{"id":28513,"date":"2019-01-18T15:54:15","date_gmt":"2019-01-18T19:54:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/?p=28513"},"modified":"2019-01-18T15:54:15","modified_gmt":"2019-01-18T19:54:15","slug":"authority-and-infallibility-of-councils-vs-calvin-26","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2019\/01\/authority-and-infallibility-of-councils-vs-calvin-26.html","title":{"rendered":"Authority and Infallibility of Councils (vs. Calvin #26)"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><\/head><body><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-27721\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/572\/2019\/01\/Calvin17.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\"><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">This is an installment of a series of replies (see the\u00a0<a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/dave.armstrong.798\/posts\/1473414899360157\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Introduction and Master List<\/a>) to much<em>\u00a0<\/em>of Book IV (<em>Of the Holy Catholic Church<\/em>) of\u00a0<em><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Institutes of the Christian Religion<\/a><\/em>, by early\u00a0Protestant leader\u00a0<a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Calvin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">John Calvin<\/a>\u00a0(1509-1564). I utilize the public domain translation of Henry Beveridge, dated 1845, from the 1559 edition in Latin;\u00a0<a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ccel.org\/c\/calvin\/institutes\/institutes.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">available online<\/a>. Calvin\u2019s words will be in\u00a0<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">blue<\/span>. All biblical citations (in my portions) will be from RSV unless otherwise noted.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Related reading from yours truly:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2010\/03\/books-by-dave-armstrong-biblical.html\" target=\"_blank\">Biblical Catholic Answers for John Calvin<\/a>\u00a0<\/i>(2010 book: 388 pages)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2012\/10\/book-by-dave-armstrong-biblical.html\" target=\"_blank\">A Biblical Critique of Calvinism<\/a>\u00a0<\/i>(2012 book: 178 pages)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2010\/10\/books-by-dave-armstrong-biblical.html\" target=\"_blank\">Biblical Catholic Salvation: \u201cFaith Working Through Love\u201d<\/a>\u00a0<\/i>(2010 book: 187 pages; includes biblical critiques of all five points of \u201cTULIP\u201d)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">*****<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>IV, 8:10 \/ 9:1-3, 6-11, 14 \/ 10:21<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">***<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong>Book IV<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<h3 id=\"vi.ii-p0.1\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">CHAPTER 8<\/span><\/h3>\n<div><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">OF THE POWER OF THE CHURCH IN ARTICLES OF FAITH. THE UNBRIDLED LICENCE OF THE PAPAL CHURCH IN DESTROYING PURITY OF DOCTRINE.<\/span><br>\n<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">*<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">10.\u00a0<em>The Roman tyrants have taught a different doctrine\u2014viz. that Councils cannot err, and, therefore, may coin new dogmas.<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">But if this power of the church which is here described be contrasted with that which spiritual tyrants, falsely styling themselves bishops and religious prelates, have now for several ages exercised among the people of God, there will be no more agreement than that of Christ with Belial.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Nice melodramatic, rhetorical touch . . . this is how mere propaganda (as opposed to cogent rational argument and demonstration) proceeds.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">It is not my intention here to unfold the manner, the unworthy manner, in which they have used their tyranny;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Of course there is no antecedent question considered: whether Catholics\u00a0<em>en masse<\/em>\u00a0are\u00a0<em>indeed\u00a0<\/em>\u201ctyrants.\u201d Calvin has said so, after all.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">I will only state the doctrine which they maintain in the present day, first, in writing, and then, by fire and sword.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ah, yes. And we all know that\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2006\/11\/protestantism-index-page.html\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\">Protestants never hurt a flea<\/a>, right?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Taking it for granted, that a universal council is a true representation of the Church,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>. . . which is what the Christian Church had always taught . . .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">they set out with this principle, and, at the same time, lay it down as incontrovertible, that such councils are under the immediate guidance of the Holy Spirit, and therefore cannot err.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>That was the case with the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15:25, 28-29), and all true councils. Why would Calvin think that this state of affairs is <em>no longer<\/em> applicable in the Church? Jesus (John, chapters 14-16) said we would have the Holy Spirit to guide us. Has Calvin lost faith in that ongoing guidance? It is a spectacle to behold such continual lack of faith in God\u2019s promises and manifest examples in Holy Scripture. Man-centered outlooks descend to that level.<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>When one puts one\u2019s faith in God, to guide sinful men for His sovereign purposes, it\u2019s very different. Calvin wants to emphasize God\u2019s sovereignty, which is good, but seems to repeatedly deny it when it comes to examining how God leads men for His sovereign purposes.\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">But as they rule councils, nay, constitute them, they in fact claim for themselves whatever they maintain to be due to councils.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s not circular reasoning, as he implies, but a biblical notion, as just shown.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Therefore, they will have our faith to stand and fall at their pleasure, so that whatever they have determined on either side must be firmly seated in our minds; what they approve must be approved by us without any doubt; what they condemn we also must hold to be justly condemned.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>That is, whatever is believed by all, everywhere, from the beginning (apostolic succession). Calvin cleverly makes out that there is some sort of \u201cepistemological equivalence\u201d between the Protestant rejection of so many Catholic doctrines, and the Catholic position which had been consistently maintained for 1500 years. That is ludicrous in and of itself. But it plays well to the crowd, in making out that it is supposedly a matter of \u201carbitrary Catholic dogmatism and power vs. biblical Protestantism.\u201d It\u2019s superb propaganda, but it is nonexistent reasoning.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Meanwhile, at their own caprice, and in contempt of the word of God, they coin doctrines to which they in this way demand our assent, declaring that no man can be a Christian unless he assent to all their dogmas, affirmative as well as negative, if not with explicit, yet with implicit faith, because it belongs to the Church to frame new articles of faith.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The Church had always done this. Why should it cease now? Even granting Calvin\u2019s perspective that his alternative Christian worldview and \u201csystem\u201d is equally plausible as the Catholic Church, it is foolish to condemn the very<em>\u00a0notion<\/em>\u00a0of an enforced orthodoxy (by anyone), since, after all, Calvin\u2019s \u201cchurch\u201d acted in exactly the same way, sometimes to the point of death for those who disagreed.<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>What he needs to do is show how some Catholic doctrine or other is false, from Scripture and history and reason. But that is too much work. Empty rhetoric suits his purposes just fine. The\u00a0<em>Institutes<\/em>\u00a0is nothing if not preaching to the choir and riling up the true believers to oppose Harlot Rome.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<div>[ . . . ]<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<h3 id=\"vi.ii-p0.1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">CHAPTER 9<\/span><\/h3>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">OF COUNCILS AND THEIR AUTHORITY.<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">1.\u00a0<em>The true nature of Councils.<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span id=\"vi.x-p19.1\" class=\"sc\">Were<\/span>\u00a0I now to concede all that they ask concerning the Church, it would not greatly aid them in their object. For everything that<span id=\"vi.x-Page_2403\" class=\"pb\">\u00a0<\/span>is said of the Church they immediately transfer to councils, which, in their opinion, represent the Church.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>And Calvin thinks they do\u00a0<em>not<\/em>?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Nay, when they contend so doggedly for the power of the Church, their only object is to devolve the whole which they extort on the Roman Pontiff and his conclave.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Maybe they simply want to defend the way it had been for 1500 years? Since Calvin can\u2019t accept that the historic Church was Catholic, and not even remotely \u201cProtestant,\u201d he must search for nefarious motives somewhere and make out that Catholic arguments are mere power plays.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Before I begin to discuss this question, two points must be briefly premised. First, though I mean to be more rigid in discussing this subject, it is not because I set less value than I ought on ancient councils. I venerate them from my heart, and would have all to hold them in due honour. But there must be some limitation, there must be nothing derogatory to Christ.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>And this clause \u201csome limitation\u201d is a loophole big enough for a truck to drive through, as we\u2019ll see again and again, as we proceed.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Moreover, it is the right of Christ to preside over all councils, and not share the honour with any man. Now, I hold that he presides only when he governs the whole assembly by his word and Spirit.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>No man can preside\u00a0<em>at all<\/em>? How can there be order or protocol if this is the case?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Secondly, in attributing less to councils than my opponents demand, it is not because I have any fear that councils are favourable to their cause and adverse to ours.