{"id":30804,"date":"2016-01-05T11:43:50","date_gmt":"2016-01-05T16:43:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/?p=30804"},"modified":"2016-01-05T11:43:50","modified_gmt":"2016-01-05T16:43:50","slug":"stonehenge-yucca-mountain-and-the-bible","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/2016\/01\/05\/stonehenge-yucca-mountain-and-the-bible\/","title":{"rendered":"Stonehenge, Yucca Mountain, and the Bible"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>

Philip Jenkins offers a weird, wonderful, wandering rumination on historical memory and \u201cThe Ghosts of Stonehenge<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

We\u2019ve learned a lot in recent years about the history of this ancient monument in southern\u00a0England and Jenkins reviews some of the new theories about its origins:<\/p>\n

There was apparently a gap of some centuries between the time when the stones were quarried, around 3,400 BC, and when they reached Wiltshire to form the basis of historic Stonehenge, around 2,900 BC. The archaeologists involved offer an explanation for this, namely that the stones originally stood as a stone circle in West Wales, in Pembrokeshire. They were then moved as a unit to southern England, possibly because they were of such unusual sanctity. Alternatively, perhaps a tribe of people moved and migrated, and they decided to bring their sacred remains with them. Or else, Tribe A defeated and conquered Tribe B, and annexed their sacred site as a war trophy.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

From there, Jenkins takes a fascinating turn to \u201cone of the most wholly bogus and discredited literary sources of the Middle Ages,\u00a0the\u00a0History of the Kings of Britain<\/em>\u00a0(c.1150) by\u00a0Geoffrey of Monmouth.\u201d Jenkins wants to be very, very clear that Geoffrey was an utterly unreliable peddler\u00a0of invented stories. Even Geoffrey\u2019s\u00a0contemporaries, Jenkins stresses, \u201crecognized he was making most of it up.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

And yet, Geoffrey\u2019s fantastical \u201chistory\u201d of Stonehenge (which involves Merlin\u00a0and Irish giants, among other things) also includes these two elements: That the stones were originally quarried far to the west, and that they were first part of an earlier monument that was transported to the present location. And those two elements, long thought to have been fanciful, are now thought to be roughly accurate.<\/p>\n

Here\u2019s Jenkins:<\/p>\n

Never, please, ever accuse me of giving credence to Geoffrey of Monmouth on anything. The whole story might be a lucky guess by a great story-teller and historical novelist, which is what he was.\u00a0\u2026\u00a0Also, Geoffrey is wrong on so much.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But the idea of that relocation, that second hand quality, does take me aback. Is it possible that local folklore in early medieval times remembered a story that was then reported by some writer, which Geoffrey is transmitting?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2026\u00a0It is tempting, but the timescale is daunting. We are after all talking about a move around 3,000 BC.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

And thus we arrive at the very intriguing question he\u2019s exploring here: How long can history and memory be preserved without any written record? And, even if we stipulate that some<\/em> vestigial memory might linger after many centuries, is there any way to separate those legitimate memories and histories from all that has accumulated around them?<\/p>\n

It\u2019s a tantalizing problem. We want to know more than we do \u2014 maybe more than we can<\/em> \u2014 about the ancient past, but the record of it just isn\u2019t there. What we have, instead, are ciphers and puzzles, like Stonehenge itself. Here is a tangible message from the world of 5,000 years ago, but we have few clues as to how to understand it.<\/p>\n

For his part, Jenkins is doubtful that older traditions and memories can long survive without a written account:<\/p>\n

I am very skeptical when ancient or medieval authors claim to pass on older traditions, because they so clearly demonstrate how rapidly accurate information fades away. In eighth century England, the author who wrote the poem\u00a0<\/span>The Ruin\u00a0<\/em>describes the country\u2019s ruined Roman cities in such a way that shows he has not a clue about their actual operation or function. That is over a gap of just four hundred years \u2013 and yes, these cities are likewise attributed to \u201cgiants of old.\u201d The Biblical account of the conquest of Canaan several centuries previously describes the destruction of the city of Ai, a name that means simply \u201cheap of ruins.\u201d That was, likely, all the memory that had survived of the site and its fate, and a story was invented accordingly. Claims that accurate tradition can survive more than a century or two without written continuity need to be examined very carefully.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

And yet, he says, he still wants to cling to some \u201cghosts\u201d and to some \u201cillusions about oral tradition extending across several millennia.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

I don\u2019t think that\u2019s entirely<\/em> impossible, or wholly illusory. Clearly, some<\/em>\u00a0kinds of oral traditions did, in fact, survive for millennia \u2014 trades and crafts, agriculture, fishing, winemaking, masonry, etc. Those skills were remembered and retained out of necessity. But for less practical arts and lore \u2014 who built that temple? why is that mountain sacred? how did our people come to live here? \u2014 Jenkins is, alas, probably right\u00a0to be very skeptical that any meaningful truth might have been preserved for very long.<\/p>\n

This recalls the intriguing problem addressed by the Human Interference Task Force<\/a> and its ongoing efforts to figure out some kind of warning sign for our nuclear waste that might endure for 10,000 years and still communicate its message millennia from now when we and our language and symbols are all long gone.<\/p>\n

Whatever warning sign we might imagine, we can also imagine it being misinterpreted or misunderstood by whatever future visitors might stumble across our waste sites thousands of years from now.\u00a0Slate\u2019s<\/em> design blog had a good summary of this dilemma<\/a> a few years ago:<\/p>\n

