 99% of our planet\u2019s air exists within a region no higher than thirty kilometers (or approximately eighteen miles) above sea level. \u00a0Earth\u2019s radius \u2014 the distance from its center to its surface or circumference \u2014 is 6400 kilometers (somewhat less than 4000 miles), which means that the thickness of that oxygenated region of our atmosphere is a bit less than 0.5% of Earth\u2019s radius.<\/span><\/p>\n

But oxygen isn\u2019t evenly distributed even within that thin envelope.\u00a0 Denser and, thus, heavier gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor hang low in the current atmosphere, mostly within about three miles of the planet\u2019s surface. \u00a0That thin band is equivalent to approximately 0.00075 of Earth\u2019s radius, well under one ten-thousandth.\u00a0 Its outer edge is not far above our heads.<\/span><\/p>\n

These heavier gases, especially oxygen, are essential to life. \u00a0More than roughly three miles above sea level, we humans cannot usually function very well without supplemental oxygen.<\/span><\/p>\n

Any resident of lower altitudes who has climbed in the Colorado Rockies or the Sierra Nevada of California, or visited the old Inca capital city of Cusco in Peru, knows the risks of nausea and lightheadedness that are encountered there. \u00a0And death awaits those who travel, unaided, very much higher.<\/span><\/p>\n

Federal regulations\u00a0require the use of supplemental oxygen by pilots who fly more than 30 minutes at cabin pressure altitudes of 12,500 feet (roughly 3.8 kilometers, slightly more than two miles) or higher. And at cabin altitudes above 14,000 feet (somewhat more than 4.25 kilometers, about 2.5 miles), pilots must use oxygen at all times.<\/span><\/p>\n

Altogether, the gases in the atmosphere serve to insulate the earth by filtering out most cosmic radiation and, as mentioned, blocking most of the sun\u2019s ultraviolet radiation. \u00a0Furthermore, they prevent large swings in temperature. \u00a0They also burn up untold millions of meteors before those objects are able to collide with our planet. \u00a0Again, in these ways, too, they are essential to life.<\/span><\/p>\n

It\u2019s also fortunate that our atmosphere deflects or reflects much interstellar \u201cnoise\u201d back into space. \u00a0Without that, radio and television broadcasts would be effectively impossible, lost in an impenetrable wall of static. \u00a0On its \u201cunderside,\u201d though, our atmosphere partially reflects (rather than merely transmitting) radio waves, which makes television and communication by radio possible.<\/span><\/p>\n

As the Thanksgiving holiday draws near, there is much for us to be thankful for\u2014including the very air that we breathe.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"Earth<\/a>
The very simple and basic structure of Earth
(Wikimedia Commons public domain image)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Two weeks ago, I argued that we should be grateful for Earth\u2019s atmosphere and the air we breathe.\u00a0 Today, still in the Thanksgiving spirit, I suggest gratitude for the dirt beneath our feet.<\/span><\/p>\n

The internal\u00a0structure of our planet is a series of\u00a0concentric spheres. \u00a0A solid metallic \u201cinner core\u201d is surrounded by a liquid \u201couter core.\u201d \u00a0The \u201couter core\u201d\u00a0is, in turn, contained within Earth\u2019s viscous \u201cmantle.\u201d \u00a0 And then, finally, we reach the solid \u201couter crust,\u201d pretty much the planet of our daily experience.<\/span><\/p>\n

Like the skin of an apple, Earth\u2019s crust is very, very thin in comparison to the overall radius of our planet. \u00a0Whereas Earth\u2019s average radius is 6,378 kilometers (3,958.8\u00a0miles), the thickness of Earth\u2019s crust ranges from about 70 kilometers beneath continental mountains (43 miles) to less than 8 kilometers (5 miles) beneath the oceans, which means that the crust represents just 0.005 to 0.00125 of that radius.<\/span><\/p>\n