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Of course not . . .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">For as we are amply provided by the word of the Lord with the means of proving our doctrine and overthrowing the whole Papacy,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>As we know, the papacy has long since been overthrown and Calvinism reigns supreme everywhere . . .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">and thus have no great need of other aid, so, if the case required it, ancient councils furnish us in a great measure with what might be sufficient for both purposes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Here is the familiar (but thoroughly erroneous) claim: that the ancient councils and fathers supposedly provide plenty of evidence for Protestantism; over against Catholicism.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">2.\u00a0<em>Whence the authority of Councils is derived. What meant by assembling in the name of Christ.<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Let us now proceed to the subject itself. If we consult Scripture on the authority of councils, there is no promise more remarkable than that which is contained in these words of our Saviour, \u201cWhere two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them.\u201d But this is just as applicable to any particular meeting as to a universal council. And yet the important part of the question does not lie here, but in the condition which is added\u2014viz. that Christ will be in the midst of a council, provided it be assembled in his name. Wherefore, though our opponents should name councils of thousands of bishops it will little avail them; nor will they induce us to believe that they are, as they maintain, guided by the Holy Spirit, until they make it credible that they assemble in the name of Christ: since it is as possible for wicked and dishonest to conspire against Christ, as for good and honest bishops to meet together in his name.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s correct; for example, the Robber Council of 449. But of course, the same criticism applies to various Protestant assemblies that adopted false doctrine. In the end, the discussion will always have to reference Scripture and prior received Tradition in order to determine true and false councils (and we contend, also, that popes have to ratify the decisions of true ecumenical councils).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Of this we have a clear proof in very many of the decrees which have proceeded from councils. But this will be afterwards seen. At present I only reply in one word, that our Saviour\u2019s promise is made to those only who assemble in his name. How, then, is such an assembly to be defined? I deny that those assemble in the name of Christ who, disregarding his command by which he forbids anything to be added to the word of God or taken from it, determine everything at their own pleasure, who, not contented with the oracles of Scripture, that is, with the only rule of perfect wisdom, devise\u00a0some novelty out of their own head (Deut. 4:2;\u00a0Rev. 22:18).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>And of course this is circular reasoning:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>1) Catholics declare doctrine\u00a0<em>X<\/em>\u00a0that I disagree with.<\/p>\n<p>2) Doctrine\u00a0<em>X<\/em>\u00a0is unscriptural.<\/p>\n<p>3) Why is\u00a0<em>X<\/em>\u00a0unscriptural? Because I disagree that it is scriptural. My interpretation says that it is not scriptural.<\/p>\n<p>4) I know my interpretation is correct because it disagrees with the Roman interpretation, which is a tradition of men, because it is a novelty devised out of their heads, rather than from Scripture.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Etc., etc. The circularity can be demonstrated in a number of ways, but this shall suffice for now.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Certainly, since our Saviour has not promised to be present with all councils of whatever description, but has given a peculiar mark for distinguishing true and lawful councils from others, we ought not by any means to lose sight of the distinction.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Indeed. Not every council is true or Spirit-led.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The covenant which God anciently made with the Levitical priests was to teach at his mouth (Mal. 2:7). This he always required of the prophets, and we see also that it was the law given to the apostles.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Of course, but by the same token, this also establishes authoritative teaching that is ultimately undermined by the individualistic notion of private judgment, and the denial of infallibility to the Church, and rejection of apostolic succession, etc.:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Exodus 18:20<\/strong>\u00a0and you shall teach them the statutes and the decisions, and make them know the way in which they must walk and what they must do.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Leviticus 10:11<\/strong>\u00a0and you are to teach the people of Israel all the statutes which the LORD has spoken to them by Moses.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Deuteronomy 33:10<\/strong>\u00a0They shall teach Jacob thy ordinances, and Israel thy law . . .<\/p>\n<p><strong>2 Chronicles 17:7-9<\/strong>\u00a0In the third year of his reign he sent his princes, Ben-hail, Obadi\u2019ah, Zechari\u2019ah, Nethan\u2019el, and Micai\u2019ah, to teach in the cities of Judah; and with them the Levites, Shemai\u2019ah, Nethani\u2019ah, Zebadi\u2019ah, As\u2019ahel, Shemi\u2019ramoth, Jehon\u2019athan, Adoni\u2019jah, Tobi\u2019jah, and Tobadoni\u2019jah; and with these Levites, the priests Eli\u2019shama and Jeho\u2019ram. And they taught in Judah, having the book of the law of the LORD with them; they went about through all the cities of Judah and taught among the people.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2 Chronicles 35:3\u00a0<\/strong>And he said to the Levites who taught all Israel and who were holy to the LORD, . . .<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezra 7:6, 10-11<\/strong>\u00a0this Ezra went up from Babylonia. He was a scribe skilled in the law of Moses which the LORD the God of Israel had given; and the king granted him all that he asked, for the hand of the LORD his God was upon him. . . . For Ezra had set his heart to study the law of the LORD, and to do it, and to teach his statutes and ordinances in Israel. . . . Ezra the priest, the scribe, learned in matters of the commandments of the LORD and his statutes for Israel:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nehemiah 8:7-8, 12<\/strong>\u00a0Also Jesh\u2019ua, Bani, Sherebi\u2019ah, Jamin, Akkub, Shab\u2019bethai, Hodi\u2019ah, Ma-asei\u2019ah, Keli\u2019ta, Azari\u2019ah, Jo\u2019zabad, Hanan, Pelai\u2019ah, the Levites, helped the people to understand the law, while the people remained in their places. And they read from the book, from the law of God, clearly; and they gave the sense, so that the people understood the reading. . . . And all the people went their way to eat and drink and to send portions and to make great rejoicing, because they had understood the words that were declared to them.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Acts 8:27-28, 30-31, 34-35<\/strong>\u00a0And behold, an Ethiopian, a eunuch . . . seated in his chariot, he was reading the prophet Isaiah . . . So Philip ran to him, and heard him reading Isaiah the prophet, and asked, \u201cDo you understand what you are reading?\u201d And he said, \u201cHow can I, unless some one guides me?\u201d . . . And the eunuch said to Philip, \u201cAbout whom, pray, does the prophet say this, about himself or about some one else?\u201d Then Philip opened his mouth, and beginning with this scripture he told him the good news of Jesus.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Acts 15:22, 25, 28\u00a0<\/strong>Then it seemed good to the apostles and the elders, with the whole church, . . . it has seemed good to us, having come to one accord, . . . For it has seemed good to the Holy Spirit and to us . . .<\/p>\n<p><strong>Acts 16:4\u00a0<\/strong>As they went on their way through the cities, they delivered to them for observance the decisions which had been reached by the apostles and elders who were at Jerusalem.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ephesians 3:10<\/strong>\u00a0. . . through the church the manifold wisdom of God might now be made known to the principalities and powers in the heavenly places.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2 Peter 1:20<\/strong>\u00a0. . . no prophecy of scripture is a matter of one\u2019s own interpretation,<\/p>\n<p><strong>2 Peter 3:15-17<\/strong>\u00a0And count the forbearance of our Lord as salvation. So also our beloved brother Paul wrote to you according to the wisdom given him, speaking of this as he does in all his letters. There are some things in them hard to understand, which the ignorant and unstable twist to their own destruction, as they do the other scriptures. You therefore, beloved, knowing this beforehand, beware lest you be carried away with the error of lawless men and lose your own stability.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">On those who violate this covenant God bestows neither the honour of the priesthood nor any authority. Let my opponents solve this difficulty if they would subject my faith to the decrees of man, without authority from the word of God.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Obviously, both sides claim scriptural support. The argument has to be an exegetical one, not a \u201cyour dad\u2019s uglier than mine\u201d name-calling, schoolyard level. It is not the case that Catholics ignore Scripture in setting forth their theological views (agree or disagree), as Calvin would have it. But it\u00a0<em>sounds good<\/em>, and he loves the black-and-white contrast, with the Catholics always being wicked and evil and unbiblical, so he continues to use the technique.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">3.\u00a0<em>Objection, that no truth remains in the Church if it be not in Pastors and Councils. Answer, showing by passages from the Old Testament that Pastors were often devoid of the spirit of knowledge and truth.<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Their idea that the truth cannot remain in the Church unless it exist among pastors,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>It stands to reason, does it not, that if doctrinal truth is to be maintained, that someone in leadership must maintain it, no? If God is truly preserving His Church, this will always be the case, at least with\u00a0<em>some\u00a0<\/em>of the leaders. The Church can never completely fall away (institutionally) from truth. Calvin seems to think this is the case with Catholicism, but this is contrary to Jesus\u2019 promises.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">and that the Church herself cannot exist unless displayed in general councils,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Acts 15 would seem to bear that out. Even Paul the Apostle went around proclaiming the binding decrees of the Council of Jerusalem (Acts 16:4 above).