{"id":99606,"date":"2023-04-19T00:14:13","date_gmt":"2023-04-19T06:14:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?p=99606"},"modified":"2023-04-19T11:04:16","modified_gmt":"2023-04-19T17:04:16","slug":"tabernacle-and-constitution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2023\/04\/tabernacle-and-constitution.html","title":{"rendered":"Tabernacle and Constitution"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><\/head><body><p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_37297\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-37297\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2016\/10\/Supreme_Court_Front_Dusk.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-37297\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2016\/10\/Supreme_Court_Front_Dusk.jpg\" alt=\"SCOTUS seat at dusk\" width=\"597\" height=\"477\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-37297\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Washington DC seat of the Supreme Court of the United States<br>(Wikimedia Commons public domain image)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>I spoke for about twenty minutes early this afternoon to members of the Utah Valley Interfaith Association and representatives of local government and other groups in connection with the full-size model of the ancient Israelite tabernacle that is currently located there.\u00a0 The model, which is open for free tours, stands adjacent to the church at 1230 South 500 East.<\/p>\n<p>Here is a rough text of what I had to say this afternoon.\u00a0 It\u2019s been a long day \u2014 I had another extremely important appointment up in the Salt Lake Valley almost immediately after I was back from Springville \u2014 and, frankly, I\u2019m exhausted, so I\u2019m just fleshing the cryptic notes out to make them comprehensible.\u00a0 Sadly, the coruscating wit that I displayed during my presentation, its sublimely eloquent rhetorical flights, my frequent exclamations of spontaneous iambic pentameter, the artistic embellishments, the brilliantly lucid transitions of my argument, and, needless to say, the ecstatic rhapsodies of my audience, won\u2019t be reflected here.\u00a0 This is just a workmanlike draft:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_99609\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-99609\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2023\/04\/1600px-East_closer_at_Historic_Utah_County_Courthouse_Jul_15-scaled.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-99609\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2023\/04\/1600px-East_closer_at_Historic_Utah_County_Courthouse_Jul_15-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Utah County Courthouse\" width=\"597\" height=\"448\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-99609\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Utah County Courthouse<br>(Wikimedia Commons public domain photos)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Our word <em>tabernacle<\/em> derives from the Latin <em>tabernaculum<\/em>, which referred to a \u201ctent\u201d or a \u201chut\u201d \u2014\u00a0which, in ancient Roman religion, could be a ritual structure.\u00a0 This seems entirely appropriate, given the way we use to the term to refer to the Israel festival of <em>Sukkot<\/em>, the \u201cFeast of Tabernacles\u201d (or \u201cBooths\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>According to the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible, the instructions for constructing the Israelite tabernacle were revealed by God in Exodus 25-31 and Exodus 35-40.<\/p>\n<p>To a certain degree, the layout of the tabernacle (and of the two subsequent Israelite temples that were modeled on it) resembled Egyptian temples.\u00a0 In those temples, the holiness of the space increased the further one entered into the structure.\u00a0 The further into the temple, the darker.\u00a0 (Open air courtyards gave way to covered pavilions.). The further into the temple, the more restrictive the requirements for entry. In the ancient Jewish temple, the Court of the Gentiles was followed by the Court of Israelites.\u00a0 There were areas into which only priests could enter and, finally, there was an area \u2014 the\u00a0<em>qodesh ha-qodeshim<\/em> or \u201choly of holies\u201d \u2014 into which only the high priest could go, and that only once a year.\u00a0 (It\u2019s even claimed that the high priest wore a rope around his leg so that, if something happened to him in the holy of holies (e.g., a faint, a stroke, or a heart attack), the subordinate priests could pull him out without violating the sanctity of the <em>qodesh ha-qodeshim<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>We don\u2019t have textual evidence for how the most ancient Israelites understood the symbolism of the tabernacle, nor even whether they thought in such terms, but we know that the author of the New Testament epistle to the Hebrews saw Jesus as the true high priest, and a heavenly temple as the true archetypal temple of which the tabernacle and the two Israelite temples were mere earthly facsimiles.\u00a0 He had really, not just symbolically, offered atonement for our sins:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Now of the things which we have spoken this is the sum: We have such an high priest, who is set on the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in the heavens;<\/p>\n<p>A minister of the sanctuary, and of the true tabernacle, which the Lord pitched, and not man.<\/p>\n<p>For every high priest is ordained to offer gifts and sacrifices: wherefore it is of necessity that this man have somewhat also to offer.<\/p>\n<p>For if he were on earth, he should not be a priest, seeing that there are priests that offer gifts according to the law:<\/p>\n<p>Who serve unto the example and shadow of heavenly things, as Moses was admonished of God when he was about to make the tabernacle: for, See, saith he, that thou make all things according to the pattern shewed to thee in the mount.