Maria c\u0103tre Elisabeta, salut\u0103ri, drag\u0103 veri\u0219oar\u0103! \u00ce\u021bi scriu fiindc\u0103 tocmai ne-am \u00eentors dintr-o vizit\u0103 la fiul t\u0103u Ioan, la Iordan, \u0219i am trimis vorb\u0103 mai devreme, pentru c\u0103 speram s\u0103 ne oprim s\u0103 te vedem pe drumul de \u00eentoarcere, dar \u00eemprejur\u0103rile nu ne-au \u00eeng\u0103duit. Ioan arat\u0103 bine, iar num\u0103rul celor care s-au adunat s\u0103-l asculte \u0219i s\u0103 treac\u0103 prin cufundarea \u00een ap\u0103 a fost uluitor.<\/em><\/p>\nAm dus \u00eentreaga familie s\u0103 cunoasc\u0103 acest fel de cufundare. C\u00e2t pe ce s\u0103 nu fi fost to\u021bi. Isus s-a oferit s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 acas\u0103, s\u0103 lucreze \u0219i s\u0103 se \u00eengrijeasc\u0103 de cele trebuincioase. C\u00e2nd am st\u0103ruit, a spus c\u0103 nu era convins c\u0103 e nevoie s\u0103 fie botezat. Dintotdeauna ne-am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat copiii s\u0103 pre\u021buiasc\u0103 ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 la templu, nu numai fiindc\u0103 au rude care sunt preo\u021bi, ci \u0219i fiindc\u0103 a\u0219a ne \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 Tora. Nu m\u0103 mir c\u0103 sunt tulbura\u021bi, pentru c\u0103 acum ascult\u0103m de cineva care spune c\u0103 apa curs\u0103 din rai poate purica la fel de bine ca s\u00e2ngele animalelor. Unii dintre noi am fost de fa\u021b\u0103 c\u00e2nd Ioan \u0219i Zaharia s-au certat pe tema asta, iar copiii mei \u00ee\u0219i respect\u0103 unchiul \u0219i v\u00e2rsta lui mai mult dec\u00e2t credin\u021ba v\u0103rului lor. I-am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103-i cinsteasc\u0103 pe cei \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103, a\u0219a c\u0103 \u0219i asta i-a tulburat. Dar chiar Tora ne arat\u0103 c\u0103 cei mai \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103 nu au \u00eentotdeauna dreptate, chiar dac\u0103 sunt mai \u00een\u021belep\u021bi dec\u00e2t cei tineri. \u0218i nici tinere\u021bea nes\u0103buit\u0103 \u0219i n\u0103valnic\u0103<\/em>
\nnu se \u00een\u0219al\u0103 de fiecare dat\u0103, chit c\u0103 m\u0103 tem de ce s-ar putea \u00eent\u00e2mpla acum, c\u00e2nd Ioan pare s\u0103 fi \u00eenceput s\u0103 \u00eenfrunte \u0219i faima altor<\/em>
\noameni, nu doar pe cea a tat\u0103lui s\u0103u.<\/em><\/p>\nCu toat\u0103 \u0219ov\u0103irea de la \u00eenceput, Isus a tr\u0103it o adev\u0103rat\u0103 schimbare prin botezul lui Ioan. C\u00e2nd a ie\u0219it din ap\u0103, s-a cobor\u00e2t peste el unul dintre porumbeii at\u00e2t de obi\u0219nui\u021bi pe valea r\u00e2ului. Am\u00e2ndoi, \u0219i el, \u0219i Ioan, au v\u0103zut un semn \u00een asta. Isus a trecut de la \u0219ov\u0103ial\u0103 la hot\u0103r\u00e2rea de a r\u0103m\u00e2ne ucenic al lui Ioan. Dup\u0103 cum \u0219tii, ucenicia \u00eencepe cu o perioad\u0103 de post. Lui Isus \u00eei place s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nce, dar mi-am dat seama c\u0103 a fost schimbat de tr\u0103irea aceasta chiar mai mult dec\u00e2t noi. Cufund\u00e2ndu-se \u00een ap\u0103, \u00een timp ce Ioan vorbe\u0219te despre milostivirea divin\u0103 \u0219i despre r\u00e2ul vie\u021bii care izvor\u0103\u0219te din sf\u00e2ntul Ierusalim ceresc al lui Dumnezeu, tr\u0103ie\u0219ti ceva ce eu nu am tr\u0103it niciodat\u0103 \u00een to\u021bi anii mei de mers la templu. Asta sigur arat\u0103 c\u0103 Ioan are dreptate \u00een ceea ce predic\u0103, nu?