{"id":99876,"date":"2023-05-10T15:58:43","date_gmt":"2023-05-10T21:58:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/?p=99876"},"modified":"2023-05-10T15:58:43","modified_gmt":"2023-05-10T21:58:43","slug":"why-are-there-hebraisms-in-the-book-of-mormon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/danpeterson\/2023\/05\/why-are-there-hebraisms-in-the-book-of-mormon.html","title":{"rendered":"“Why Are There Hebraisms in the Book of Mormon?”"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"DR<\/a>
From James Jordan, a view in the Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Jeff Bradshaw<\/a>, one of the vice presidents of the Interpreter Foundation, and Russ Richins and James Jordan \u2014 respectively, the producer and associate producer of the Interpreter Foundation\u2019s Witnesses<\/em> film<\/a> and our Undaunted: Witnesses of the Book of Mormon<\/em> docudrama<\/a> and our short \u201cWitnesses\u201d video features<\/a> \u2014 are\u00a0 over in the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the moment, where they are gathering material for what we currently conceive as a series of short videos about the people and the history of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints<\/a> in that distant land.\u00a0 There are some remarkable and inspiring stories from the Congo that are worthy both of preservation and of being known among the Saints at large, and I\u2019m excited about the project.\u00a0 If you would like to help support this effort to its completion \u2014 the budget isn\u2019t going to be vast, but some funds are still required \u2014 please join in and contribute<\/a>.\u00a0 And please let us know that your donations are for the \u201cCongo Project.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
A bowl of yummy fried caterpillars! The Interpreter Foundation is picking up the tab for our filmmakers\u2019 food and, as you can see, we are treating them to the very best of local cuisine. (Photo by James Jordan.)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

These items have recently appeared on the website of the Interpreter Foundation:<\/p>\n

Conference Talks: Exploding the Myth of Unruly Book of Mormon Grammar: A Look at the Excellent Match with Early Modern English<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

This presentation was given by Stanford Carmack on 14 March 2015 at a small conference on \u201cExploring the Complexities in the English Language of the Book of Mormon\u201d<\/p>\n

The grammar of the Book of Mormon has been naively criticized since its publication in 1830. The supposedly bad grammar is a match with language found in the Early Modern English textual record. Syntactic usage, especially past tense with\u00a0did<\/i>\u00a0and the\u00a0command<\/i> construction, points only to that era. Book of Mormon language exhibits well-formed variation typical of the 16th and 17th centuries.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Come, Follow Me<\/em> \u2014 New Testament Study and Teaching Helps: Lesson 21, May 15 \u2014 21: Matthew 21\u201323; Mark 11; Luke 19-20; John 12 \u201cBehold, Thy King Cometh\u201d<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

As he regularly does, Jonn Claybaugh provides a concise set of helpful notes for students and teachers of the Church\u2019s \u201cCome, Follow Me\u201d curriculum.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The New Testament in Context Lesson 21: \u201cBehold, Thy King Cometh\u201d<\/em>: Matthew 21\u201323, Mark 11, Luke 19\u201320, and John 12<\/a><\/p>\n

In the 23 April 2023 Come, Follow Me<\/em> segment of the Interpreter Radio Show \u2014 which, having been edited to remove commercial breaks, is now being made available to you at no charge \u2014 Steve Densley, Mark Johnson, and John S. Thompson discuss New Testament lesson 21, \u201cBehold, Thy King Cometh,\u201d covering Matthew 21\u201323, Mark 11, Luke 19\u201320, and John 12.<\/p>\n

The other segments of the April 23 radio show are accessible at https:\/\/interpreterfoundation.org\/interpreter-radio-show-april-23-2023<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Interpreter Radio Show can be heard Sunday evenings from 7 to 9 PM (MDT), on K-TALK, AM 1640, or you can listen live on the Internet at\u00a0ktalkmedia.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"packed<\/a>
Good to the last bite! (Photo by James Jordan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

The Book of Mormon, it seems, was originally written in a form of Egyptian by authors who also knew and spoke Hebrew (see 1 Nephi 1:2; Mormon 9:32\u201333). Some scholars have interpreted this to mean that the Nephite authors wrote in Egyptian, while others believe that they adapted an Egyptian script to write in Hebrew. In either case, this means that, notwithstanding the fact that the oldest currently available text of the Book of Mormon is the 1829 English translation, the original language of the book was ancient and Near Eastern.<\/p>\n