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">is very far from holding true if the prophets have left us a correct description of their own times. In the time of Isaiah there was a Church at Jerusalem which the Lord had not yet abandoned. But of pastors he thus speaks: \u201cHis watchmen are blind; they are all ignorant, they are all dumb dogs, they cannot bark; sleeping, lying down, loving to slumber. Yea, they are greedy dogs which never have enough, and they are shepherds that cannot understand: they all look to their own way\u201d (Isa. 56:10, 11). In the same way Hosea says, \u201cThe watchman of Ephraim was with my God: but the prophet is a snare of a fowler in all his ways, and hatred in the house of his God\u201d (Hosea 9:8). Here, by ironically connecting them with God, he shows that the pretext of the priesthood was vain. There was also a Church in the time of Jeremiah. Let us hear what he says of pastors: \u201cFrom the prophet even unto the priest, every one dealeth falsely.\u201d Again, \u201cThe prophets prophesy lies in my name: I sent them not, neither have I commanded them, neither spake unto them\u201d (Jer. 6:13; 14:14). And not to be prolix with quotations, read the whole of his thirty-third and fortieth chapters. Then, on the other hand, Ezekiel inveighs against them in no milder terms. \u201cThere is a conspiracy of her prophets in the midst thereof, like a roaring lion ravening the prey; they have devoured souls.\u201d \u201cHer priests have violated my law, and profaned mine holy things\u201d (Ezek. 22:25, 26). There is more to the same purpose. Similar complaints abound throughout the prophets; nothing is of more frequent recurrence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Israel went through many periods of more or less complete corruption; this is obvious. But we are in a new dispensation now, after the appearance of our Savior and Redeemer Jesus Christ: the Incarnation, redeeming death, Resurrection, and Ascension. We are indwelt by the Holy Spirit and have the power of the sacraments, and we have God\u2019s promises of guidance and protection. All of that makes the situation after Christ quite different from before the time of Christ.<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>We see the massive change, for example, in the conduct of Peter, before and after he was filled with the Holy Spirit.\u00a0<em>Before\u00a0<\/em>Pentecost, even the immediate disciples of Jesus were a pretty poor, miserable lot, barely understanding what Jesus was teaching them and failing to understand even the purpose of Jesus\u2019 death on the cross.\n<p><em>After<\/em>\u00a0Pentecost, they went out joyously, and triumphantly conquered the world. Yet Calvin would have us believe that\u00a0<em>nothing whatever<\/em>\u00a0was changed from the Old Covenant times and corrupt priests in Israel? It is often thought by Calvin and Protestants that Catholics are stuck in a rut of the Old Covenant (supposedly believing in works-salvation, etc.: which mainstream Judaism did not and does not hold, rightly understood). But here it is obvious that the Catholic position is the progressive one, while Calvin\u2019s Old Covenant redux position is regressive, and lacks faith in the power of God in the New Covenant, and in God\u2019s promises for His Church, built upon Peter himself.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, this whole line of reasoning would prove too much, because if the idea is that corruption is well-nigh universal, then Calvin\u2019s own version of \u201cchurch\u201d would be every bit as much subject to the same thing, and there would be no reason to believe that Protestantism is at all superior to Catholicism (if we stick strictly to the \u201csin\u201d argument). Arguing from sin and corruption never accomplishes much, for this very reason. Calvin can try to maintain that Protestants are singularly freed from corruption and sin and religious nominalism, but it\u2019s a futile effort.<\/p>\n<p>If he wishes to argue a lesser claim: that institutional offices in the Church are null and void because of widespread corruption (real or imagined), then this, too, mitigates against his own position, as he was not opposed to abolition of all Church offices and positions whatever. The entire argument he wishes to make at this juncture is a dead-end. It accomplishes nothing whatsoever.<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>[ . . . ]<\/div>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">6.\u00a0<em>Objection, that General Councils represent the Church. Answer, showing the absurdity of this objection from passages in the Old Testament.<br>\n<\/em><\/span>*<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Hence it is easy to reply to their allegation concerning general councils. It cannot be denied, that the Jews had a true Church under the prophets. But had a general council then been composed of the priests, what kind of appearance would the Church have had? We hear the Lord denouncing not against one or two of them, but\u00a0<span id=\"vi.x-Page_2406\" class=\"pb\"><\/span>the whole order: \u201cThe priests shall be astonished, and the prophets shall wonder\u201d (Jer. 4:9). Again, \u201cThe law shall perish from the priest, and counsel from the ancients\u201d (Ezek. 7:26). Again, \u201cTherefore night shall be unto you, that ye shall not have a vision; and it shall be dark unto you, that ye shall not divine; and the sun shall go down over the prophets, and the day shall be dark over them,\u201d &amp;c. (Micah 3:6). Now, had all men of this description been collected together, what spirit would have presided over their meeting?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Not a very good one; I agree. But I have already explained why these examples of Old Testament corruption are\u00a0<em>non sequiturs<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Of this we have a notable instance in the council which Ahab convened (1 Kings 22:6,\u00a022). Four hundred prophets were present. But because they had met with no other intention than to flatter the impious king, Satan is sent by the Lord to be a lying spirit in all their mouths. The truth is there unanimously condemned. Micaiah is judged a heretic, is smitten, and cast into prison. So was it done to Jeremiah, and so to the other prophets.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Indeed. Men are sinners. If it weren\u2019t for God\u2019s grace, there would be no hope for any religious assembly whatever (including Calvin\u2019s); let alone the Church of God.<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">7.\u00a0<em>Passages to the same effect from the New Testament.<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">But there is one memorable example which may suffice for all. In the council which the priests and Pharisees assembled at Jerusalem against Christ (John 11:47), what is wanting, in so far as external appearance is concerned? Had there been no Church then at Jerusalem, Christ would never have joined in the sacrifices and other ceremonies. A solemn meeting is held; the high priest presides; the whole sacerdotal order take their seats, and yet Christ is condemned, and his doctrine is put to flight. This atrocity proves that the Church was not at all included in that council.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Obviously not, as it opposed Christ Himself (at least not insofar as this particular ruling was concerned). Calvin\u2019s difficulty, however, is that Jesus recognized the continuing authority of the Pharisees, and even told His followers to do what they teach them to do (Matthew 23:1-3). This shows that there was authority and truth retained, even within a corrupt institution (one that Jesus excoriated shortly after He said\u00a0<em>this<\/em>), not that there was an absolute corruption, leading to a complete downfall or cessation of what once was. Paul recognized the authority of the high priest, even at his trial; even called\u00a0<em>himself<\/em>\u00a0a Pharisee (Acts 23:1-6). The early Christians\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/08\/apostles-synagogue-temple-worship.html\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\">worshiped at both synagogues and in the Temple<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">But there is no danger that anything of the kind will happen with us. Who has told us so? Too much security in a matter of so great importance lies open to the charge of sluggishness. Nay, when the Spirit, by the mouth of Paul, foretells, in distinct terms, that a defection will take place, a defection which cannot come until pastors first forsake God (2 Thess. 2:3), why do we spontaneously walk blindfold to our own destruction?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Christians should always be vigilant against falsehood and heresy and schism. Paul warned more about divisions than he did about almost anything else.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Wherefore, we cannot on any account admit that the Church consists in a meeting of pastors, as to whom the Lord has nowhere promised that they would always be good, but has sometimes foretold that they would be wicked. When he warns us of danger, it is to make us use greater caution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This is obvious. A true council has to produce true doctrine. The tree is known by the fruit. Calvin, on the other hand, goes so far as to claim that even the Catholic \u201ctree\u201d has ceased to exist; let alone produce any good fruit. He\u2019s taken the axe to the entire Church and has offered nothing of any particular legitimacy or authenticity to take its place. Whatever was true in Calvinism was merely retained from Catholicism (which is yet another proof that Catholicism had some measure of life in it, since it had preserved so much that even the so-called \u201cReformers\u201d never dreamt of getting rid of). Self-contradictions abound in Calvin\u2019s position.<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">8.\u00a0<em>Councils have authority only in so far as accordant with Scripture. Testimony of Augustine. Councils of Nice, Constantinople, and Ephesus, Subsequent Councils more impure, and to be received with limitation.<br>\n<\/em><\/span>*<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">What, then, you will say, is there no authority in the definitions of councils? Yes, indeed; for I do not contend that all councils are to be condemned, and all their acts rescinded, or, as it is said, made one complete erasure.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Okay; this sounds good, and moderate, but how does it work in\u00a0<em>practice<\/em>? The Council of Nicaea, for example, made certain decrees. If at length a Protestant today decides that certain of these decrees are falsehoods and insufficiently \u201cbiblical\u201d etc., on what basis does he discard them? On his private judgment alone? If that is the case, several problems immediately arise. Why should his single opinion trump that of dozens or hundreds of bishops, as the case may be? Why should we take the opinion of the one over the opinion of the many?