<\/em><\/p>\nIosif a sperat dintotdeauna ca m\u0103car unul dintre fii s\u0103i s\u0103 aib\u0103 chemarea de rabin. Are destui fii care s\u0103 continue afacerea familiei, chiar dac\u0103 o parte dintre ei ar urma alte \u00eendeletniciri. De mult timp m-am g\u00e2ndit c\u0103 Isus ar un \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tor deosebit de bun. Are cu adev\u0103rat darul de a povesti. L-a mo\u0219tenit din partea noastr\u0103, a familiei. Sunt fericit\u0103 c\u0103, dac\u0103 ar fi s\u0103 se preg\u0103teasc\u0103 s\u0103 devin\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tor, asta va la picioarele dragului s\u0103u v\u0103r, \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u00e2nd despre \u00cemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia lui Dumnezeu, de\u0219i am\u00e2ndou\u0103 \u0219tim c\u00e2t de primejdioase sunt timpurile astea pentru cei care vorbesc despre asemenea lucruri.<\/em><\/p>\nTat\u0103l lui Iosif a crezut dintotdeauna c\u0103 familia sa, fiind urma\u0219\u0103 a lui David, va cre\u0219te din nou \u00eentr-o bun\u0103 zi \u0219i va c\u00e2rmui Israelul. Eu cred c\u0103, atunci c\u00e2nd se va ar\u0103ta bra\u021bul lui Dumnezeu, El \u00eei va ridica pe to\u021bi cei care au fost asupri\u021bi de cei boga\u021bi \u0219i puternici. \u0218tiu c\u0103 \u0219i tu crezi la fel \u0219i c\u0103 Ioan a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat de la tine aceste lucruri. Dac\u0103 l-ar fi ascultat numai pe Zaharia, i-ar fi sprijinit pe cei care acum stau pe scaune seme\u021be \u0219i au putere, mai ales pe preo\u021bi \u0219i multele \u0219i scumpele jertfe care \u00eei \u00eempov\u0103reaz\u0103 cel mai mult pe s\u0103raci. Sunt foarte m\u00e2ndr\u0103 de fiul t\u0103u, cum \u0219tiu c\u0103 \u0219i tu sigur e\u0219ti.<\/em><\/p>\n\u00ce\u021bi voi scrie mai multe dup\u0103 ce \u00eemi r\u0103spunzi. O s\u0103 am grij\u0103 ca, atunci c\u00e2nd fiul meu Iacob \u00ee\u021bi aduce \u0219i \u00ee\u021bi cite\u0219te scrisoarea asta, s\u0103 nu fie de fa\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Zaharia. \u0218i a\u0219a este deja m\u00e2nios pe Ioan \u0219i pe tine, pentru c\u0103 \u00eel sprijini. M\u0103 tem c\u0103 el crede c\u0103 tu \u021bi-ai \u00eenduplecat \u0219i rudele, iar asta ar c\u0103sca \u00eentre noi o pr\u0103pastie de netrecut. Cu siguran\u021b\u0103 nu vreau s\u0103 v\u0103 sporesc dezbinarea. Am s\u0103 trimit \u0219i ni\u0219te pe\u0219te s\u0103rat, p\u00e2ine \u0219i m\u0103sline. Te rog, \u00eemparte-le cu Imma \u0219i Rebeca cum po\u021bi mai bine, dac\u0103 nu ai tu nevoie de ele pentru casa ta. Dac\u0103 ai cumva sirop de curmale de care nu ai nevoie, \u021bi-a\u0219 fi recunosc\u0103toare dac\u0103 ai putea s\u0103-mi trimi\u021bi din el c\u00e2nd se \u00eentoarce Iacob acas\u0103. Are treab\u0103 la Ierusalim \u0219i poate s\u0103 treac\u0103 pe la tine at\u00e2t la dus, c\u00e2t \u0219i la \u00eentors, dac\u0103 \u021bi-e mai u\u0219or a\u0219a.<\/em><\/p>\nDumnezeu s\u0103 v\u0103 binecuv\u00e2nteze, pe tine \u0219i pe \u00eentreaga ta familie.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\u00centr-un fel, Maria ar trebui s\u0103 fie \u00een mod evident punctul de plecare \u00een explorarea a ce, c\u00e2nd \u0219i cum a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat Isus de la femei. S-au realizat descrieri pline de o imagina\u021bie minunat\u0103, precum