Importantly, there are many other ancient texts that are also available only in translation, the original being long since lost.\u00a0 Sometimes, the translations date to times long after the originals were composed.\u00a0 A good example of this is the Apocalypse of Abraham<\/em> , which was probably composed originally in either Hebrew or Aramaic sometime prior to AD 150 but which has only been preserved in Slavonic, in manuscripts dating to between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries AD.\u00a0 Scholars have determined the likely original date-range and language of composition from \u201cHebraisms\u201d or \u201cSemiticisms\u201d that have survived into the Slavonic.\u00a0 <\/a><\/p>\n

Among other things, they have noted the frequent use of the Hebrew waw<\/em> prefix, which is often translated as \u201cand\u201d or \u201cbut\u201d in English.\u00a0 For example, Apocalypse of Abraham<\/em> 11:4\u20135 reads:<\/p>\n

And<\/em>\u00a0he said to me, Abraham.\u00a0And<\/em>\u00a0I said, Here is your servant!\u00a0And<\/em>\u00a0he said, Let my appearance not frighten you, nor my speech trouble your soul. Come with me!\u00a0And<\/em> I will go with you.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Although repetitive to English speakers, this prefix was crucial in ancient Hebrew, which, because it lacked punctuation, needed some other way to distinguish between separate complete thoughts. Similarly, the phrase \u201cand it came to pass\u201d reflects a single word in Hebrew; it was commonly used as a temporal marker and is found prominently throughout the Apocalypse of Abraham<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Some quotations or allusions to the Bible found in the Apocalypse of Abraham<\/em> appear to reflect the Hebrew Masoretic text (or the Aramaic Targums) rather than the Greek Septuagint.\u00a0 For instance, the expression \u201cI said in my heart\u201d (Apocalypse of Abraham<\/em> 3:2) likely reflects the use of a Hebrew prepositional phrase that was not translated into the Targums or the Septuagint, making this a \u201ctrue Hebraism.\u201d Additional prepositional phrases invoke Hebrew syntax in ways not found in biblicized Greek, and body parts are sometimes used metaphorically in what seems a distinctively Hebrew fashion.<\/p>\n

Moreover, some apparently Semitic words remain untranslated in the Slavonic text, seeming to point, therefore, to the text\u2019s original language.\u00a0 An example of this occurs in Apocalypse of Abraham<\/em> 1:8, when Terah requests that Abraham bring him his \u201caxes and izmala<\/em>,\u201d the latter likely being a Hebrew word meaning \u201cchisel.\u201d<\/p>\n

Perhaps most compelling, though, is the occurrence wordplays on names that would make sense only to a Hebrew- or Aramaic-speaking audience. For example, the name of the idol Barisat<\/em> likely derives from the Hebrew\/Aramaic name bar \u2019esh\u0101th<\/em>, meaning \u201cson of fire\u201d or \u201cfiery one,\u201d which is fittingly ironic since, in Apocalypse of Abraham\u00a0<\/em>5, Barisat is destroyed by fire. Other idols bear Semitic names that either fit their narrative role or mock them.<\/p>\n

It is such features that have persuaded most scholars that the Apocalypse of Abraham<\/em> was originally written in a Semitic language, despite the fact that that original is lost.<\/p>\n

Can a similar argument be made for the Book of Mormon?<\/p>\n

Recent scholarship has argued that, very much like the Apocalypse of Abraham<\/em>, the Book of Mormon contains linguistic features that are typical of ancient Near Eastern languages.<\/p>\n

For instance, Donald W. Parry and other scholars have observed that the Book of Mormon often uses the waw<\/em> prefix in a Hebrew-like way.<\/p>\n

And<\/em>\u00a0I saw the heavens open,\u00a0and<\/em>\u00a0the Lamb of God descending out of heaven;\u00a0and<\/em>\u00a0he came down and showed himself unto them.\u00a0And<\/em>\u00a0I also saw and bear record that the Holy Ghost fell upon twelve others;\u00a0and<\/em>\u00a0they were ordained of God,\u00a0and<\/em> chosen\u201d (1 Nephi 12:6\u20137).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Likewise, the Hebrew-like phrase \u201cand it came to pass\u201d is prominently used in the Book of Mormon, as is the use of body parts in the manner of the Apocalypse of Abraham<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Scholars have also pointed out seeming Hebraisms such as the use of the cognate accusative (e.g., \u201cdreamed a dream\u201d); the construct state (e.g., \u201cworks of righteousness\u201d instead of \u201crighteous works\u201d); and compound prepositions (e.g., \u201cby the mouth of angels\u201d instead of \u201cby angels\u201d).<\/p>\n