<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>But granting that such a scenario is acceptable, now (very often, given internal Protestant division and doctrinal chaos) we have two individuals (say, Luther and Calvin) who reject a council and substitute something else in its place with regard to some theological particular. But they disagree as to the substitute.\n<p>Now, then, we have an ancient council that is partially rejected, on the authority of a single individual. Two such individuals might very well disagree on the solution to the \u201cerror.\u201d Whom do we choose? On what basis? Why should we assume that a lone individual has a superior interpretation of Scripture and theological tradition, over against an assembly of many learned bishops? Or if a group today (some dreaded committee of some denomination) decides to overrule Nicaea or Chalcedon, etc., why should we accept their corporate dogmatic authority more than Nicaea\u2019s or Chalcedon\u2019s (or Pope Leo the Great\u2019s)?<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>We see, then, that it is arbitrary at every turn, and it always, inevitably logically reduces to radical individualism and doctrinal relativism, to reject the traditional understanding of Christian authority. It breaks down as soon as a few penetrating questions are asked. Calvin cannot give answer, but his followers today do scarcely better when confronted with such difficult conundrums, raised by their rule of faith.\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">But you are bringing them all (it will be said) under subordination, and so leaving every one at liberty to receive or reject the decrees of councils as he pleases. By no means;\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>To the contrary, by<em>\u00a0all<\/em>\u00a0means . . .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">but whenever the decree of a council is produced, the first thing I would wish to be done is, to examine at what time it was held, on what occasion, with what intention, and who were present at it; next I would bring the subject discussed to the standard of Scripture.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Exactly. Calvin thus stands as judge over the council, and this contradicts what he just stated about it\u00a0<em>not<\/em>\u00a0being the case that \u201cevery one [is] at liberty to receive or reject the decrees of councils as he pleases.\u201d Councils declare that such-and-such a doctrine is biblical and true; Calvin says it is not. And we are supposed to bow and accept\u00a0<em>his<\/em>\u00a0authority as God\u2019s Oracle? And he complains about the\u00a0<em>popes<\/em>\u00a0having too much theological pull and power and say?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">And this I would do in such a way that the decision of the council should have its weight, and be regarded in the light of a prior judgment, yet not so as to prevent the application of the test which I have mentioned.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>That has all sorts of practical difficulties of application, as we shall see again and again.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">I wish all had observed the method which Augustine prescribes in his Third Book against Maximinus, when he wished to silence the cavils of this heretic against the decrees of councils, \u201cI ought not to oppose the Council of Nice to you, nor ought you to oppose that of Ariminum to me, as prejudging the question. I am not bound by the authority of the latter, nor you by that of the former. Let thing contend with thing, cause with cause, reason with reason, on the authority of Scripture, an authority not peculiar to either, but common to all.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Yes; this was the case precisely because Augustine was talking to a heretic, who rejected the authority of Nicaea (just as Protestants selectively do with all councils). Maximinus was an Arian bishop. They had to argue from Scripture because that was what they held in\u00a0<em>common<\/em>. That is exactly what I do with Protestants, who reject conciliar infallibility.<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>As a Catholic apologist \u201cbeing all things to all people,\u201d I argue from Scripture 98% of the time, because my Protestant opponents accept the authority of Holy Scripture. I do the same with Jehovah\u2019s Witnesses: today\u2019s Arians. One must either cite Scripture with them or internal inconsistencies and false prophecies in their own published works.\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">In this way, councils would be duly respected, and yet the highest place would be given to Scripture, everything being brought to it as a test.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The above example doesn\u2019t suffice to prove this, because it was a methodological decision by Augustine, not a rejection of the same council\u2019s authority. This is so obvious it is embarrassing to even have to point it out.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Thus those ancient Councils of Nice, Constantinople, the first of Ephesus, Chalcedon, and the like, which were held for refuting errors, we willingly embrace, and reverence as sacred, in so far as relates to doctrines of faith, for they contain nothing but the pure and genuine interpretation of Scripture, which the holy Fathers with spiritual prudence adopted to crush the enemies of religion who had then arisen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Excellent. Then we must ask: by what principle are later councils rejected? They were convoked by the same principles and authority as these earlier ones. All of a sudden what was \u201csacred\u201d authority becomes the opposite? If these councils were protected by the Holy Spirit from error, then it stands to reason that others, convened in the same fashion, were also. But these councils that even Calvin reverences were orthodox because all (by mere coincidence) were confirmed by popes as orthodox.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">In some later councils, also, we see displayed a true zeal for religion, and moreover unequivocal marks of genius, learning, and prudence.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Which ones?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">But as matters usually become worse and worse, it is easy to see in more modern councils how much the Church gradually degenerated from the purity of that golden age.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Which ones? Which doctrines? And how do we know this with certainty?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">I doubt not, however, that even in those more corrupt ages, councils had their bishops of better character.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>But by his time, councils had become completely corrupt; so argues Calvin, while rarely producing hard evidences for this alleged total defection from the faith.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">But it happened with them as the Roman senators of old complained in regard to their decrees. Opinions being numbered, not weighed, the better were obliged to give way to the greater number. They certainly put forth many impious sentiments. There is no need here to collect instances, both because it would be tedious, and because it has been done by others so carefully, as not to leave much to be added.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>How convenient (and disappointing) . . .<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">9.\u00a0<em>Contradictory decisions of Councils. Those agreeing with divine truth to be received. Those at variance with it to be rejected. This confirmed by the example of the Council of Constantinople and the Council of Nice; also of the Council of Chalcedon, and second Council of Ephesus.<br>\n<\/em><\/span>*<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Moreover, why should I review the contests of council with council?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Because it is absolutely crucial to his ultimately \u201canti-conciliar\u201d case.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Nor is there any ground for whispering to me, that when councils are at variance, one or other of them is not a lawful council. For how shall we ascertain this?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>By seeing what Rome determines, which was always the method (most notably with Chalcedon in 451, over against the Robber Council of 449.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Just, if I mistake not, by judging from Scripture that the decrees are not orthodox.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Men disagree on that. There has to be a final say somewhere.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">For this alone is the sure law of discrimination.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>But impossible to implement in practical terms without binding human Church authority . . .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">It is now about nine hundred years since the Council of Constantinople, convened under the Emperor Leo, determined that the images set up in temples were to be thrown down and broken to pieces. Shortly after, the Council of Nice, which was assembled by Irene, through dislike of the former, decreed that images were to be restored. Which of the two councils shall we acknowledge to be lawful? The latter has usually prevailed, and secured a place for images in churches. But Augustine maintains that this could not be done without the greatest danger of idolatry.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>That was what the Mind of the Church decided. Idolatry is always a danger with some people, because it is an internal thing, and folks can always use images wrongly, in an impious or idolatrous fashion, if they so choose. That doesn\u2019t make the image wrong in and of itself, as all things can be distorted and misunderstood.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Epiphanius, at a later period, speaks much more harshly (Epist. ad Joann. Hierosolym. et Lib. 3 contra H\u00e6res.). For he says, it is an unspeakable abomination to see images in a Christian temple.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s odd, seeing that God Himself commanded this for His own temple. The ark of the covenant was certainly an image. It had carved cherubim (Ex 25:22; Num 7:89). God even said this is where He would meet with His people, on the mercy seat between the two cherubim (Ex 30:6). Joshua \u201cfell to the earth upon his face before the ark of the LORD\u201d (Josh 7:6). Was this idolatry?\u00a0The temple had huge images in it, by the express decree of God:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>1 Kings 6:23-29<\/strong>\u00a0In the inner sanctuary he made two cherubim of olivewood, each ten cubits high. [24] Five cubits was the length of one wing of the cherub, and five cubits the length of the other wing of the cherub; it was ten cubits from the tip of one wing to the tip of the other.