\nfilmul Mary, Mother of Jesus, \u00een care Maria este prezentat\u0103 drept autoarea parabolelor. Sunt pove\u0219ti pe care i le-a spus lui Isus c\u00e2nd era copil, pe care el le-a refolosit cu succes mai t\u00e2rziu \u00een via\u021b\u0103. Filmul \u00eel \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219eaz\u0103 \u0219i pe Iosif, care, pe patul de moarte, vorbind despre Isus, \u00eei spune Mariei: \u201eTot ce este el acum, tu l-ai f\u0103cut\u201c. Totu\u0219i, pentru istorici este mai greu de definit influen\u021ba mamei lui Isus asupra valorilor \u0219i cuvintelor lui. Ori\u0219icum, Maria este cea de la care pornim \u00een mod firesc \u00een explorarea a ceea ce a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat Isus de la femei, deoarece influen\u021ba mamei asupra copilului o preced\u0103 pe cea a oric\u0103rui alt om. Dup\u0103 cum am subliniat \u00een introducere, dac\u0103 nu se dore\u0219te s\u0103 i se nege lui Isus natura omeneasc\u0103 (lucru pe care de fapt mul\u021bi \u00eel fac \u00een practic\u0103, dac\u0103 nu \u00een teorie), se poate presupune c\u0103, f\u0103r\u0103 nici o discu\u021bie, Isus a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat de la mama lui. Desigur, asta nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 nu vor fi discu\u021bii. C\u00e2nd ele reies din sus\u021binerea acestei idei care pare foarte simpl\u0103, atunci pot ajuta \u00een delimitarea unei zone ce merit\u0103 examinare \u00een anumite sisteme teologice. Influen\u021ba Mariei asupra lui Isus nu poate fi pus\u0103 la \u00eendoial\u0103 \u00een mod serios de nimeni dintre cei care accept\u0103 c\u0103 el a fost, istoric vorbind, om. Totu\u0219i, aceasta nu \u00eenseamn\u0103 c\u0103 putem ar\u0103ta precis cum l-a influen\u021bat mama sa \u0219i \u00een ce moduri. Rezolvarea problemei impune o examinare atent\u0103 a ceea ce \u0219tim despre Maria, despre Isus, despre Iosif \u0219i despre fra\u021bii lui Isus. Impune de asemenea o c\u00e2nt\u0103rire a dovezilor pe care le avem din izvoarele antice asupra rolurilor pe care le jucau de obicei mamele, nu doar \u00een cre\u0219terea copiilor, ci \u0219i \u00een educa\u021bia lor, c\u0103ut\u00e2nd s\u0103 surprindem \u00eentreaga gam\u0103 a diversit\u0103\u021bii din aceast\u0103 zon\u0103. Pentru cei \u00eengrijora\u021bi de \u00eentreb\u0103rile istorice, \u00een continuare ne vom situa \u00een zona necunoscutului. Pentru cei care se mul\u021bumesc s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 la reprezentarea literar\u0103 a Mariei \u00een Noul Testament \u0219i \u00een literatura cre\u0219tin\u0103 timpurie, imaginea devine repede destul de concret\u0103. \u00cen acest capitol vom \u00eencerca s\u0103 p\u0103str\u0103m un echilibru just \u00eentre aceste dou\u0103 aspecte, concentr\u00e2ndu-ne asupra a ceea ce ne spun izvoarele cele mai timpurii despre Maria \u0219i fiind precau\u021bi, la nivel istoric, f\u0103r\u0103 a ne permite s\u0103 fim bloca\u021bi de faptul c\u0103 o serie de posibilit\u0103\u021bi ispititoare las\u0103
