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<\/a>by Andre E. Johnson<\/a><\/span>R3 Editor<\/span>
<\/span>*This is the first in a series. Get your copy of the Forgotten Prophet: Bishop\u00a0Henry\u00a0McNeal Turner and the African American\u00a0Prophetic Tradition<\/a> in paperback<\/span><\/i>
<\/span>When Henry McNeal Turner returned South in 1866, he had already established a robust list of accomplishments. Licensed to preach by the Methodist Episcopal Church South (M.E. South) at nineteen, Turner preached to large audiences\u2014both black and white and was quite a successful revival preacher. When he left the M.E. South Church and joined the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), he and his family moved to Washington DC where he would eventually become pastor of Israel AME Church. The church, located a block away from the Capitol, welcome many Congressional Representatives and Senators who enjoyed hearing Turner preach. Later Turner would become the first African American chaplain in the Armed Forces and accompany \u201chis men\u201d\u2014as he liked to call them, on the battlefield.<\/span>
However, what established Turner as a public figure was his work as a correspondent for the AME newspaper, the Christian Recorder. While precise subscription rates are not available, the Recorder nevertheless, made its rounds through the informal church grapevine. Turner wrote on issues of the day, church life, happenings in Washington DC and while chaplain, his correspondence from the battlefield became must-reads (Johnson 2012, 27-30). Therefore, Turner\u2019s work alone before and during the Civil War would have established him as an important figure worthy of study.<\/span><\/p>\n
It would be however, during Reconstruction that Turner\u2019s public persona elevated and he established himself not only in the Black community, but the white community as well. While he preached and built the AME church in Georgia, Turner served on Georgia\u2019s Constitutional Convention (1867), elected to the House of Representatives (1868), became Customs Inspector and Postmaster General in Macon (1869) won reelection to the State House (1870), served as pastor of St. Philip AME Church in Savannah (1872-1876), and became Publications Manager for the AME church (1876-1880). He did this while finding time to write regularly, not only for the Christian Recorder, but also for other newspapers and journals.\u00a0 Turner\u2019s writing during this time focused on a number of issues, problems, and concerns that were germane to African Americans navigating the treacherous waters of Reconstruction. It is from his letters to the Union Republican Congressional Committee that we discover how the formerly enslaved people learn and disseminated information about Reconstruction. Turner wrote that he and others would participate in \u201cdialogues\u201d that instructed the freed people about their rights<\/p>\n We read over the dialogues to the delegates and commented on them at great length, so that no mistake might be entertained. While we were reading the dialogue, I acted as the Freedman and Mr. Campbell as the true Republican, I asking and he answering in a suitable voice, giving emphasis to the facts being related. You ought to have seen the effect which it produced. When Campbell would read some of those pointed replies, the whole house would ring with shouts, and shake with the spasmodic motions and peculiar gestures of the audience (Johnson 2013, 151).<\/p>\n For Turner, there was a rhetorical reason for presenting the information this way.<\/p>\n This, I find is much better than merely letting one man read them. The two voices and the interrogatory manner which can be assumed has double the effect upon the uneducated masses. I have ordered them read in our meetings until our people know them by heart and can relate them from memory (Johnson 2013, 151).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n The dialogues are sought for with eagerness everywhere. I went twenty miles in the country yesterday and while going along the road, I saw a crowd of 25 or 30 persons sitting under a tree. When I came up I found them reading the dialogue (Johnson 2013, 151-152).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n This however, did not stop opponents of Reconstruction. Turner also wrote on some of the disappointments as well. After writing about the strife between landowners and laborers, Turner lamented:<\/span><\/p>\n Politically, things are hot, at the boiling point. The contest is bitter between the retrogressive and progressive parties. The opponents of reconstruction are doing all in their power to retard, if not to thwart the measure, while friends of it are actively engaged\u2026.Hon. Mr. Hill, one of the leaders of the opposition party, has written several very bitter articles, denouncing everybody but him and his, which from their venom and malignant epithets did much harm among the common whites. He wrote some fifteen or sixteen articles which have been copied by most of the conservative papers, notwithstanding they were devoid of reason or consistency (Johnson 2013, 41).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n Turner however, held out hope for the Reconstruction project. While admitting there had been a \u201cvast amount of ignorance here among all classes, relative to the state of the country,\u201d he \u201cthanked God that all parties are to be elevated through the ordeal (Reconstruction) we are passing. Further, he proclaimed:<\/span><\/p>\n Reconstruction on the congressional plan is inevitable in this State. There are thousands of whites favorable to it. They say nothing at all, but will vote for it when the time comes. The great bulk of opposition comes from the disfranchised. But I cannot believe that a majority of the whites are going to vote to keep up civil commotion and political strife, which would follow opposition to reconstruction. (Johnson 2013, 44-45)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n This optimism did not remove some doubts he had about the constructing of the hotly debated Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution. While Macon citizens, he wrote were \u201cfull of hope,\u201d despite the \u201ctar Besides, a mere voter, or making a man a mere political Jack Ass, is not an American idea of an elector, nor has it ever been, from the establishment of our government. Such an idea, or such a devilish theory was never broached, much less advocated, till the blind tyrants of the ignorant conclave known as the Georgia Legislature gave it birth and prominence before the country. Such a wild and oppressive theory was never dreamed of by any jurist, either in this or the old country before (Johnson 2013, 58).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n Further, he surmised prophetically:<\/span><\/p>\n But just so soon as Congress struck out the right to hold office, and by their debates, whittled it down, by conceding the point that a voter was not constitutionally eligible to hold office, they made a breach in American jurisprudence, which will be productive of more evil than years of toil, and the expenditures of millions of dollars will remedy. We are thrown by it into a whirlpool, needless from every reasonable consideration (Johnson 2013, 58-59).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n While he saw benefits in the amendment, he also saw its limitations when in the hands of \u201cmean\u201d legislatures. <\/span><\/p>\n But other rights which are as dear as life itself will be unseated by it, and any Legislature that may be mean enough, can, by a statute, prohibit the judges of elections from receiving a vote for any person or persons, class or classes, they may choose, regardless of the construction heretofore place upon the right of an elector (Johnson 2013, 59).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n Turner\u2019s insight proved to be correct as many state legislatures did all in their power to nullify the Fifteen Amendment and hinder African Americans right to vote. <\/span><\/p>\n To be continued\u2026\u2026.<\/i>
<\/span>Writing\u00a0During Reconstruction<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n
The dialogues that explained the Reconstruction measures to the freed people apparently were a success. Turner would further write<\/span><\/p>\n
\ndiness of Congress,\u201d he still wondered if the amendment would lead to full equality. He called the amendment \u201cincomplete\u201d owing to the fear that states would not ratify it and subscribing to the old adage, \u201ca half of loaf is better than nothing at all.\u201d However, Turner believed Congress was too cautious and conservative with the amendment by striking out clauses that would guarantee all people the right not only to vote but to hold office and be jurors. He argued that the American people would have supported the\u00a0amendment\u00a0in its more completed form and that Congress\u00a0risked compromising American ideals.<\/span><\/p>\n
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