\u00a0[25] The other cherub also measured ten cubits; both cherubim had the same measure and the same form. [26] The height of one cherub was ten cubits, and so was that of the other cherub. [27] He put the cherubim in the innermost part of the house; and the wings of the cherubim were spread out so that a wing of one touched the one wall, and a wing of the other cherub touched the other wall; their other wings touched each other in the middle of the house. [28] And he overlaid the cherubim with gold. [29] He carved all the walls of the house round about with carved figures of cherubim and palm trees and open flowers, in the inner and outer rooms. (cf. 2 Chron 3:7; Ezek 41:20,25)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The cherubim were angels (creatures): so use of them as aids in worship is precisely of the sort that Protestants object to in the case of a statue of a saint. But God commanded it. The very holiest places in Judaism (the temple, holy of holies, ark of the covenant) had images. The Bible often mentions praying or worshiping toward the temple (e.g., 2 Chron 6:20-33; Ps 5:7; Ps 28:2; Ps 134:2) or even bowing before it (Ps 138:2) and the temple had images. The temple wasn\u2019t a plain white clapboard building, like New England Calvinist churches. Case closed. See\u00a0much more on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/02\/bible-on-physical-objects-as-aids-in-worship.html\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\">physical items as aids of worship<\/a>\u00a0in the Bible.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Could those who speak thus approve of that council if they were alive in<span id=\"vi.x-Page_2408\" class=\"pb\">\u00a0<\/span>the present day? But if historians speak true, and we believe their acts, not only images themselves, but the worship of them, were there sanctioned.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The veneration of saints by means of an image is perfectly proper and biblical (as the Catholic Church has determined, lo these many centuries). See my papers:<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/09\/luther-on-crucifixes-images-sign-of-the-cross.html\" target=\"_blank\">Martin Luther on Crucifixes, Images and Statues of Saints, and the Sign of the Cross<\/a>\u00a0[4-15-08]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2017\/05\/dialogue-sacramentalism-physical-items-worship-relics.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dialogue on Sacramentalism, Holy Objects, and Relics<\/a>\u00a0[2-26-09]<\/div>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<div><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/02\/bible-on-physical-objects-as-aids-in-worship.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bible on Physical Objects as Aids in Worship\u00a0<\/a>[4-7-09]<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/03\/dialogue-w-calvinist-on-crucifixes-abominable-idols.html\" target=\"_blank\">Crucifixes: Abominable Idols or Devotional Aids?<\/a>\u00a0[11-10-09]<\/div>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2015\/10\/biblical-evidence-for-worship-of-god-via-an-image.html\" target=\"_blank\">Biblical Evidence for Worship of God Via an Image<\/a>\u00a0[6-24-11]<\/div>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncregister.com\/blog\/darmstrong\/worshiping-god-through-images-is-entirely-biblical\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Worshiping God Through Images is Entirely Biblical<\/a>\u00a0[<em>National Catholic Register<\/em>, 12-23-16]<br>\n*<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2017\/01\/dialogue-on-worship-of-god-via-images-vs-jim-drickamer.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dialogue on Worship of God Via Natural Images<\/a>\u00a0(vs. Jim Drickamer) [1-16-17]<\/div>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2017\/12\/statues-relation-bowing-prayer-worship-scripture.html\" target=\"_blank\">Statues in Relation to Bowing, Prayer, &amp; Worship in Scripture<\/a>\u00a0[12-26-17]<br>\n*<\/div>\n<div><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncregister.com\/blog\/darmstrong\/biblical-evidence-for-veneration-of-saints-and-images\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Biblical Evidence for Veneration of Saints and Images<\/a>\u00a0[<em>National Catholic Register<\/em>, 10-23-18]<\/div>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Now it is plain that this decree emanated from Satan.\u00a0<\/span>\n<p>It\u2019s not \u201cplain\u201d in the slightest! Calvin has made a foolish, unwarranted, unbiblical conclusion that all images (not just corruption or inadequate understanding of the use of them)\u00a0<em>automatically<\/em>\u00a0reduce to idolatry. If that is so, then it would make God Himself a liar or incompetent judge of these matters, given the scriptural data outlined above. This was the flimsy rationale used by the early Calvinists to engage in iconoclasm and to smash stained glass and even statues of Jesus Christ, as if Catholics were worshiping plaster rather than our Lord Jesus.<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>This is one of the most curious, odd, altogether stupid manifestations of early Calvinism. It derives far more from Islam than from Hebrew-Christian tradition or the Bible. Historically, it flourished only after the arrival of Islam, because of that religion\u2019s strong iconoclasm.\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Do they not show, by corrupting and wresting Scripture, that they held it in derision?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Anyone who does this is deriding Scripture. The dispute is about <em>who<\/em> is doing this? If Calvin takes an absolute view against all Christian images, it is He who wars against Scripture, history, and indeed God Himself. God would be reduced to a Being Who was too dumb to know that what He Himself commanded was idolatry, and against Himself. In other words, either God wouldn\u2019t be God, or He would be a self-contradictory, wicked \u201cgod\u201d at cross-purposes with himself.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">This I have made sufficiently clear in a former part of the work (see Book I. chap. 11 sec. 14).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Not if he offered no more argument than he has\u00a0<em>here<\/em>, which was virtually none at all . . .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Be this as it may, we shall never be able to distinguish between contradictory and dissenting councils, which have been many, unless we weigh them all in that balance for men and angels, I mean, the word of God.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>That has already been done. Why should we renounce all this past established history of the Church and her decrees and dogmas, and now place all responsibility on upstart Calvin, and his \u201cidol\u201d-smashing minions? It\u2019s as if the past means absolutely nothing. All that past generations of Christians have learned, led by the Holy Spirit, can be nullified by the stroke of Calvin\u2019s mighty, All-Knowing pen.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Thus we embrace the Council of Chalcedon, and repudiate the second of Ephesus, because the latter sanctioned the impiety of Eutyches, and the former condemned it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>That is correct. And the key figure who declared as much at the time, was Pope St. Leo the Great. If it were up to the eastern bishops,\u00a0the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/dave.armstrong.798\/posts\/1443440485690932\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">heretical Robber Council of Ephesus (449)<\/a> would have been accepted as truth.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The judgment of these holy men was founded on the Scriptures, and while we follow it, we desire that the word of God, which illuminated them, may now also illuminate us. Let the Romanists now go and boast after their manner, that the Holy Spirit is fixed and tied to their councils.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>We do. The Council of Chalcedon in 451 is a superb example of that. I have used Calvin\u2019s own method (recourse to Scripture) to show that his aversion to all images is most unbiblical. What does it say of Calvin\u2019s exegetical acumen if he could overlook so much plain Scripture?<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">10.\u00a0<em>Errors of purer Councils. Four causes of these errors. An example from the Council of Nice.<br>\n<\/em><\/span>*<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Even in their ancient and purer councils there is something to be desiderated, either because the otherwise learned and prudent men who attended, being distracted by the business in hand, did not attend to many things beside; or because, occupied with grave and more serious measures, they winked at some of lesser moment; or simply because, as men, they were deceived through ignorance, or were sometimes carried headlong by some feeling in excess.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Did I not predict not far above that Calvin\u2019s radical new anti-conciliar principle would eventually chip away at the authority of even those councils he claims to especially revere? It\u2019s happening right before our eyes as we read. Everyone understands (if this is Calvin\u2019s primary meaning) that there is human corruption in councils. The question is whether any of these human shortcomings corrupt the\u00a0<em>doctrines<\/em>\u00a0promulgated.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Of this last case (which seems the most difficult of all to avoid) we have a striking example in the Council of Nice, which has been unanimously received, as it deserves, with the utmost veneration. For when the primary article of our faith was there in peril, and Arius, its enemy, was present, ready to engage any one in combat, and it was of the utmost moment that those who had come to attack Arius should be agreed, they nevertheless, feeling secure amid all these dangers, nay, as it were, forgetting their gravity, modesty, and politeness, laying aside the discussion which was before them (as if they had met for the express purpose of gratifying Arius), began to give way to intestine dissensions, and turn the pen, which should have been employed against Arius, against each other. Foul accusations were heard, libels flew up and down, and they never would have ceased from their contention until they had stabbed each other with mutual wounds, had not the Emperor Constantine interfered, and declaring that the investigation of their lives was a matter above his cognisance, repressed their intemperance by flattery rather than censure.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This is exactly what I referred to: human flaws and shortcomings were present, but they did not pervert the doctrinal decrees. The same thing applies to the more notoriously immoral popes. God manages to overcome these things by His power and providence.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">In how many respects is it probable that councils, held subsequently to this, have erred?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In hundreds of respects,\u00a0<em>but\u00a0<\/em>for the supernatural protection from God, which is the entire point.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Nor does the fact stand in need of a long demonstration; any one who reads their acts will observe many infirmities, not to use a stronger term.