{"id":63886,"date":"2022-04-13T09:57:19","date_gmt":"2022-04-13T13:57:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/?p=63886"},"modified":"2022-04-13T09:57:19","modified_gmt":"2022-04-13T13:57:19","slug":"prophet-elijah-and-archaeology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/2022\/04\/prophet-elijah-and-archaeology.html","title":{"rendered":"Prophet Elijah and Archaeology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Elijah<\/a> was a biblical prophet and predecessor to the prophet Elisha<\/a>. He lived in the 9th century BC, \u00a0during the reign of the wicked King Ahab<\/a> of Israel [c. 875-853 BC<\/a>]. His story can be found in the Bible, in 1 Kings chapters 17-21 and 2 Kings, chapters 1 and 2.<\/p>\n

I\u2019ve already written the paper,\u00a0Prophet Elisha and Archaeology<\/a> (4-4-22). Much of the archaeological conformation in that article applies to Elijah as well. Elisha\u2019s name has now been found on a shard of pottery, in the right place and from the right time, and King Ahab and his successor Jehoram have been verified in Syrian documents and other items. Also, we have possible (controversial) physical evidence for the notorious Queen Jezebel<\/a>: Ahab\u2019s wife.<\/p>\n

What extrabiblical evidence do we have for Elijah? Not much<\/em>, but there is some:<\/p>\n

1 Kings 21:1-7, 15-19<\/strong> (RSV) Now Naboth the Jezreelite had a vineyard in Jezreel, beside the palace of Ahab king of Sama\u2019ria. [2] And after this Ahab said to Naboth, \u201cGive me your vineyard, that I may have it for a vegetable garden, because it is near my house; and I will give you a better vineyard for it; or, if it seems good to you, I will give you its value in money.\u201d [3] But Naboth said to Ahab, \u201cThe LORD forbid that I should give you the inheritance of my fathers.\u201d [4] And Ahab went into his house vexed and sullen because of what Naboth the Jezreelite had said to him; for he had said, \u201cI will not give you the inheritance of my fathers.\u201d And he lay down on his bed, and turned away his face, and would eat no food. [5] But Jez\u2019ebel his wife came to him, and said to him, \u201cWhy is your spirit so vexed that you eat no food?\u201d [6] And he said to her, \u201cBecause I spoke to Naboth the Jezreelite, and said to him, `Give me your vineyard for money; or else, if it please you, I will give you another vineyard for it\u2019; and he answered, `I will not give you my vineyard.'\u201d [7] And Jez\u2019ebel his wife said to him, \u201cDo you now govern Israel? Arise, and eat bread, and let your heart be cheerful; I will give you the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite.\u201d . . . [15] As soon as Jez\u2019ebel heard that Naboth had been stoned and was dead, Jez\u2019ebel said to Ahab, \u201cArise, take possession of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, which he refused to give you for money; for Naboth is not alive, but dead.\u201d [16] And as soon as Ahab heard that Naboth was dead, Ahab arose to go down to the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, to take possession of it. [17] Then the word of the LORD came to Eli\u2019jah the Tishbite<\/strong>, saying, [18] \u201cArise, go down to meet Ahab king of Israel, who is in Sama\u2019ria; behold, he is in the vineyard of Naboth, where he has gone to take possession. [19] And you shall say to him, `Thus says the LORD, \u201cHave you killed, and also taken possession?\u201d\u2018 And you shall say to him, `Thus says the LORD: \u201cIn the place where dogs licked up the blood of Naboth shall dogs lick your own blood.\u201d\u2018\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

It looks like this vineyard and winery have been discovered:<\/p>\n

A biblical garden coveted by a notorious king and murderous queen may have been uncovered by archaeologists in northern Israel. . . .<\/p>\n

A recent paper published in the\u00a0Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies<\/em>\u00a0says researchers have discovered a vineyard winery that matches the biblical narrative, according to\u00a0The Jerusalem Post.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

First discovered by archaeologists in 2013 at\u00a0the Jezreel expedition<\/a>, the winery was last used \u201caround the first century BCE,\u201d according to Dr. Norma Franklin of the Zinman Institute of Archaeology, but it was created much earlier.<\/p>\n

Franklin said they tested the soil in the area to see if it was possible to grow grapes. \u201cThe results showed that in the whole area there was only a small zone that would be good for vineyards, exactly where the ancient winery stood.\u201d (\u201cArchaeologists Discover Infamous Old Testament Site\u201d<\/a>, Aaron Earls, Lifeway Research<\/em>, 6-30-20)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In a related article, Dr. Franklin stated:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe events that are described in the Bible are usually considered to take place around the ninth century BCE. It is possible that the winery already existed back then, but it is hard to say. However, some scholars believe that the story was actually written down later, around the sixth century BCE, when we can state for certain that the winery was already operating. There is no way to know whether what is narrated in the Bible happened exactly as related, but the narrative must have existed.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The article continued:<\/p>\n

