{"id":4870,"date":"2009-07-28T11:40:35","date_gmt":"2009-07-28T11:40:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/leithart.level2d.com\/?p=1870"},"modified":"2017-09-07T00:00:11","modified_gmt":"2017-09-06T18:00:11","slug":"structural-analysis-leviticus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/leithart\/2009\/07\/structural-analysis-leviticus\/","title":{"rendered":"Structural analysis, Leviticus 20"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\">\n<\/head><body><p>\n<\/p><p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> Leviticus 18 is about sex. <span>  Leviticus <\/span>  20 goes over the same ground, but it\u2019s about death. <span>   <\/span> The phrase \u201cdying you shall die\u201d from Genesis 3 is used repeatedly in the passage, nine times. <span>   <\/span> The verb \u201cdie\u201d is used 20x. <span>   <\/span> Let\u2019s look a bit at the structure of chapter 20. <span>   <\/span>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> Verses 1-5 form the first unit, flanked by references to Molech. <span>   <\/span> The first line of verse 1 warns against giving seed to Molech, while the last uses the phrase \u201cplay the harlot with\u201d Molech. <span>   <\/span> The link is important, since \u201cgive seed\u201d can have a sexual connotation ( <\/span>  <span> 18:20 <\/span>  <span> ) as well as a connotation of idolatry. <span>   <\/span>  <\/span>  <span> Israel <\/span>  <span>  is required to carry out the death penalty against the idolater, by stoning, but this is backed up by the Lord\u2019s threat to \u201ccut off\u201d the person from  <\/span>  <span> Israel:  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span>  <!--more--> A. give seed to Molech <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B. stone <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> C. I will set My face and cut off <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> D. seed to Molech <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> E. defile sanctuary and profane name <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> D\u2019. people of land: disregard one who gives seed to Molech <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> C\u2019. I will set My set face against man and family <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B\u2019. I will cut off cut off from among people <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> A\u2019. playing harlot after Molech <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\"> The remainder of the chapter can be seen as a large unit. <span>  Verse 6 is linked to the previous verse by the use of \u201cplay the harlot.\u201d <span>   <\/span> The harlotry is different \u2013 Molech v. the spiritists and mediums \u2013 but the verb brings the two together. <span>  Verse 6 also forms the first part of a frame for the whole chapter, since it refers to mediums and spiritists, a concern that is taken up again at the very end of the chapter (v. 27). <span>   <span> Also framing the whole section are references to Yahweh\u2019s name, and to His holiness and the consecration of  <\/span>  <span> Israel <\/span>  <span>  (vv. 7-8, 24, 26). <span>   <\/span> Verses 6-8 in fact form a chiastic inclusio with verses 22, 26-27: <\/span>  <\/span>  <\/span>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> A. mediums and spiritists: harlot; Lord cuts off, v 6 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B. consecrate and be holy: I am Yahweh, v 7 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> C. keep statutes and do them: I am Yahweh who sanctifies, v 8 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span>   <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> C\u2019. keep statutes, v 22 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B\u2019. be holy: I Yahweh am holy, v 26 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> A\u2019. Medium of spiritist: stoned with stones, v 27 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> Within this section, verses 6-17, are a number of smaller sections. <span>   <\/span> Verses 6-8 form a section by themselves, not only because they frame the whole but because they are not dealing with the sexual sins that the rest of the chapter focuses on. <span>   <\/span> But this section links in with the previous and following sections. <span>   <\/span> It is neatly tied up.  Verse 6 uses the phrase \u201cI will set My face\u201d as the previous section did, and also the phrase \u201ccut off,\u201d also found in the previous section (vv. 3, 5).  The repetition of \u201cI am Yahweh\u201d links these verses to the end of the chapter, as I\u2019ve suggested. <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> The next section is verses 9-21, which includes penalties for 13 different forms of mostly sexual sin. <span>   <\/span> This section is subdivided into two sections. <span>   <\/span> The first section uses the word \u201cblood\u201d or \u201cbloodguilt\u201d a number of times, but after verse 16 that language is not used again. <span>   <\/span> It is taken over instead by the terminology of \u201cbearing guilt\u201d or \u201cbearing sin.