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<\/a>The Canadian news and current affairs magazine Maclean\u2019s has just run a glowing article<\/a> claiming\u00a0that science says \u2018God is the answer\u2019 to teen anxiety and health problems. It\u2019s basically a promotional piece for a new book by Lisa Miller<\/a>, Director of Clinical Psychology at\u00a0Columbia University\u2019s Teachers College.<\/span><\/p>\n To give you a flavour of the article, take a look at these excerpts:<\/p>\n An intensely felt, transcendental sense of a relationship with God, the universe, nature or whatever the individual identifies as his or her \u201chigher power,\u201d she found, is more protective than any other factor against the big three adolescent dangers. Spiritually connected teens are, remarkably, 60 per cent less likely to suffer from depression than adolescents who are not spiritually oriented. They\u2019re 40 per cent less likely to abuse alcohol or other substances, and 80 per cent less likely to engage in unprotected sex. Spiritually oriented children, raised to not shy from hard questions or difficult situations, Miller points out, also tend to excel academically.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n and<\/p>\n The evidence for a personal religious advantage is overwhelming, Miller claims, drawn from literally \u201chundreds\u201d of epidemiological and longitudinal studies. In a 2002 article published in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, data taken from a 1995 survey of 3,300 teen girls in North Carolina showed that higher frequency of prayer or meditation correlated with decreased risk of depression. It\u2019s worth noting that the advantage was conferred by individual devotion rather than the degree to which the girls believed sacred writings were the literal word of God\u2014spirituality, then, rather than religion.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n Potent stuff, eh? Overwhelming evidence! The most important factor!<\/p>\n But I think Lisa needs to get out more, because I\u2019m sitting here in the UK, where fewer than 50% of people aged 16-24 believe <\/a>in god or even a \u2018spiritual higher power\u2019 any more (and the number declines year on year). Yet here and in other, equally irreligious European nations the kids seem to be doing OK.<\/p>\n In fact, although evidence from the USA links religiosity to mental benefits, in many places the direction of the link is exactly opposite. For example, here in the UK non-religious kids are the least likely to be emotionally disturbed<\/a>. Incidentally, emotional problems peak in\u00a0those with weakly held beliefs\u00a0\u2013 more on that later.<\/p>\n In\u00a0Chile, Estonia, The Netherlands, Portugal, UK, Spain, and Slovenia, s<\/span>pirituality has been found to increase the risk of depression, according to a study that followed 8318 patients<\/a> without depression who had attended doctor\u2019s surgeries. And\u00a0evidence from elsewhere in the world<\/a>\u00a0shows that\u00a0the link between religion and reduced risk of suicide is patchy at best. I<\/span>n South Africa, holding religious beliefs actually seems to increase the risk of suicide!<\/p>\n So clearly there\u2019s something wrong here. How is it that Miller\u00a0can make the claims she does? Well, in fact there\u2019s not just one problem with the claims she makes. There\u2019s a raft of them. The whole shebang is based on flawed concepts.<\/p>\n Miller is pretty clear in the article that it\u2019s not religion, but spirituality, that\u2019s important. So let\u2019s start with what is actually meant by spirituality<\/strong>, because it\u2019s a pretty nebulous term \u2013 and it probably doesn\u2019t mean what you think it does.<\/p>\n For example, the Spiritual Well Being Scale (SWBS) is actually broken into two sub-scales, only one of which is to do with anything supernatural (\u2018Religious Well Being\u2019 \u2013 finding strength and support from God) l. The other (\u2018Existential Well Being\u2019 \u2013 feeling fulfilled and\u00a0satisfied with life) is purely secular. Another commonly-used questionnaire is the Spiritual Well Being Questionnaire (SWBQ). Similar to the SWBS, it has several sub-scales \u2013 only one of which (the \u2018Transcendental\u2019 sub-scale) refers to\u00a0faith in and relationship with someone or something beyond the human level. The other three scales refer to non-spiritual spirituality.<\/span><\/p>\n That\u2019s important because, for example, a survey of 400 students at the University of Florida<\/a>\u00a0found that Existential Well Being, but not Religious Well Being, was a significant, independent factor decreasing the risk of suicide. And <\/span>a survey of 320 school children<\/a>\u00a0found that Transcendental Spirituality was actually associated with less happiness.<\/p>\n This link between existential well being, but not religious or \u2018higher power\u2019 beliefs, is a common thread in several studies of this type<\/a>. So if you see a claim about spirituality that does not specifically look into supernatural spirituality, you can pretty much exclude it as evidence for an effect of\u00a0belief in a higher power.