To date the findings, the researchers compared the typology of the installations with similar ones in the region from a variety of periods. . . .<\/p>\n

\u201cAnother element that was very exciting for us was that several years ago, a nearby kibbutz sampled the soil in the area to find out if and where it would be possible for them to start growing grapes,\u201d Franklin said. \u201cThe results showed that in the whole area there was only a small zone that would be good for vineyards, exactly where the ancient winery stood.\u201d (\u201cArchaeologists might have identified Jezreel winery featured in Bible\u201d<\/a>, Rossella Tercatin, The Jerusalem Post<\/em>, 6-7-20)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Wikipedia (\u201cTel Jezreel\u201d<\/a>) verifies that the city was in existence in the 9th century BC:<\/p>\n

Because of the strategic location, ample water supply, and excellent grazing in the Jezreel Valley, archaeologists David Ussishkin and John Woodhead believe that Jezreel was the base for King Ahab\u2019s\u00a0chariot\u00a0corps and\u00a0cavalry.<\/p>\n

Jezreel was a 9th-century BCE fortress possibly built during the reign of\u00a0King Omri<\/a>\u00a0but certainly active in the reigns of King Ahab and his consort Queen Jezebel and their son\u00a0King Jehoram<\/a>.\u00a0It was destroyed soon afterward, possibly by the\u00a0Arameans<\/a> in the late 9th-century. The pottery found in the fortress during the dig all dates to this brief period.<\/p>\n

SOURCES:<\/p>\n

David Ussishkin, \u201cJezreel\u2014Where Jezebel Was Thrown to the Dogs\u201d<\/a>,\u00a0Biblical Archaeology Review<\/i> July \/ August 2010.<\/p>\n

Nadav Na\u2019aman, \u201cHistorical and Literary Notes on the Excavation of Tel Jezreel,\u201d Tel Aviv<\/em> 24, 1987, pp. 122-128.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

The Mesha Stele<\/a> from Moab in 840 BC, mentions King Omri<\/a>\u2018s name. He was the father of King Ahab.<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Practical Matters<\/em><\/strong>: Perhaps some of my 4,000+ free online articles (the most comprehensive \u201cone-stop\u201d Catholic apologetics site) or\u00a0fifty books<\/a>\u00a0have helped you (by God\u2019s grace) to decide to\u00a0become Catholic<\/a>\u00a0or to\u00a0return to the Church<\/a>,\u00a0or better understand some doctrines and\u00a0why<\/em>\u00a0we believe them<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Or you may believe my work is worthy to support for the purpose of apologetics and evangelism in general. If so, please seriously consider a much-needed financial contribution. I\u2019m always in need of more funds: especially\u00a0monthly<\/em>\u00a0support. \u201cThe laborer is worthy of his wages\u201d (1 Tim 5:18, NKJV). 1 December 2021 was my 20th anniversary as a\u00a0full-time Catholic apologist<\/a>,\u00a0and February 2022 marked the 25th anniversary of my blog.<\/p>\n

PayPal donations<\/a>\u00a0are the easiest: just send to my email address: apologistdave@gmail.com. You\u2019ll see the term \u201cCatholic Used Book Service\u201d, which is my old side-business. To learn about the different methods of contributing, including 100% tax deduction, etc., see my page:\u00a0About Catholic Apologist Dave Armstrong \/ Donation Information<\/a>.\u00a0Thanks a million<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0from the bottom of my heart!<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Photo credit:<\/strong><\/span> Ori~<\/a> (12-24-05), Jezreel<\/span> [The copyright holder of this file allows anyone to use it\u00a0for any purpose, provided that<\/b> the copyright holder is properly attributed. Redistribution, derivative work, commercial use, and all other use is permitted \/ Wikimedia Commons<\/a>]<\/p>\n

***<\/p>\n

Summary<\/em>: Extrabiblical evidence concerning the prophet Elijah and archaeology comes from a discovered vineyard & winery at Jezreel, stolen by King Ahab & Queen Jezebel.<\/p>\n