\u201d <span>   <\/span> Verses 17 and 21, further, both use the verb \u201ctakes\u201d, and that helps to frame that section. <span>   <\/span> There is not a dramatic break, but there do appear to be two sections here.  The arrangement of the sexual crimes is important here. <span>   <\/span> In chapter 18, we saw, the list moves from blood relations, to blood relations that are combined with marriage, to sexual relations in which no flesh relation is involved. <span>   <\/span> That meant that adultery took the last place in the list. <span>   <\/span> But here adultery is the first sexual crime that is addressed. <span>   <\/span> The issue is more the boundary that is established by marriage than the boundary established by flesh. <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 1. curse father or mother, v 9: death, blood <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 2. adultery, v 10: both put to death <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 3. lies with father\u2019s wife, v 11: nakedness; both put to death; blood <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 4. lies with daughter-in-law, v 12; TEBEL; blood <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 5. lies with male, v 13: abomination <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 6. takes woman and mother, v 14: ZIMMAH; burned <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 7. man lies with animal, v 15: put to death, with animal <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 8. woman approaches animal, 16: kill both; blood <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span>   <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 9. man  <strong> takes <\/strong>  sister, sees nakedness, v 17;  <span> HESED <\/span> : cut off; bears guilt <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 10. man  <strong>  <span> lies <\/span>  <\/strong>  with menstruant, v 18: uncovers nakedness <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 11. uncover nakedness of aunt, v 19: bear guilt <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 12.  <strong>  <span> lies <\/span>  <\/strong>  with uncle\u2019s wife, v 20: uncovered nakedness; bear sin <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> 13.  <strong> takes <\/strong>  brother\u2019s wife, v 21:  <span> NIDDAH <\/span> ; uncovered nakedness; bear sin <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span>  <span> The final section of the passage is concerned more generally with keeping the statutes and commandments of Yahweh, and protecting the sexual mores of  <\/span>  <span> Israel <\/span>  <span> , so that  <\/span>  <span> Israel <\/span>  <span>  is not spewed from the land (vv. 22-27). <span>   <\/span> These verses seem to fall out in two sections.  First, there is a section going from verse 22 to the end of verse 24. It begins with an exhortation to keep the Lord\u2019s statutes, but the rest is a justification of this exhortation, and it is structured as a chiasm: <\/span>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> A. Keep statutes and ordinances, v 22a <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span>  <strong>  <span> A. Land <\/span>  <\/strong>  <span>  will not spew out, v 22b <\/span>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B. Not follow customs of nations which I drive out, v 23a <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B\u2019. They did these things: I abhorred them, v 23b <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> A\u2019. Possess  <strong>  <span> land <\/span>  <\/strong> , and I give to you t<br>\no possess; land of  <strong>  <span> milk <\/span>  <\/strong>  and honey, v 24 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span>  <span> The next section is framed by references to Yahweh separating and setting apart  <\/span>  <span> Israel <\/span>  <span>  as His own people: <\/span>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> A. I am Yahweh your God, 24b <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B. I separated you from peoples, 24c <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> C. You make separations between clean\/unclean, 25 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> D. Animals birds, 25 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> E. You shall not make yourself detestable <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> D\u2019. Animals birds or creepers <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> C\u2019. Separated as unclean <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B\u2019. Holy to me <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> A\u2019. For I Yahweh am holy; I have set you apart <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span>  <span> This gets us to the following overall outline of chapter 20. <span>   <\/span> This gives us a few insights into the purpose of the laws. <span>   <\/span> At the center is the guilt or sin of  <\/span>  <span> Israel <\/span>  <span> . <span>   <\/span> Those who violate the restrictions and boundaries that surround Israelite sexual activity will bear their guilt. <span>   <\/span> That means at least that no one else will bear their guilt. <span>   <\/span> If