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>No argument or particulars offered; so I\u2019ll pass . . .<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">11.\u00a0<em>Another example from the Council of Chalcedon. The same errors in Provincial Councils.<br>\n<\/em><\/span>*<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Even Leo, the Roman Pontiff, hesitates not to charge the Council of Chalcedon, which he admits to be orthodox in its doctrines, with ambition and inconsiderate rashness.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Just one part of it, where Constantinople is placed on a level with Rome. Leo vetoed that, saying that Constantinople can never be made an apostolic see. It\u2019s history was very recent. Popes were needed to oversee and rule as out of order the mere political pretensions and machinations of men.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">He denies not that it was lawful, but openly maintains that it might have erred.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s why we Catholics believe that ecumenical councils are only valid insofar as the pope agrees to all their decrees.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Some\u00a0<span id=\"vi.x-Page_2409\" class=\"pb\"><\/span>may think me foolish in labouring to point out errors of this description, since my opponents admit that councils may err in things not necessary to salvation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Indeed.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">My labour, however, is not superfluous. For although compelled, they admit this in word, yet by obtruding upon us the determination of all councils, in all matters without distinction, as the oracles of the Holy Spirit, they exact more than they had at the outset assumed.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Some Catholics may be guilty of this; sure. They are wrong.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">By thus acting what do they maintain but just that councils cannot err, of if they err, it is unlawful for us to perceive the truth, or refuse assent to their errors?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>We claim more for ecumenical councils, not every council whatever. Like the fathers, we accept the received apostolic tradition, as manifest in such councils and made binding.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">At the same time, all I mean to infer from what I have said is, that though councils, otherwise pious and holy, were governed by the Holy Spirit, he yet allowed them to share the lot of humanity, lest we should confide too much in men.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>That argument doesn\u2019t work, since many of the Bible writers were great sinners, too (especially David and Paul). Calvin doesn\u2019t conclude that the\u00a0<em>Bible<\/em>\u00a0is questionable because of that. In both instances it is God\u2019s protection that overcomes these limitations.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">This is a much better view than that of Gregory Nanzianzen, who says (Ep. 55), that he never saw any council end well. In asserting that all, without exception, ended ill, he leaves them little authority.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>I tried to locate this but the \u201cEpistle 55\u2033I found had nothing to do with this and was rather short. Without more information, I can\u2019t comment further.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">There is no necessity for making separate mention of provincial councils, since it is easy to estimate, from the case of general councils, how much authority they ought to have in framing articles of faith, and deciding what kind of doctrine is to be received.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Obviously, more local councils have less general authority.<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>[ . . . ]<\/div>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">14.\u00a0<em>Impudent attempt of the Papists to establish their tyranny refuted. Things at variance with Scripture sanctioned by their Councils. Instance in the prohibition of marriage and communion in both kinds.<br>\n<\/em><\/span>*<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">But the Romanists have another end in view when they say that the power of interpreting Scripture belongs to councils, and that without challenge. For they employ it as a pretext for giving the name of an interpretation of Scripture to everything which is determined in councils. Of purgatory, the intercession of saints, and auricular confession, and the like, not one syllable can be found in Scripture.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>This is <em>massively<\/em> untrue:<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2015\/11\/25-bible-passages-on-purgatory.html\" target=\"_blank\">25 Bible Passages on Purgatory<\/a>\u00a0[1996]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/03\/a-biblical-argument-for-purgatory-mt-525-26.html\" target=\"_blank\">A Biblical Argument for Purgatory (Matthew 5:25-26)<\/a>\u00a0[10-13-04]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2017\/03\/purgatory-refutation-of-james-white-1-corinthians-310-15.html\" target=\"_blank\">Purgatory: Refutation of James White (1 Corinthians 3:10-15)<\/a>\u00a0[3-3-07]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2015\/11\/50-bible-passages-on-purgatory-analogous-processes.html\" target=\"_blank\">50 Bible Passages on Purgatory &amp; Analogous Processes\u00a0<\/a>[2009]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncregister.com\/blog\/darmstrong\/50-biblical-indications-that-purgatory-is-real\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">50 Biblical Indications That Purgatory is Real<\/a>\u00a0[<em>National Catholic Register<\/em>, 10-24-16]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2017\/02\/armstrong-vs-geisler-1-purgatory-mt-1232.html\" target=\"_blank\">\u201cArmstrong vs. Geisler\u201d #1: Purgatory (Mt 12:32)<\/a>\u00a0[2-17-17]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2017\/02\/armstrong-vs-geisler-2-purgatory-lk-2343.html\" target=\"_blank\">\u201cArmstrong vs. Geisler\u201d #2: Purgatory (Lk 23:43)<\/a>\u00a0[2-17-17]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncregister.com\/blog\/darmstrong\/does-matthew-1232-suggest-or-disprove-purgatory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Does Matthew 12:32 Suggest or Disprove Purgatory?<\/a>\u00a0[<em>National Catholic Register<\/em>, 2-26-17]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncregister.com\/blog\/darmstrong\/25-descriptive-and-clear-bible-passages-about-purgatory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">25 Descriptive and Clear Bible Passages About Purgatory<\/a>\u00a0[<em>National Catholic Register<\/em>, 5-7-17]<\/p>\n<p>*<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/02\/bible-on-invocation-of-angels-saved-human-beings.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bible on Invocation of Angels &amp; Saved Human Beings<\/a>\u00a0[6-10-08]<\/p>\n<div><span class=\"userContent\"><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/11\/bible-on-asking-dead-men-to-intercede-luke-16.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bible on Asking Dead Men to Intercede\u00a0(Luke 16)\u00a0<\/a>[7-8-14]<br>\n*<\/span><\/div>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/05\/praying-to-angels-angelic-intercession.html\" target=\"_blank\">Praying to Angels &amp; Angelic Intercession<\/a>\u00a0[2015]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/05\/asking-saints-to-intercede-teaching-of-jesus.html\" target=\"_blank\">Asking Saints to Intercede: Teaching of Jesus\u00a0<\/a>[2015]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/05\/dialogue-on-praying-to-abraham-luke-16.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dialogue on Praying to Abraham (Luke 16)<\/a>\u00a0[5-22-16]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/05\/prayer-to-saints-new-biblical-argument.html\" target=\"_blank\">Prayer to Saints: \u201cNew\u201d [?] Biblical Argument<\/a>\u00a0[5-23-16]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2017\/12\/invocation-intercession-saints-angels-bible-proof.html\" target=\"_blank\">Invocation &amp; Intercession of Saints &amp; Angels: Bible Proof<\/a>\u00a0[10-22-16 and 1-9-17]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2017\/02\/armstrong-vs-geisler-5-prayer-creatures.html\" target=\"_blank\">\u201cArmstrong vs. Geisler\u201d #5: Prayer to Creatures<\/a>\u00a0[2-20-17]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2017\/05\/dialogue-rich-mans-prayer-abraham-lk-16-invocation-saints.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dialogue: Rich Man\u2019s Prayer to Abraham (Luke 16) and the Invocation of Saints<\/a>\u00a0(vs. Lutheran Pastor Ken Howes) [5-3-17]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2017\/12\/dialogue-prayer-saints-hades-sheol.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dialogue on Prayer to the Saints and Hades \/ Sheol<\/a>\u00a0[12-19-17]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2018\/06\/prayers-to-saints-for-the-dead-six-biblical-proofs.html\" target=\"_blank\">Prayers to Saints &amp; for the Dead: Six Biblical Proofs<\/a>\u00a0[6-8-18]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncregister.com\/blog\/darmstrong\/4-biblical-proofs-for-prayers-to-saints-and-for-the-dead\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">4 Biblical Proofs for Prayers to Saints and for the Dead<\/a>\u00a0[<em>National Catholic Register<\/em>, 6-16-18]<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncregister.com\/blog\/darmstrong\/angelic-intercession-is-totally-biblical\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Angelic Intercession is Totally Biblical<\/a>\u00a0[<em>National Catholic Register<\/em>, 7-1-18]<\/p>\n<p>*<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2018\/03\/formal-human-forgiveness-of-sins-in-the-bible.html\" target=\"_blank\">Formal Human Forgiveness of Sins in the Bible<\/a>\u00a0[6-10-07]<\/p>\n<div><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2015\/11\/the-bible-on-confession-absolution.html\" target=\"_blank\">The Bible on Confession &amp; Absolution<\/a>\u00a0[2013]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>*<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div><a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncregister.com\/blog\/darmstrong\/confession-and-absolution-are-biblical\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Confession and Absolution Are Biblical<\/a>\u00a0[<em>National Catholic Register<\/em>, 7-31-17]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">*<br>\n<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">But as all these have been sanctioned by the authority of the Church, or, to speak more correctly, have been received by opinion and practice, every one of them is to be held as an interpretation of Scripture. And not only so, but whatever a council has determined against Scripture is to have the name of an interpretation.\u00a0<\/span>\n<p>Individuals can just as easily declare that their view is the \u201cbiblical\u201d one. Calvin does this all the time. I do it myself (most people who do any theology at all, do it), but the difference is that I submit my judgments to that of the Church, and where I differ from the Church, I submit my understanding to her.