Could the many types and examples of Hebraisms in the Book of Mormon have been derived from the King James Bible?\u00a0 This seems problematic, not only because of the sheer number<\/em> of them but because several Book of Mormon Hebraisms don\u2019t appear<\/em> in the King James Bible. For instance, Professor Parry observes that \u201csometimes in the Book of Mormon and<\/em>\u00a0is used where\u00a0but<\/em> is expected.\u201d\u00a0 One example is found in Omni 1:25, which states that \u201cthere is nothing which is good save it comes from the Lord: and<\/em>\u00a0[or\u00a0but<\/em>] that which is evil cometh from the devil.\u201d\u00a0 According to Parry, \u201csuch examples are indicative of a literal translation from a Hebrew-like text\u201d since, in Hebrew, the waw<\/em> prefix is used for both conjunctions, something that is lost in English translations of the Bible .<\/p>\n

Another example of a common Hebrew construction is the\u00a0if-and<\/em> conditional clause. No examples of this occur in English translations of the Bible, but they do appear in the earliest manuscripts of the Book of Mormon.\u00a0 Thus, Mosiah 2:21 originally read: \u201cI say if<\/em>\u00a0ye should serve him with your whole soul\u2014and<\/em> yet ye would be unprofitable servants.\u201d\u00a0 \u201cThis finding,\u201d says Parry, \u201cunderscores that the Book of Mormon\u2019s use of Hebraistic literary forms cannot simply be attributed to Joseph Smith\u2019s familiarity with the English Bible.\u201d<\/p>\n

In some cases, too, biblical quotations in the Book of Mormon reflect the Bible\u2019s underlying Hebrew more closely than does the King James Version.<\/p>\n

Like the Apocalypse of Abraham<\/em>, the Book of Mormon contains untranslated words that appear to be of Semitic origin.\u00a0 For instance, the word sheum<\/em>\u00a0appears in a list of grains and crops in Mosiah 9:9 and is similar to \u201ca common Akkadian word referring to cereal grains.\u201d\u00a0The word\u00a0ziff<\/em>\u00a0appears in a list of metals (see Mosiah 11:3, 8) and may be derived from a Hebrew root meaning \u201csplendor, brightness\u201d (ziv<\/em>), or it could be related to the place name Ziph found in Joshua 15:24 (cf. 1 Chronicles 2:42; 4:16).<\/p>\n

Many Book of Mormon names have now been shown to have Semitic or Egyptian origins.\u00a0 Like other ancient texts, Book of Mormon names are used in wordplays that are lost in translation.\u00a0 For example, when Zeniff asks the Lamanite king if his people might \u201cpossess the land in peace<\/em>,\u201d the Lamanites give them \u201cthe land of Lehi-Nephi, and the land of\u00a0Shilom<\/em>\u201d (Mosiah 9:5\u20136; emphasis added). The name Shilom<\/em> is based on the Hebrew root\u00a0sh-l-m<\/em>, meaning \u201cpeace.\u201d\u00a0 And Zeniff uses this root in an ironic twist: ultimately, there was\u00a0 war but no peace [ in the land of Shilom.<\/p>\n

Many other examples could be given of proposed Hebraisms and seeming Semiticisms in the Book of Mormon, including specimens not readily derivable from English Bible translations of the Bible.\u00a0 In fact, the Book of Mormon has virtually all of the same features that have convinced scholars that the Slavonic\u00a0 Apocalypse of Abraham<\/em> represents the translation of an ancient Semitic text. .<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is highly doubtful,\u201d observes Professor Parry, \u201cthat Joseph Smith knew anything about the Hebraic features of the Book of Mormon that have been identified by scholars long after his death.\u201d Similarly, John Tvedtnes notes, \u201cMany expressions used in the Book of Mormon are awkward or unexpected in English, even in Joseph Smith\u2019s time. Yet they make good sense when viewed as translations, perhaps as too literal translations, from an ancient text written in a Hebrew-like language.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

For more extended treatment of this subject and references for further study, see \u201cWhy Are There Hebraisms in the Book of Mormon?\u201d<\/a> \u2014 from which this blog entry has been decocted (quite slavishly and without even a nod in the direction of originality) for my own nefarious purposes.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0 \u00a0 Jeff Bradshaw, one of the vice presidents of the Interpreter Foundation, and Russ Richins and James Jordan \u2014 respectively, the producer and associate producer of the Interpreter Foundation\u2019s Witnesses film and our Undaunted: Witnesses of the Book of Mormon docudrama and our short \u201cWitnesses\u201d video features \u2014 are\u00a0 over in the Democratic Republic […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1019,"featured_media":99879,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[24988,12596,56,36075,5319,6321],"class_list":["post-99876","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-apocalypse-of-abraham","tag-aramaic","tag-book-of-mormon","tag-hebraisms","tag-hebrew","tag-semitic"],"yoast_head":"\n"Why Are There Hebraisms in the Book of Mormon?"<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"    Jeff 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