\u00a0 (Hebrews 8:1-5)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>One of the terms used for the tabernacle in the Old Testament is \u201cthe tent of meeting.\u201d\u00a0 Like its temple successors, it represented and facilitated the joining of heaven and earth.<\/p>\n<p>One of the terms used to refer to it was\u00a0<em>m\u012b\u0161k\u0101n <\/em>(roughly \u201cdwelling place\u201d).\u00a0 God was thought, at least occasionally, to \u201cdwell\u201d in this portable tent rather as the wandering people of Israel themselves dwelt in Bedouin-style tents.\u00a0 <em>Shekhinah<\/em> (\u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05db\u05b4\u05d9\u05e0\u05b8\u05d4 <em>\u0160\u0259\u1e35\u012bn\u0101<\/em>) is a related Hebrew word meaning \u201cdwelling\u201d or \u201csettling\u201d which denotes the presence of God, as it were, in a place.\u00a0 A similar word, <em>sakina<\/em><em>, <\/em>with closely related meaning, occurs in the Qur\u2019an.\u00a0 The Hebrew letter <em>shin<\/em> often becomes the Arabic letter <em>sin<\/em> in cognate Arabic words; the triconsonantal root for both the Arabic and Hebrew words is <em>s-k-n<\/em>.\u00a0 The Arabic verb \u201cto dwell\u201d is <em>sakana<\/em>\/<em>yaskunu<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The relevance of these etymological ramblings will be apparent in just a few seconds.<\/p>\n<p>The tabernacle sat in the midst, in the center, of the Israelite encampments.\u00a0 Three Israelite tribes were on its north, three on the south, three on the west and three on the east.\u00a0 Thus, in the same way that Muslims pray toward the shrine of the Ka\u2018ba in Mecca and that ancient Jews prayed toward the temples in Jerusalem, the ancient Hebrews all worshiped in the direction of the tabernacle.<\/p>\n<p>In Greek, including the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible, the tabernacle is called\u00a0 is translated \u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u03ae (<em>sk\u0113n\u0113<\/em>; cf. English <em>scene<\/em>), which is itself a Semitic loanword meaning \u201ctent.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In that light, John 1:14 is quite interesting, because it seems to borrow the symbolism of the ancient tabernacle:\u00a0\u00a0\u201cAnd the Word was made flesh, and dwelt [\u1f10\u03c3\u03ba\u03ae\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd, <em>eskenosen<\/em>] among us\u201d (John 1:14).\u00a0 Think, yet again, of the root <em>s-k-n<\/em>.\u00a0 John 1:14 could be translated as saying that \u201cthe Word was made flesh, and tented among us,\u201d or that \u201cthe Word was made flesh, and tabernacled among us.\u201d\u00a0 Just like the <em>m\u012b\u0161k\u0101n\u00a0<\/em>of the Lord in the midst of the Israelites, the Lord pitched his tent in the midst of his people when he came to earth.<\/p>\n<p>Eventually, after about 440 years, the idea of the tabernacle took more solid form as a temple in Jerusalem, following its floor plan.\u00a0 Solomon\u2019s \u201cFirst Temple\u201d lasted from the tenth to the sixth centuries B.C.\u00a0 The \u201cSecond Temple,\u201d most famous after its grandiose refurbishment by Herod the Great, stood from 516 BC to its destruction at the hands of the Romans in AD 70.<\/p>\n<p>When the temple disappeared, the Levites and the Sadducees, whose status and importance consisted in their connection with the administration of the temple and its liturgy, had no real reason to exist.\u00a0 But the Pharisees had been setting forth a manner of life for non-Levites and non-Sadducees that would attempt to live the laws of temple purity outside of the temple.\u00a0 They were ready, in other words, to create a non-temple-centered Judaism.\u00a0 What rabbinic Judaism became is, effectively, a temple of <em>law<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The notion of sacred space (along with sacred time) is characteristic of most if not all religions and, today, our society is replete with various sanctuaries (e.g., temples, synagogues, mosques, gurdwaras, chapels, cathedrals, and the like).\u00a0 Let\u2019s look at synagogues, in particular:<\/p>\n<p>Every synagogue has at its front an ark, an <em>aron qodesh<\/em>, containing the\u00a0Torah scrolls.\u00a0 This is comparable to the Ark of the Covenant, which contained the tablets with Ten Commandments. The aron qodesh is the holiest spot in a synagogue, corresponding to the Holy of Holies.<\/p>\n<p>Usually, too, there is a lamp, the n<em>er tamid<\/em>, a candelabrum that is lighted during services.\u00a0 It stands in the synagogue near a spot analogues to the position of the tabernacle\u2019s menorah.<\/p>\n<p>At the center of the synagogue is a large elevated area that is known as the <em>bimah.\u00a0 <\/em>This is the place where the Torah is read, and it is rabbinically equivalent to the tabernacle\u2019s altars, upon which incense and animal sacrifices were offered.<\/p>\n<p>Now, that is pretty much what I had wanted to say.\u00a0 But I\u2019ve been asked to address a possible way in which the tabernacle can speak to our <em>modern<\/em> society, which is not only religiously fragmented but, to a considerable (and possibly increasing) degree, secular.\u00a0 So I\u2019m going to give it a shot.\u00a0 See whether you find it persuasive or not:<\/p>\n<p>Students of American culture and society and politics sometimes talk about our \u201ccivic religion.\u201d\u00a0 It\u2019s not fully Christian, and certainly not Jewish.\u00a0 But, as it is expressed in such documents as the Declaration of Independence (\u201cthe Laws of Nature and of Nature\u2019s God\u201d) and in the American Pledge of Allegiance, it does contain obvious religious elements.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_99612\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-99612\" style=\"width: 597px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2023\/04\/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022-scaled.