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Christ bids all drink of the cup which he holds forth in the Supper. The Council of Constance prohibited the giving of it to the people, and determined that the priest alone should drink. Though this is diametrically opposed to the institution of Christ (Mt. 26:26), they will have it to be regarded as his interpretation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>There are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2016\/01\/bible-on-receiving-one-species-in-communion.html\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\">straightforward biblical arguments<\/a> for it.<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Paul terms the prohibition of marriage a doctrine of devils (1 Tim. 4:1,\u00a03); and the Spirit elsewhere declares that \u201cmarriage is honourable in all\u201d (Heb. 13:4).<\/span>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncregister.com\/blog\/darmstrong\/priestly-celibacy-ancient-biblical-and-pauline\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Paul also assumes and defends celibacy<\/a> in those who want to fully devote themselves to the Lord.<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Having afterwards interdicted their priests from marriage, they insist on this as a true and genuine interpretation of Scripture, though nothing can be imagined more alien to it.\u00a0<\/span>\n<p>It\u2019s plain as day in 1 Corinthians 7. Jesus also refers to \u201ceunuchs\u201d for the sake of the kingdom.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Should any one venture to open his lips in opposition, he will be judged a heretic, since the determination of the Church is without challenge,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>That is, the Church, in direct accordance with plain words of our Lord Jesus and St. Paul . . .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">and it is unlawful to have any doubt as to the accuracy of her interpretation.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Not if it is a tradition that has historical and biblical pedigree . . .<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Why should I assail such effrontery? to point to it is to condemn it. Their dogma with regard to the power of approving Scripture I intentionally omit. For to subject the oracles of God in this way to the censure of men, and hold that they are sanctioned because they please men, is a blasphemy which deserves not to be mentioned.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Scripture always has to be interpreted by men. The only question is who will do this, and how binding it will be.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Besides, I have already touched upon it (Book 1 chap. 7; 8 sec. 9). I will ask them one question, however. If the authority of Scripture is founded on the approbation of the Church,\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>It is not. It is what it is, prior to the Church\u2019s approval:<a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2015\/09\/catholic-church-superior-to-the-bible.html\" target=\"_blank\">Catholic Church: Superior to the Bible?: Does the Catholic Church Claim to be \u2018Above\u2019 the Bible and Its \u201cCreator\u201d?\u00a0<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">will they quote the decree of a council to that effect? I believe they cannot.\u00a0<\/span>\n<p>Of course not, because it is not what we believe.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Why, then, did Arius allow himself to be vanquished at the Council of Nice by passages adduced from the Gospel of John?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Because the Gospel of John is quite sufficient to refute Arianism.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">According to these, he was at liberty to repudiate\u00a0<span id=\"vi.x-Page_2412\" class=\"pb\"><\/span>them, as they had not previously been approved by any general council. They allege an old catalogue, which they call the Canon, and say that it originated in a decision of the Church. But I again ask, In what council was that Canon published?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The councils of Carthage in 393 and 397.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Here they must be dumb.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Really?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Besides, I wish to know what they believe that Canon to be.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The legitimate, genuine, inspired books of the Bible.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">For I see that the ancients are little agreed with regard to it.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>All the more reason for an authoritative Church to acknowledge what the canon is and to end the discussion. Bingo!<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">If effect is to be given to what Jerome says (Pr\u00e6f. in Lib. Solom.), the Maccabees, Tobit, Ecclesiasticus, and the like, must take their place in the Apocrypha: but this they will not tolerate on any account.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>St. Jerome submitted his judgment to that of the Church: just as every good Catholic does. Catholicism is not a \u201cmagisterium of scholars and Bible commentators\u201d but of priests, bishops, councils, and popes.<\/p><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>[ . . . ]<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3 id=\"vi.ii-p0.1\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">CHAPTER 10<\/span><\/h3>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">OF THE POWER OF MAKING LAWS. THE CRUELTY OF THE POPE AND HIS ADHERENTS, IN THIS RESPECT, IN TYRANNICALLY OPPRESSING AND DESTROYING SOULS.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">21.\u00a0<em>An argument in favour of traditions founded on the decision of the Apostles and elders at Jerusalem. This decision explained.<\/em><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">*<\/div>\n<div>\n<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">It gives them no great help, in defending their tyranny, to pretend the example of the apostles. The apostles and elders of the primitive Church, according to them, sanctioned a decree without any authority from Christ, by which they commanded all the Gentiles to abstain from meat offered to idols, from things strangled, and from blood (Acts 15:20).\u00a0<\/span>\n<p>Not according to Catholics, but according to the Bible.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">If this was lawful for them, why should not their successors be allowed to imitate the example as often as occasion requires?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Exactly! Why, indeed? Why should there be an example of a council in the early Church, in Scripture, if not as some sort of model for later Christianity? Is that not an eminently sensible, reasonable conclusion? That is the biblical model. Calvin\u2019s model, however, is his casual assumption of his own authority \u2014 that he doesn\u2019t in fact possess, and arbitrary decrees of doctrines and condemnations of existing Catholic traditions. If anything is unbiblical and contrary to previous Christian history, it is\u00a0<em>that<\/em>, as opposed to Catholics daring to actually follow an explicit\u00a0<em>biblical<\/em>\u00a0example.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Would that they would always imitate them both in this and in other matters!\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The same applies to Calvin and all Protestants. If he wants to condemn Catholic instances of alleged or actual departure from apostolic and biblical and patristic precedent, then by the same token he ought to subject Protestantism to the same scrutiny and the same standard. But so often, of course, he does\u00a0<em>not<\/em>\u00a0do so. It\u2019s all one-way, and winking at the glaring faults and false premises of his own general party.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">For I am ready to prove, on valid grounds, that here nothing new has been instituted or decreed by the apostles. For when Peter declares in that council, that God is tempted if a yoke is laid on the necks of the disciples, he overthrows his own argument if he afterwards allows a yoke to be imposed on them. But it is imposed if the apostles, on their own authority, prohibit the Gentiles from touching meat offered to idols, things strangled, and blood.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>The Church has authority to make decrees, and to bind and loose. That came straight from our Lord Jesus Christ (Matthew 16:19, 18:18; John 20:23). Jesus even granted the Pharisees a continuing teaching authority (Matthew 23:2-3). But Protestants have to always maintain an unbiblical \u201cloophole\u201d by denying the infallibility of the Church and ecumenical councils and popes.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">The difficulty still remains, that they seem nevertheless to prohibit them.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>What<\/em>\u00a0difficulty?<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">But this will easily be removed by attending more closely to the meaning of their decree. The first thing in order, and the chief thing in importance, is, that the Gentiles were to retain their liberty, which was not to be disturbed, and that they were not to be annoyed with the observances of the Law. As yet, the decree is all in our favour. The reservation which immediately follows is not a new law enacted by the apostles, but a divine and eternal command of God against the violation of charity, which does not detract one iota from that liberty. It only reminds the Gentiles how they are to accommodate themselves to their brother, and to not abuse their liberty for an occasion of offence. Let the second head, therefore, be,\u00a0that the Gentiles are to use an innoxious liberty, giving no offence to the brethren. Still, however, they prescribe some certain thing\u2014viz. they show and point out, as was expedient at the time, what those things are by which they may give offence to their brethren, that they may avoid them; but they add no novelty of their own to the eternal law of God, which forbids the offence of brethren.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>In a sense it is new; in another it is nothing new; as is the case with all legitimate developments of doctrine and practice. How Calvin thinks any of this is somehow an argument against the Catholic Church, is a mystery. He surely doesn\u2019t demonstrate such a glaring inconsistency here.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>***<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>(originally July 6, 8-9, 2009 \/ 25 August 2009)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Photo credit:\u00a0<\/strong><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Historical mixed media figure of John Calvin produced by artist\/historian George S. Stuart and photographed by Peter d\u2019Aprix: from the<\/span>\u00a0<a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.galleryhistoricalfigures.