\nmult loc pentru \u00eendoial\u0103 \u0219i \u00eentreb\u0103ri f\u0103r\u0103 r\u0103spuns.<\/p>\n
Maria nu este doar punctul de plecare natural, ci \u0219i cel necesar, \u00eentr-o carte cu acest subiect. Pentru cei care au probleme \u00een a accepta c\u0103 Isus a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat de la al\u021bii, rolul unei mame evreice din Mediterana primului secol pune \u00een lumin\u0103 chiar problema central\u0103. Abund\u0103 relat\u0103rile apocrife \u00een care Isus \u00eencepe s\u0103 vorbeasc\u0103 de la na\u0219tere sau \u00een care merge la \u0219coal\u0103 doar pentru a preda
\n\u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torilor s\u0103i. Totu\u0219i, acceptarea acestor relat\u0103ri drept istorie \u2013 \u00een esen\u021ba lor, dac\u0103 nu \u00een detaliile exacte \u2013 \u00eenseamn\u0103 s\u0103 neg\u0103m pe deplin natura omeneasc\u0103 a lui Isus. Prin urmare, \u00eenainte de a ajunge la \u00eentrebarea ce ar fi putut \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba Isus de la b\u0103rba\u021bi \u0219i\/sau femei c\u00e2nd era mai mare, trebuie s\u0103 \u00eencepem cu femeia despre care putem crede cu destul\u0103 \u00eendrept\u0103\u021bire c\u0103 e cea care l-a auzit pe Isus sco\u021b\u00e2nd primul s\u0103u cuv\u00e2nt \u0219i care a fost responsabil\u0103 mai mult ca oricine altcineva de cre\u0219terea lui. Asta ridic\u0103 o \u00eentrebare important\u0103 despre ce ar trebui s\u0103 fac\u0103 istoricii c\u00e2nd se lovesc de t\u0103cerea izvoarelor istorice. Dac\u0103 nu avem informa\u021bii, oare ar trebui s\u0103 umplem t\u0103cerea cu ceea ce era firesc, presupun\u00e2nd c\u0103 dac\u0103 ceva nu a fost amintit, cel mai probabil nu s-a considerat necesar s\u0103 fie men\u021bionat deoarece nu era nimic ie\u0219it din comun? Aceast\u0103 problem\u0103 apare adesea legat\u0103 de \u00eentrebarea dac\u0103 Isus a fost c\u0103s\u0103torit. Dac\u0103 Noul Testament nu spune c\u0103 a fost, ar trebui s\u0103 presupunem c\u0103 nu o face deoarece era ceva obi\u0219nuit (prin urmare, era c\u0103s\u0103torit) sau nu o face pentru c\u0103 nu era nici o so\u021bie de amintit (chiar dac\u0103 ne putem g\u00e2ndi c\u0103 era de a\u0219teptat ca statutul s\u0103u de celibatar s\u0103 \u008f fost observat \u0219i comentat)? Ambele pozi\u021bii \u00ee\u0219i au sus\u021bin\u0103torii.<\/p>\n
Cel mai bun test pentru a vedea dac\u0103 cineva ia \u00een serios sau nu natura omeneasc\u0103 a lui Isus, indiferent ce ar crede despre el, este imaginea prunciei \u0219i a copil\u0103riei sale. Oamenii \u0219i-l pot \u00eenchipui pe Isus adult ca Dumnezeu \u00eembr\u0103cat ca un om, purt\u00e2nd trup omenesc ca s\u0103 interac\u021bioneze cu umanitatea \u0219i se conving singuri c\u0103 nu \u00eei neag\u0103 umanitatea. Dar tot ei aduc \u00een discu\u021bie prima copil\u0103rie a lui Isus, \u0219i lucrurile devin nepl\u0103cute. Dac\u0103 cineva \u00eentreab\u0103 dac\u0103 Dumnezeu a avut un scutec murdar care trebuia s\u0103 fie schimbat sau a fost \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103 rosteasc\u0103 primele cuvinte, acela fie va trebui s\u0103 se repead\u0103 cu capul \u00eenainte acolo unde unele Evanghelii apocrife abia a\u0219teapt\u0103 s\u0103 ajung\u0103, fie \u00ee\u0219i va da seama c\u0103 ceva nu e \u00een ordine \u00een privin\u021ba felului \u00een care \u00eel vede pe Isus.<\/p>\n