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Elijah was a biblical prophet and predecessor to the prophet Elisha. He lived in the 9th century BC, \u00a0during the reign of the wicked King Ahab of Israel [c. 875-853 BC]. His story can be found in the Bible, in 1 Kings chapters 17-21 and 2 Kings, chapters 1 and 2. I\u2019ve already written the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2331,"featured_media":63888,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[448],"tags":[13772,13769,13766,13841,1662,170,171,1661,638,16011,16020,4653,15987,1749,535,140,16014,16017],"class_list":["post-63886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jews-judaism-old-testament","tag-ancient-hebrews","tag-ancient-israelites","tag-ancient-jews","tag-archaeology-the-bible","tag-bible-archaeology","tag-bible-history","tag-bible-science","tag-biblical-accuracy","tag-biblical-archaeology","tag-elijah-archaeology","tag-elijah-elisha","tag-elijah-the-prophet","tag-elisha-archaeology","tag-historical-accuracy-of-the-bible","tag-holy-bible","tag-infallibility","tag-prophet-elijah","tag-prophet-elijah-archaeology"],"yoast_head":"\nProphet Elijah and Archaeology Prophet Elijah and Archaeology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Elijah was a biblical prophet and predecessor to the prophet Elisha. 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Formerly a campus missionary, as a Protestant, Dave was received into the Catholic Church in February 1991, by the late, well-known catechist and theologian, Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J. Dave\u2019s articles have appeared in many influential Catholic periodicals, including \\\"This Rock\\\" (now called \\\"Catholic Answers Magazine\\\"), \\\"Envoy Magazine\\\" (Patrick Madrid), \\\"The Catholic Answer,\\\" \\\"The Coming Home Journal,\\\" \\\"Gilbert Magazine\\\" (American Chesterton Society), and \\\"The Latin Mass.\\\" He also writes a featured column for every issue of \\\"The Michigan Catholic\\\": published by the archdiocese of Detroit, and was editor for most of the apologetics tracts published by the St. Paul Street Evangelization apostolate. Dave\u2019s apologetics and writing apostolate was the subject of a feature article in the May 2002 issue of \\\"Envoy Magazine.\\\" He served as the staff moderator at the Internet discussion forum for The Coming Home Network, from 2007-2010. Dave has been interviewed on many nationally syndicated Catholic radio shows, including \\\"Catholic Answers Live\\\" (twice), \\\"Faith and Family Live\\\" (Steve Wood), \\\"Kresta in the Afternoon,\\\" \\\"Son Rise Morning Show,\\\" \\\"Catholic Connection\\\" (Teresa Tomeo), and \\\"The Catholics Next Door.\\\" His large and popular website, \\\"Biblical Evidence for Catholicism,\\\" was online from March 1997 to March 2007, and received the 1998 Catholic Website of the Year award from \\\"Envoy Magazine.\\\" His blog of the same name (now transferred to Patheos), begun in February 2004, contains more than 1,500 papers, at least 500 debates or dialogues, and over 50 distinct \\\"index\\\" web pages. Unsolicited correspondence has indicated many hundreds of conversions (or returns) to the Catholic faith as a result, by God's grace, of these writings. Dave's conversion story was published in the bestselling book \\\"Surprised by Truth\\\" (edited by Patrick Madrid; San Diego: Basilica Press, 1994). Sophia Institute Press has published six of his books: \\\"A Biblical Defense of Catholicism\\\" (Foreword by Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J., 1996 \/ 2003), \\\"The Catholic Verses\\\" (2004), \\\"The One-Minute Apologist\\\" (2007), \\\"Bible Proofs for Catholic Truths\\\" (2009), \\\"The Quotable Newman\\\" (editor: 2012), and \\\"Proving the Catholic Faith is Biblical\\\" (2015). He is co-author (with Dr. Paul Thigpen) of the inserts for \\\"The New Catholic Answer Bible\\\" (Our Sunday Visitor: 2005), and editor for \\\"The Wisdom of Mr. Chesterton: The Very Best Quotes, Quips, and Cracks from the Pen of G. K. Chesterton\\\" (Saint Benedict Press \/ TAN Books: 2009). \\\"100 Biblical Arguments Against Sola Scriptura\\\" was published by Catholic Answers in May 2012. His \\\"Quotable Wesley\\\" compilation was published by (Protestant \/ Wesleyan publisher) Beacon Hill Press in April 2014. Several of his 49 books are bestsellers in their field. Dave maintains a popular personal Facebook page, a Facebook author page, and has a Twitter account as well. He offers almost all of his books in e-book form on his own Biblical Catholicism site (http:\/\/biblicalcatholicism.com\/), at a permanent deep discount: only $2.99 for ePub, mobi, and AZW, and $1.99 for PDF. His writing has been enthusiastically endorsed or recommended by many leading Catholic apologists, authors, and priests, including Dr. Scott Hahn, Fr. Peter M. J. Stravinskas, Marcus Grodi, Patrick Madrid, Steve Ray, Tim Staples, Devin Rose, Mike Aquilina, Al Kresta, Karl Keating, Fr. Dwight Longenecker, Brandon Vogt, Marcellino D'Ambrosio, and Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J. Dave has been happily married to his wife Judy since October 1984. They have three sons and a daughter, and reside in southeast Michigan (metro Detroit).