they had a guilt-bearer, their guilt might be borne away. <span>   <\/span> But they don\u2019t, and that means that if they are not punished, if anyone \u201cturns their eyes away\u201d from judging, then  <\/span>  <span> Israel <\/span>  <span> \u2019s land is going to be defiled. <\/span>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span>  <span> A. vv 1-6: seed to Molech, mediums and spiritists <\/span>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B. vv 7-8: I am Yahweh who sanctifies <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> C. vv. 9-16: blood <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> D. vv 17-21: bear guilt <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> C\u2019. vv 22-24a: keep ordinances, possess land <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B\u2019. vv 24b-26: separated, therefore make separations <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> A\u2019. v 27: medium or spiritist  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> Finally, we can suggest that the two chapters that bookend chapter 19 might be inverses of each other, mirror images. <span>   <\/span> At least there are hints of this.  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> A. 18:3: what is done by  <strong>  <span> Egypt and Canaan <\/span>  <\/strong>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B. 18:4-5: do my  <strong>  <span> statutes and judgments <\/span>  <\/strong>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> -18:4: Yahweh your God <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> C. 18:7-18:  <strong>  <span> incestuous <\/span>  <\/strong>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> D.  <\/span>  <span> 18:19 <\/span>  <span> -23: menstruation, adultery,  <strong>  <span> bestiality, homosexuality <\/span>  <\/strong> , Molech <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> -18:22 <\/span>  <span> : homosexual\/abomination <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> -18:23 <\/span>  <span> : TEBEL\/Bestiality <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> -18:20 <\/span>  <span> : adultery virtually last on the list <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> E. 18:21: seed to  <strong>  <span> Molech <\/span>  <\/strong>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> Yahweh your God <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> F. 18:21, 24-30:  <strong> profane name, defile <\/strong>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> CHAPTER 19 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> F\u2019. 20:3:  <strong> profane name, defile <\/strong>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> E\u2019. 20:2-5:  <strong>  <span> Molech <\/span>  <\/strong>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> -Yahweh your God, 7-8 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> D\u2019. 20:10-16: adultery,  <strong>  <span> homosexuality, bestiality <\/span>  <\/strong>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> -20:10 <\/span>  <span> : adultery first on the list <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> -20:12 <\/span>  <span> : incest with daughter in law\/TEBEL <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> -20:13 <\/span>  <span> : homosexual\/abomination <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> C\u2019. 20:17-21:  <strong>  <span> incest <\/span>  <\/strong>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> B\u2019.  <\/span>  <span> 22:22 <\/span>  <span> :  <strong>  <span> statutes and ordinances <\/span>  <\/strong>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> -Yahweh your God, v 24 <\/span>  <\/p>\n<p>  <\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">  <span> A\u2019.  <\/span>  <span> 20:23 <\/span>  <span> : customs of the  <strong>  <span> nations <\/span>  <\/strong>  <\/span>  <\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Leviticus 18 is about sex. Leviticus 20 goes over the same ground, but it\u2019s about death. The phrase \u201cdying you shall die\u201d from Genesis 3 is used repeatedly in the passage, nine times. The verb \u201cdie\u201d is used 20x. Let\u2019s look a bit at the structure of chapter 20. Verses 1-5 form the first unit, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3021,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[57],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bible-ot-leviticus"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Structural analysis, Leviticus 20<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Leviticus 18 is about sex. Leviticus 20 goes over the same ground, but it&rsquo;s about death. 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Leviticus 20 goes over the same ground, but it&rsquo;s about death. The phrase &ldquo;dying you shall die&rdquo; from Genesis 3","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/leithart\/2009\/07\/structural-analysis-leviticus\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Structural analysis, Leviticus 20","og_description":"Leviticus 18 is about sex. Leviticus 20 goes over the same ground, but it&rsquo;s about death. 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