C\u00e2nd vine vorba de informa\u021bii istorice concrete privind lucrurile pe care Isus le-a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat de la mama lui, de fiecare dat\u0103 ne vom g\u0103si \u00een pozi\u021bia de a dori s\u0103 fi avut mai multe informa\u021bii dec\u00e2t avem. C\u00e2nd scriem biografia unei persoane de azi, \u00eentreb\u0103m despre rela\u021bia cu p\u0103rin\u021bii, cum a fost crescut\u0103 etc. Consider\u0103m influen\u021ba mamei \u0219i rela\u021bia dintre ea \u0219i persoana celebr\u0103 drept informa\u021bii vitale dac\u0103 vrem s\u0103 o \u00een\u021belegem. Nu la fel stau lucrurile cu biografiile anticilor. Ori\u0219icum, dac\u0103 accept\u0103m cu totul statutul lui Isus de om, atunci putem fi siguri c\u0103 Maria l-a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat toate lucrurile pe care le \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 un copil de la mama sa, dac\u0103 nu \u0219i mai mult.<\/p>\n
Cea mai cunoscut\u0103 rug\u0103ciune a lui Isus, \u201efac\u0103-se voia ta\u201c, fie c\u0103 avem \u00een minte propria-i exprimare dezn\u0103d\u0103jduit\u0103 \u00een Gr\u0103dina Ghetsimani, fie c\u0103 ne g\u00e2ndim la indica\u021biile date discipolilor s\u0103i, nu este prea departe de cea a Mariei, \u201eFie mie dup\u0103 cuv\u00e2ntul t\u0103u\u201c (Luca 1:38). Margaret Hebblethwaite \u0219i-o \u00eenchipuie pe Maria \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u00e2ndu-l pe Isus s\u0103 se roage pentru lucruri anume, precum \u201eFac\u0103-se voia ta\u201c \u0219i \u201eVie \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia ta\u201c. Nu vom \u0219ti niciodat\u0103 dac\u0103 a\u0219a s-au \u00eent\u00e2mplat lucrurile, dar reac\u021bia instinctiv\u0103 de a le crede \u00eentru totul plauzibile sau, dimpotriv\u0103, greu de acceptat poate s\u0103 ne spun\u0103 multe despre cum vedem noi ambele persoane, pe Isus \u0219i pe mama sa.<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Din catalogul editurii Humanitas, toamna 2023: James F. McGrath pune o \u00eentrebare care cu siguran\u021b\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eei va scandaliza pe unii cititori. Isus, Fiul lui Dumnezeu \u00eentrupat, \u00cenv\u0103\u021b\u0103torul prin excelen\u021b\u0103, Atot\u0219tiutorul, cel care a venit s\u0103-i \u00eenve\u021be pe oameni calea m\u00e2ntuirii, s\u0103 aib\u0103 ceva de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat de la oameni? \u0218i, mai ales, de la femei? […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":136,"featured_media":96419,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[39,14975],"tags":[17501,17504,17507,10536,17054],"class_list":["post-96416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historical-jesus","category-romania","tag-humanitas","tag-iisus","tag-isus","tag-romanian","tag-what-jesus-learned-from-women"],"yoast_head":"\n
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