\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/biblicalcatholicism.com\/\",\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/dave.armstrong.798\",\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@LuxVeritatisApologetics\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/author\/davearmstrong\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Prophet Elijah and Archaeology Prophet Elijah and Archaeology","description":"Elijah was a biblical prophet and predecessor to the prophet Elisha. He lived in the 9th century BC, \u00a0during the reign of the wicked King Ahab of Israel . 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Formerly a campus missionary, as a Protestant, Dave was received into the Catholic Church in February 1991, by the late, well-known catechist and theologian, Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J. Dave\u2019s articles have appeared in many influential Catholic periodicals, including \"This Rock\" (now called \"Catholic Answers Magazine\"), \"Envoy Magazine\" (Patrick Madrid), \"The Catholic Answer,\" \"The Coming Home Journal,\" \"Gilbert Magazine\" (American Chesterton Society), and \"The Latin Mass.\" He also writes a featured column for every issue of \"The Michigan Catholic\": published by the archdiocese of Detroit, and was editor for most of the apologetics tracts published by the St. Paul Street Evangelization apostolate. Dave\u2019s apologetics and writing apostolate was the subject of a feature article in the May 2002 issue of \"Envoy Magazine.\" He served as the staff moderator at the Internet discussion forum for The Coming Home Network, from 2007-2010. Dave has been interviewed on many nationally syndicated Catholic radio shows, including \"Catholic Answers Live\" (twice), \"Faith and Family Live\" (Steve Wood), \"Kresta in the Afternoon,\" \"Son Rise Morning Show,\" \"Catholic Connection\" (Teresa Tomeo), and \"The Catholics Next Door.\" His large and popular website, \"Biblical Evidence for Catholicism,\" was online from March 1997 to March 2007, and received the 1998 Catholic Website of the Year award from \"Envoy Magazine.\" His blog of the same name (now transferred to Patheos), begun in February 2004, contains more than 1,500 papers, at least 500 debates or dialogues, and over 50 distinct \"index\" web pages. Unsolicited correspondence has indicated many hundreds of conversions (or returns) to the Catholic faith as a result, by God's grace, of these writings. Dave's conversion story was published in the bestselling book \"Surprised by Truth\" (edited by Patrick Madrid; San Diego: Basilica Press, 1994). Sophia Institute Press has published six of his books: \"A Biblical Defense of Catholicism\" (Foreword by Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J., 1996 \/ 2003), \"The Catholic Verses\" (2004), \"The One-Minute Apologist\" (2007), \"Bible Proofs for Catholic Truths\" (2009), \"The Quotable Newman\" (editor: 2012), and \"Proving the Catholic Faith is Biblical\" (2015). He is co-author (with Dr. Paul Thigpen) of the inserts for \"The New Catholic Answer Bible\" (Our Sunday Visitor: 2005), and editor for \"The Wisdom of Mr. Chesterton: The Very Best Quotes, Quips, and Cracks from the Pen of G. K. Chesterton\" (Saint Benedict Press \/ TAN Books: 2009). \"100 Biblical Arguments Against Sola Scriptura\" was published by Catholic Answers in May 2012. His \"Quotable Wesley\" compilation was published by (Protestant \/ Wesleyan publisher) Beacon Hill Press in April 2014. Several of his 49 books are bestsellers in their field. Dave maintains a popular personal Facebook page, a Facebook author page, and has a Twitter account as well. He offers almost all of his books in e-book form on his own Biblical Catholicism site (http:\/\/biblicalcatholicism.com\/), at a permanent deep discount: only $2.99 for ePub, mobi, and AZW, and $1.99 for PDF. His writing has been enthusiastically endorsed or recommended by many leading Catholic apologists, authors, and priests, including Dr. Scott Hahn, Fr. Peter M. J. Stravinskas, Marcus Grodi, Patrick Madrid, Steve Ray, Tim Staples, Devin Rose, Mike Aquilina, Al Kresta, Karl Keating, Fr. Dwight Longenecker, Brandon Vogt, Marcellino D'Ambrosio, and Fr. John A. Hardon, S. J. Dave has been happily married to his wife Judy since October 1984. They have three sons and a daughter, and reside in southeast Michigan (metro Detroit).","sameAs":["https:\/\/biblicalcatholicism.com\/","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/dave.armstrong.798","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@LuxVeritatisApologetics"],"url":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/author\/davearmstrong"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63886","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2331"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=63886"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/63886\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/63888"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=63886"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=63886"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/davearmstrong\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=63886"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}