Rather like the film that forms on a cooling cup of hot chocolate, Earth\u2019s crust \u201cfloats,\u201d as it were, on the solid but soft and viscous or \u201cplastic\u201d\u00a0mantle\u2014much hotter and much more dense\u2014located underneath.\u00a0 (This gives new meaning to the expression \u201csolid earth\u201d or \u201cterra firma<\/em>.\u201d)<\/span><\/p>\n

Obviously, we live atop the terrestrial crust. \u00a0But even that crust is mostly inhospitable to life. \u00a0On its surface, of course, things are (by definition) at air temperature. \u00a0However, at the bottom of the world\u2019s deepest mine, 2.4 miles down in South Africa\u2019s TauTona, the ambient air temperature is 55 degrees Celsius (131 degrees Fahrenheit) and the temperature of rock surfaces is 60 \u00b0C (140 \u00b0F). \u00a0Without artificial air conditioning, that air temperature alone would soon kill the miners. \u00a0So the lowest humanly habitable depth on our planet is generously reckoned as about two miles down into the crust. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Deeper crustal temperatures reach approximately 870 \u00b0C, or about 1600 \u00b0F. \u00a0To put this in perspective, 350 \u00b0F will bake bread. \u00a0At 1600 \u00b0F, rocks begin to melt. \u00a0Immediately beneath the crust is the solid but plastic mantle, where temperatures reach as high as 4000 \u00b0C (or nearly 7,250 \u00b0F).<\/span><\/p>\n

Moreover, as my previous column noted, humans cannot usually function very well without supplemental oxygen beyond roughly three\u00a0miles above sea level.\u00a0 Which means that we can only live in a thin region, roughly five miles thick, within the combined area of Earth\u2019s nearly 3960-mile radius and its surrounding 500 miles of atmosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n

That\u2019s a stunningly narrow range. \u00a0Humans can survive in only 5\/4460 (or 0.00112108)\u2014slightly more than a tenth of one percent\u2014of the vertical portion of Earth\u2019s combined mass and ambient atmosphere.<\/span><\/p>\n

The loose, upper, \u201cweathered\u201d layer of Earth\u2019s crust is called \u201csoil.\u201d\u00a0 It\u2019s tempting to dismiss soil as mere \u201cdirt.\u201d \u00a0If something or someplace is \u201cdirty,\u201d we want to clean it, to get rid of the dirt. \u00a0But life on Earth would be impossible without soil. \u00a0For example, it helps to filter and clean our water, plays a vital role in cycling nutrients (e.g., the carbon and nitrogen cycles), and releases important gases such as carbon dioxide into our atmosphere.\u00a0 Very obviously, most plants require soil in which to grow. \u00a0They anchor themselves into the ground with their roots and thereby extract nutrients from it\u2014and animal life (including human life) clearly depends upon such plants.<\/span><\/p>\n

Soil is not only vital to life. \u00a0It teems with life, itself. \u00a0A teaspoon of good soil, for example, will commonly contain several hundred million bacteria. \u00a0Moreover,\u00a0a typical acre of good cropland will serve as the home to more than a million earthworms. \u00a0And, of course,\u00a0many animals, fungi, and bacteria rely on soil as a place in which to live.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, the primary layer where plants and other organisms live is the topsoil, which is usually only 5-10 inches thick where it exists at all.\u00a0 The formation of just an inch of topsoil can require up to 1000 years. \u00a0Below the topsoil is the subsoil, which is made up primarily of clay, iron, and organic matter. \u00a0Below the subsoil is the so-called \u201cparent material,\u201d mostly large rocks that have not yet been completely broken down\u2014so called because the topsoil and subsoil develop from it. \u00a0And beneath the \u201cparent material\u201d is bedrock, a large mass of solid rock located several feet below the surface.<\/span><\/p>\n

So human life depends upon 5-10 inches of dirt on the surface of a planet that\u2019s nearly 8000 miles in diameter.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 I wrote these two newspaper columns for Thanksgiving 2019: \u00a0 As we in the United States approach the national Thanksgiving holiday for 2019, it\u2019s appropriate to consider things for which we should express our gratitude.\u00a0 Obviously, of course, there\u2019s the good food that many of us will be eating.\u00a0 There are the family 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