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">George S. Stuart Gallery of Historical Figures archive<\/a>\u00a0[<a class=\"decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Historical_mixed_media_figure_of_John_Calvin_by_George_S._Stuart.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<a class=\"extiw decorated-link decorated-link\" title=\"w:en:Creative Commons\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/en:Creative_Commons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Creative Commons<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"external text decorated-link decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\" rel=\"nofollow\" target=\"_blank\">Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported<\/a>\u00a0license]<\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This is an installment of a series of replies (see the\u00a0Introduction and Master List) to much\u00a0of Book IV (Of the Holy Catholic Church) of\u00a0Institutes of the Christian Religion, by early\u00a0Protestant leader\u00a0John Calvin\u00a0(1509-1564). I utilize the public domain translation of Henry Beveridge, dated 1845, from the 1559 edition in Latin;\u00a0available online. Calvin\u2019s words will be in\u00a0blue. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2331,"featured_media":27721,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[131,37],"tags":[598,1132,7396,7411,3820,4961,1915,245,163,810,7474,342,2355,7408,7390,7405],"class_list":["post-28513","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-church-ecclesiology","category-john-calvin","tag-apostolic-succession","tag-biblical-authority","tag-biblical-ecclesiology","tag-chalcedon","tag-christian-church","tag-council-of-constantinople","tag-councils","tag-early-church","tag-ecclesiology","tag-ecumenical-councils","tag-ephesus","tag-institutes-of-the-christian-religion","tag-john-calvin","tag-nicaea","tag-patristic-ecclesiology","tag-popes-ecumenical-councils"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Authority and Infallibility of Councils (vs. Calvin #26)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Debunking of various inadequate arguments from John Calvin concerning the authority and infallibility of ecumenical councils. 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Formerly a campus missionary, as a Protestant, Dave was received into the Catholic Church in February 1991, by the late, well-known catechist and theologian, Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J. Dave\u2019s articles have appeared in many influential Catholic periodicals, including \\\"This Rock\\\" (now called \\\"Catholic Answers Magazine\\\"), \\\"Envoy Magazine\\\" (Patrick Madrid), \\\"The Catholic Answer,\\\" \\\"The Coming Home Journal,\\\" \\\"Gilbert Magazine\\\" (American Chesterton Society), and \\\"The Latin Mass.\\\" He also writes a featured column for every issue of \\\"The Michigan Catholic\\\": published by the archdiocese of Detroit, and was editor for most of the apologetics tracts published by the St. Paul Street Evangelization apostolate. Dave\u2019s apologetics and writing apostolate was the subject of a feature article in the May 2002 issue of \\\"Envoy Magazine.\\\" He served as the staff moderator at the Internet discussion forum for The Coming Home Network, from 2007-2010. Dave has been interviewed on many nationally syndicated Catholic radio shows, including \\\"Catholic Answers Live\\\" (twice), \\\"Faith and Family Live\\\" (Steve Wood), \\\"Kresta in the Afternoon,\\\" \\\"Son Rise Morning Show,\\\" \\\"Catholic Connection\\\" (Teresa Tomeo), and \\\"The Catholics Next Door.\\\" His large and popular website, \\\"Biblical Evidence for Catholicism,\\\" was online from March 1997 to March 2007, and received the 1998 Catholic Website of the Year award from \\\"Envoy Magazine.\\\" His blog of the same name (now transferred to Patheos), begun in February 2004, contains more than 1,500 papers, at least 500 debates or dialogues, and over 50 distinct \\\"index\\\" web pages. Unsolicited correspondence has indicated many hundreds of conversions (or returns) to the Catholic faith as a result, by God's grace, of these writings. Dave's conversion story was published in the bestselling book \\\"Surprised by Truth\\\" (edited by Patrick Madrid; San Diego: Basilica Press, 1994). Sophia Institute Press has published six of his books: \\\"A Biblical Defense of Catholicism\\\" (Foreword by Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J., 1996 \/ 2003), \\\"The Catholic Verses\\\" (2004), \\\"The One-Minute Apologist\\\" (2007), \\\"Bible Proofs for Catholic Truths\\\" (2009), \\\"The Quotable Newman\\\" (editor: 2012), and \\\"Proving the Catholic Faith is Biblical\\\" (2015). He is co-author (with Dr. Paul Thigpen) of the inserts for \\\"The New Catholic Answer Bible\\\" (Our Sunday Visitor: 2005), and editor for \\\"The Wisdom of Mr. Chesterton: The Very Best Quotes, Quips, and Cracks from the Pen of G. K. Chesterton\\\" (Saint Benedict Press \/ TAN Books: 2009). \\\"100 Biblical Arguments Against Sola Scriptura\\\" was published by Catholic Answers in May 2012. His \\\"Quotable Wesley\\\" compilation was published by (Protestant \/ Wesleyan publisher) Beacon Hill Press in April 2014. Several of his 49 books are bestsellers in their field. Dave maintains a popular personal Facebook page, a Facebook author page, and has a Twitter account as well. He offers almost all of his books in e-book form on his own Biblical Catholicism site (http:\/\/biblicalcatholicism.com\/), at a permanent deep discount: only $2.99 for ePub, mobi, and AZW, and $1.99 for PDF. His writing has been enthusiastically endorsed or recommended by many leading Catholic apologists, authors, and priests, including Dr. Scott Hahn, Fr. Peter M. J. Stravinskas, Marcus Grodi, Patrick Madrid, Steve Ray, Tim Staples, Devin Rose, Mike Aquilina, Al Kresta, Karl Keating, Fr. Dwight Longenecker, Brandon Vogt, Marcellino D'Ambrosio, and Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J. Dave has been happily married to his wife Judy since October 1984. They have three sons and a daughter, and reside in southeast Michigan (metro Detroit).\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/biblicalcatholicism.com\/\",\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/dave.armstrong.798\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@LuxVeritatisApologetics\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/author\/davearmstrong\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Authority and Infallibility of Councils (vs. Calvin #26)","description":"Debunking of various inadequate arguments from John Calvin concerning the authority and infallibility of ecumenical councils. 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Formerly a campus missionary, as a Protestant, Dave was received into the Catholic Church in February 1991, by the late, well-known catechist and theologian, Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J. Dave\u2019s articles have appeared in many influential Catholic periodicals, including \"This Rock\" (now called \"Catholic Answers Magazine\"), \"Envoy Magazine\" (Patrick Madrid), \"The Catholic Answer,\" \"The Coming Home Journal,\" \"Gilbert Magazine\" (American Chesterton Society), and \"The Latin Mass.\" He also writes a featured column for every issue of \"The Michigan Catholic\": published by the archdiocese of Detroit, and was editor for most of the apologetics tracts published by the St. Paul Street Evangelization apostolate. Dave\u2019s apologetics and writing apostolate was the subject of a feature article in the May 2002 issue of \"Envoy Magazine.\" He served as the staff moderator at the Internet discussion forum for The Coming Home Network, from 2007-2010. Dave has been interviewed on many nationally syndicated Catholic radio shows, including \"Catholic Answers Live\" (twice), \"Faith and Family Live\" (Steve Wood), \"Kresta in the Afternoon,\" \"Son Rise Morning Show,\" \"Catholic Connection\" (Teresa Tomeo), and \"The Catholics Next Door.\" His large and popular website, \"Biblical Evidence for Catholicism,\" was online from March 1997 to March 2007, and received the 1998 Catholic Website of the Year award from \"Envoy Magazine.\" His blog of the same name (now transferred to Patheos), begun in February 2004, contains more than 1,500 papers, at least 500 debates or dialogues, and over 50 distinct \"index\" web pages. Unsolicited correspondence has indicated many hundreds of conversions (or returns) to the Catholic faith as a result, by God's grace, of these writings. Dave's conversion story was published in the bestselling book \"Surprised by Truth\" (edited by Patrick Madrid; San Diego: Basilica Press, 1994). Sophia Institute Press has published six of his books: \"A Biblical Defense of Catholicism\" (Foreword by Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J., 1996 \/ 2003), \"The Catholic Verses\" (2004), \"The One-Minute Apologist\" (2007), \"Bible Proofs for Catholic Truths\" (2009), \"The Quotable Newman\" (editor: 2012), and \"Proving the Catholic Faith is Biblical\" (2015). He is co-author (with Dr. Paul Thigpen) of the inserts for \"The New Catholic Answer Bible\" (Our Sunday Visitor: 2005), and editor for \"The Wisdom of Mr. Chesterton: The Very Best Quotes, Quips, and Cracks from the Pen of G. K. Chesterton\" (Saint Benedict Press \/ TAN Books: 2009). \"100 Biblical Arguments Against Sola Scriptura\" was published by Catholic Answers in May 2012. His \"Quotable Wesley\" compilation was published by (Protestant \/ Wesleyan publisher) Beacon Hill Press in April 2014. Several of his 49 books are bestsellers in their field. Dave maintains a popular personal Facebook page, a Facebook author page, and has a Twitter account as well. He offers almost all of his books in e-book form on his own Biblical Catholicism site (http:\/\/biblicalcatholicism.com\/), at a permanent deep discount: only $2.99 for ePub, mobi, and AZW, and $1.99 for PDF. His writing has been enthusiastically endorsed or recommended by many leading Catholic apologists, authors, and priests, including Dr. Scott Hahn, Fr. Peter M. J. Stravinskas, Marcus Grodi, Patrick Madrid, Steve Ray, Tim Staples, Devin Rose, Mike Aquilina, Al Kresta, Karl Keating, Fr. Dwight Longenecker, Brandon Vogt, Marcellino D'Ambrosio, and Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J. Dave has been happily married to his wife Judy since October 1984. They have three sons and a daughter, and reside in southeast Michigan (metro Detroit).","sameAs":["https:\/\/biblicalcatholicism.com\/","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/dave.armstrong.798","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@LuxVeritatisApologetics"],"url":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/author\/davearmstrong"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28513","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2331"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=28513"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/28513\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27721"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28513"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=28513"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=28513"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}