{"id":4532,"date":"2013-06-05T02:38:00","date_gmt":"2013-06-05T07:38:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/sarahoverthemoon\/?p=4532"},"modified":"2013-06-05T04:45:43","modified_gmt":"2013-06-05T09:45:43","slug":"you-are-not-your-own-series-on-traditional-gender-roles-and-dehumanization","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/sarahoverthemoon\/2013\/06\/you-are-not-your-own-series-on-traditional-gender-roles-and-dehumanization\/","title":{"rendered":"“You Are Not Your Own” Series: On Traditional Gender Roles and Dehumanization"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>

This post is part of a series called\u201cYou Are Not Your Own,\u201d<\/a>\u00a0focusing on rape and sexual assault in Christian relationship\/dating books<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

<\/strong><\/em>Trigger Warning for rape, sexual assault, victim blaming, and dehumanization<\/strong><\/p>\n

Note: this research mainly focused on female rape, so I am not sure if the same trends toward rape myth acceptance would apply in cases of male rape. If anyone wants to see if research has been done on that subject and report back, feel free. Though it is not the focus of my project, male rape is a huge problem as well\u20131 out of every 10 rape victims is male.<\/a>\u00a0I wanted to make it clear that, despite the focus of my study, it is not only women (and definitely not only cisgender women<\/a>) who face sexual violence.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

I left off my previous post<\/a> in this series talking about how sexism can come in different forms. It can be hostile (more blatantly misogynist), or benevolent (more subtle\u2013presenting patriarchy as good for women). But whether hostile or benevolent, sexism leads to a tendency to blame rape victims\u2013in cases of benevolent sexism,\u00a0especially\u00a0<\/em>when a woman steps outside of a benevolent sexist\u2019s idea of how women should act.<\/p>\n

Today, I want to talk about two ways that sexism manifests itself: traditional gender roles and dehumanization. Both of these manifestations of sexism lead to rape myth acceptance<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0<\/a>[1] [2].<\/p>\n

First, let\u2019s talk about traditional gender roles.\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Gender roles differ from culture to culture, but in much of the Western world, traditional gender roles rely on strict differentiation between what is appropriate for men and what is appropriate for women [3]. Women are homemakers, men are breadwinners [3]. Women ought to remain chaste, while men are praised for their sexual exploits [1]. (Note that the problem does not lie in what roles people of either gender decide to fulfill, but in the idea that because one is a certain gender\/sex one\u00a0must\u00a0<\/em>fulfill certain roles)<\/p>\n

Even benevolent sexists who believe in traditional gender roles are likely to accept rape myths as true. Those who would normally be benevolent toward most women display more hostile behaviors toward \u201cbad\u201d women\u2013those who transgress \u201cappropriate\u201d roles for women <\/strong>[4]. This leads to the creation\/perpetuation of rape myths that blame victims who have perceived \u201cbad\u201d reputations <\/strong>[5].<\/strong><\/p>\n

Then, there\u2019s dehumanization.<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n

Dehumanization is a manifestation of sexism that denies women agency and autonomy [6], and is expressed in one of two forms: animalization<\/strong> or objectification <\/strong>[7].<\/p>\n

Animalization<\/a> is a form of dehumanization that refers to the tendency to view a person\/group of people as unevolved, or as having the property\/characteristics of animals [7] (this happens not only to women, but from what I\u2019ve seen, especially to women of color\/people of color in general, and any group of people that has been \u201cOthered\u201d<\/a>).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Click for source<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"<\/a>
Click for source<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Objectification is a form of dehumanization that refers to viewing women as objects or machines, or as lacking the characteristics of living things [7].<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Click for source<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Both animalization and objectification not only correlate with rape myth acceptance, but with higher rape proclivity in men [7]. A man who dehumanizes women is not only more likely to blame victims, but to commit acts of sexual violence himself.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Unfortunately, as I read the Christian relationship books that I focused my research on, I found sexism throughout all of the books. All promoted traditional gender roles, and three out of four of the books promoted dehumanization.\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

REFERENCES:<\/p>\n

[1]\u00a0 Abrams, Dominic, G. Tendayi Viki, Barbara Masser, and Gerd Bohner. 2003. \u201cPerceptions of Stranger and Acquaintance Rape: The Role of Benevolent and Hostile Sexism in Victim Blame and Rape Proclivity.\u201d Journal of Personality and Social Psychology <\/em>84:111\u2013125<\/p>\n

[2] Rudman, Laurie A., and Kris Mescher. 2012. \u201cOf Animals and Objects: Men\u2019s Implicit Dehumanization of Women and Male Sexual Aggression.\u201d Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin <\/em>38:734-746.<\/p>\n

[3]\u00a0 Corrigal, Elizabeth A. and Allison Konrad. 2007 \u201cGender Role Attitudes and Careers: A Longitudinal Study.\u201d\u00a0Sex Roles<\/em>\u00a056(11-12):847-855.<\/p>\n

[4] Glick, Peter, and Susan Fiske. 1996 \u201cThe Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating Hostile and Benevolent Sexism.\u201d\u00a0Journal of Personality and Social Psychology<\/em>\u00a070(3):491-512.<\/p>\n

[5] \u00a0 Viki, G. Tendayi, and Dominic Abrams. 2002 \u201cBut She Was Unfaithful: Benevolent Sexism and Reactions to Rape Victims who Violate Traditional Gender Role Expectations.\u201d\u00a0Sex Roles<\/em>\u00a047(5-6):289-293.<\/p>\n

[6]\u00a0 Nussbaum, Martha C. 1999. Sex & Social Justice<\/em>. New York: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

[7]\u00a0 Rudman, Laurie A., and Kris Mescher. 2012. \u201cOf Animals and Objects: Men\u2019s Implicit Dehumanization of Women and Male Sexual Aggression.\u201d Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin <\/em>38:734-746.<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This post is part of a series called\u201cYou Are Not Your Own,\u201d\u00a0focusing on rape and sexual assault in Christian relationship\/dating books Trigger Warning for rape, sexual assault, victim blaming, and dehumanization Note: this research mainly focused on female rape, so I am not sure if the same trends toward rape myth acceptance would apply in […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1504,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[13,500,154,169,308,17,367,24,391,18,495],"class_list":["post-4532","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-christianity","tag-dehumanization","tag-feminism-2","tag-gender-roles","tag-objectification","tag-rape","tag-religion-and-spirituality","tag-sex","tag-sexism","tag-sexual-assault","tag-you-are-not-your-own"],"yoast_head":"\n"You Are Not Your Own" Series: On Traditional 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