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-99612\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2023\/04\/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_-_Roberts_Court_2022-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Current SCOTUS\" width=\"597\" height=\"398\"><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-99612\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Formal group photograph of the Supreme Court as it was comprised on 30 June 2022 after Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson joined the Court. The Justices are posed in front of red velvet drapes and arranged by seniority, with five seated and four standing.<br>Seated from left are Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Clarence Thomas, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Jr., and Justices Samuel A. Alito and Elena Kagan.<br>Standing from left are Justices Amy Coney Barrett, Neil M. Gorsuch, Brett M. Kavanaugh, and Ketanji Brown Jackson.<br>Credit: Fred Schilling, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019m simply going to suggest that, in civic religion of the United States of America, the central role of the ancient tabernacle is, in a way, taken by the law \u2014 and, specifically, by the Constitution.\u00a0 (Remember how the Law took the place of the tabernacle and the temples in rabbinic Judaism.)\u00a0 It is at the center of our culture and politics.\u00a0 It joins us together, and it joins us to our past, to the Framers, the Founders, and to our highest civic ideals.\u00a0 This is perhaps why our courtrooms often look like temples, and even, maybe, why our judges often wear clerical or priestly robes.<\/p>\n<p>I close with a quotation from my former student Nathan Oman, who is now the W. Taylor Reveley III Research Professor and Co-Director of the Center for the Study of Law and Markets at the law school of Virginia\u2019s College of William and Mary.\u00a0 It comes from the closing passages of his article \u201cNomos, Narrative, and Nephi: Legal Interpretation in the Book of Mormon,\u201d <em>British Journal of American Legal Studies<\/em> 11 (2022): 297-322.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Law still functions within practical reasoning as a form of authority. When a lawyer is advising a client on what to do, the law purports to act as an exclusionary reason. In other words, it presses in on our normative deliberations and demands that we set aside our own all-things considered judgments and abnegate ourselves before its superior claims. . . .<\/p>\n<p>Law claims to come from beyond us. It is not something that we subjectively create through our commitment. Indeed, part of what makes it such a fruitful site . . . is precisely the fact that it comes at us from a higher authority rather than arising from our subjective commitment.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 I spoke for about twenty minutes early this afternoon to members of the Utah Valley Interfaith Association and representatives of local government and other groups in connection with the full-size model of the ancient Israelite tabernacle that is currently located there.\u00a0 The model, which is open for free tours, stands adjacent to the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1019,"featured_media":32426,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[35652,3286,35667,5319,2619,35682,35685,35673,20547,35679,5772,2382,35658,2631,35676,32101,33423,35643,35670,35646,20772,35661,35664,35688,35631,10322,10325,4357,35655,13849,35649,782,35628],"class_list":["post-99606","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-camp-of-israel","tag-constitution","tag-courthouse","tag-hebrew","tag-hebrews","tag-hebrews-8","tag-hebrews-81-5","tag-holy-of-holies","tag-john-1","tag-john-114","tag-judaism","tag-judge","tag-judges","tag-law","tag-mishkan","tag-nate-oman","tag-nathan-oman","tag-pharisees","tag-qodesh-ha-qodeshim","tag-rabbinic-judaism","tag-rabbis","tag-robe","tag-robes","tag-shekhinah","tag-springville","tag-sukkot","tag-sukkoth","tag-tabernacle","tag-tabernacle-model","tag-tent","tag-tent-of-meeting","tag-utah","tag-utah-valley-interfaith-association"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Tabernacle and Constitution<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"&nbsp; &nbsp; I spoke for about twenty minutes early this afternoon to members of the Utah Valley Interfaith Association and representatives of local\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2023\/04\/tabernacle-and-constitution.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tabernacle and Constitution\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; &nbsp; I spoke for about twenty minutes early this afternoon to members of the Utah Valley Interfaith Association and representatives of local\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2023\/04\/tabernacle-and-constitution.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Sic et Non\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-04-19T06:14:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-04-19T17:04:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/186\/2016\/04\/750px-Supreme_Court_Front_Dusk.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"750\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dan Peterson\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Dan Peterson\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2023\/04\/tabernacle-and-constitution.html\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2023\/04\/tabernacle-and-constitution.html\",\"name\":\"Tabernacle and Constitution\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2023-04-19T06:14:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-04-19T17:04:16+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/#\/schema\/person\/77113e9b09701bd1599fa272c4f65045\"},\"description\":\"&nbsp; 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