<\/p>\n Next, let\u2019s talk linear regression <\/strong>(stick with me here). Most studies basically plot intensity of religious belief against happiness or whatever, and draw a line through the dots.<\/p>\n However, plenty of evidence suggests that the relationship is not linear. Those who are highly religious are indeed\u00a0happy, but\u00a0happiness decreases as religious fervour ebbs. It\u00a0then turns up again for individuals of very low religiosity.<\/p>\n Recall the emotional problems of UK kids, that I mentioned earlier. The least and most religious kids had the fewest problems, and it\u2019s a common finding. The happiest people are those at the two ends of the spirituality\u00a0spectrum<\/a>, and the unhappiest people are those with moderate religious beliefs<\/a>. If you don\u2019t take this into account, then you\u2019re going to get screwy results.<\/p>\n What about religion and health?<\/strong><\/p>\n Well, religious teens do drink less. But teens\u00a0raised in the same home start drinking at similar ages<\/a>, regardless of their personal religious beliefs \u2013 showing that it\u2019s their family environment, and not their personal spirituality, that\u2019s important.<\/p>\n Looking more broadly at overall health, it might surprise you to learn that\u00a0nonreligious people are much more healthy than the religious<\/a>. They have lower blood pressure, are leaner, and are less likely to be diabetic (they are, however, more likely to be smokers). And women who go to church or find comfort in religion are actually more likely to die or have a heart attack<\/a>.<\/p>\n Why, then, do people keep saying that religion is good for your health? Well, the reason the non-religious are healthier is because they also better educated and wealthy \u2013 the kinds of people who take care of themselves. It\u2019s only if you statistically control for this that religious believers are more healthy than the non-religious.<\/p>\n But an analysis of nearly 60 different studies<\/a> found that this is entirely to do with attending religious services. There is no connection between the intrinsic aspects of religion (belief in a god concept, religious\/spiritual well-being, religious\/spiritual experience, and religious motivation\/orientation) and health.<\/p>\n The health effects of religion really seem to come down to the social support. Data\u00a0from the Health and Retirement Study, which has been following a group of 18,000 Americans since\u00a01992, support this<\/a>. People for whom religion was not important lived just as long as those for whom it was very important. What did matter were things like divorce and whether or not people went to church.<\/p>\n Religious people in the USA are happier than non-religious\u00a0people, and happy people tend to be healthier \u2013 and it turns out that this explains a good chunk<\/a> of the effects of religion on health.<\/p>\n Do religious people really behave well?<\/strong><\/p>\n Another thing to consider is that most studies of religion and behaviour require people to report their own behaviour. Yet we know that people \u2013 including religious people \u2013 tend to tell you what they want to believe about themselves.<\/p>\n For example, we know that people don\u2019t go to church as often as they claim<\/a>. Porn subscriptions are higher<\/a> in areas where conservative religious traditions are strongest \u2013 gay porn too<\/a>.<\/p>\n So you need to be really cautious about surveys that ask religious people if they\u2019ve been behaving in the way they are supposed to. If they feel social pressure to fudge the truth a little, they will \u2013 they\u2019re only human, after all.<\/p>\n Social support is key \u2013 and atheists have it tough in the North America<\/strong><\/p>\n And here\u2019s the final thought I want to leave you with. Just supposing the premise is right and religious believers are happier. Any conclusions about cause and effect are hopelessly confounded by self-selection.<\/p>\n What I mean is this. If you\u2019re a sociable person in the USA, then you\u2019re under tremendous pressure to also be spiritual. Spiritual people in the US get more social support \u2013 although that\u2019s because, in the US, sociable people are more likely to spiritual<\/a>.<\/p>\n But atheists in the USA are excluded from mainstream society.They are highly mistrusted<\/a>. In fact, in popular perception (Canadian data this time)\u00a0atheists are pretty much on a par with rapists<\/a>.<\/p>\n So it\u2019s hardly surprising that, in the USA, atheists are pretty miserable. In fact, research suggests that the stress of the life of an atheist\u00a0shows up in brain scans<\/a>.<\/p>\n But does this help explain why the alleged benefits religion seem to disappear in less religious countries?<\/strong><\/p>\n It probably does. For example, religion doesn\u2019t make the British happier<\/a>. In fact, as a general rule, in countries where religious belief is not the norm, religious believers are no happier than the non-religious<\/a>. It seems that\u00a0being religious can lead to more social recognition, in turn leading to more happiness. That effect is much stronger in the more religious countries<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n