\"Thorns\"<\/a>Ruling out language and symbols, the panelists thought about using some visual storytelling. A landscape artist and architect named Mike Brill envisioned huge needles jutting up from the ground \u2014 a \u201clandscape of thorns\u201d \u2014 to make people scared of being in this dangerous place. But there\u2019s no way of knowing that this ominous landscape wouldn\u2019t become an attraction in itself and actually invite people to explore it.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Even if this landscape of thorns still somehow signified \u201ckeep out: danger,\u201d the visitors of 10,000 years from now might take that as an indication that it guarded some treasure, rather than still-deadly toxic waste. Or, like the archaeologists now studying Stonehenge, they might be drawn to the site to study it so as to try to learn more about us<\/em>, the mysterious people of 10,000 years ago.<\/p>\n

But there\u2019s a more immediately relevant point in Jenkins\u2019 ramble, too. He hints at it there in his reference to the biblical story of Ai \u2014 a story, he notes, that seems to have been \u201cinvented accordingly\u201d to account for a heap of ruins.<\/p>\n

That story was written down some 2,400 years ago, more or less. So already, with that written story, we\u2019re dealing with a text written by people who lived in an almost incomprehensibly different world from our own. But that text purports to tell a much older story still, one that took place hundreds of years earlier and one that claims to have endured through all those centuries without any formal record or written account. As Jenkins says of Stonehenge, \u201cthe timescale is daunting.\u201d For the Book of Joshua no less than for that ancient monument, \u201cClaims that accurate tradition can survive more than a century or two without written continuity need to be examined very carefully.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Jenkins is writing on Patheos\u2019 evangelical channel, so he\u2019s tip-toeing a bit here. But he\u2019s not suggesting anything that would seem strange to any biblical scholar \u2014 not even to most evangelical biblical scholars. The \u201chistories\u201d of the Hebrew scriptures were written centuries after the events they describe, and, generally speaking, we regard the historical reliability of many of them as somewhere around that of Geoffrey of Monmouth.<\/p>\n

We do not have any tangible history of the city of Ai, and the story we have in Joshua shouldn\u2019t be thought of as giving us such a history. But what we do<\/em> have is that story. That story was written down and preserved as a story<\/em>, eventually entering the canon of the Hebrew scriptures and, much later, of the Christian Bible. Is that story \u201chistory\u201d? No, but that story\u00a0is scripture<\/em>. It should be read as what it is and not as what it\u2019s not. It\u2019s always a good idea to read things that way.<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How long can history and memory be preserved without any written record? And, even if we stipulate that some vestigial memory might linger after many centuries, is there any way to separate those legitimate memories and histories from all that has accumulated around them? It’s a tantalizing problem. We want to know more than we do — maybe more than we can — about the ancient past, but the record of it just isn’t there. What we have, instead, are ciphers and puzzles, with few clues to understanding them.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[11,15,129],"class_list":["post-30804","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-bible","tag-environment","tag-history"],"yoast_head":"\nStonehenge, Yucca Mountain, and the Bible<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How long can history and memory be preserved without any written record? And, even if we stipulate that some vestigial memory might linger after many centuries, is there any way to separate those legitimate memories and histories from all that has accumulated around them? It's a tantalizing problem. We want to know more than we do -- maybe more than we can -- about the ancient past, but the record of it just isn't there. 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A former managing editor of Prism magazine, Fred worked in the parachurch nonprofit world for a decade and then for a decade in the newspaper biz. He began blogging in 2002. In 2003 he began writing a review of the best-selling Left Behind series. Eight years later he still hasn\u2019t finished reviewing the second book of that series and the experience has left him a broken shell of a man. Fred knows the difference between the possessive \u201cits\u201d and the contraction \u201cit\u2019s,\u201d and he is acutely bothered when others mistakenly confuse the two, yet he himself just kind of instinctively types the apostrophe whether or not it belongs there. Some feel this is his greatest hypocrisy, but those who know him better know better. He\u2019s guilty of much greater hypocrisies. Jesus loves Fred far more than Fred loves Jesus, but he at least has the decency to recognize the unfairness of that lopsided relationship and he has long wished that he were better at maybe kind of sort of doing something more to correct that some day. A Baptist, an amateur, a Gen-Xer, a Gemini and a Mets fan, Fred lives in Southeastern Pennsylvania with his wife and two teenage daughters. You can reach him via email at slacktivist at hotmail dot com.\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/author\/fredclark1\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Stonehenge, Yucca Mountain, and the Bible","description":"How long can history and memory be preserved without any written record? And, even if we stipulate that some vestigial memory might linger after many centuries, is there any way to separate those legitimate memories and histories from all that has accumulated around them? It's a tantalizing problem. 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A former managing editor of Prism magazine, Fred worked in the parachurch nonprofit world for a decade and then for a decade in the newspaper biz. He began blogging in 2002. In 2003 he began writing a review of the best-selling Left Behind series. Eight years later he still hasn\u2019t finished reviewing the second book of that series and the experience has left him a broken shell of a man. Fred knows the difference between the possessive \u201cits\u201d and the contraction \u201cit\u2019s,\u201d and he is acutely bothered when others mistakenly confuse the two, yet he himself just kind of instinctively types the apostrophe whether or not it belongs there. Some feel this is his greatest hypocrisy, but those who know him better know better. He\u2019s guilty of much greater hypocrisies. Jesus loves Fred far more than Fred loves Jesus, but he at least has the decency to recognize the unfairness of that lopsided relationship and he has long wished that he were better at maybe kind of sort of doing something more to correct that some day. A Baptist, an amateur, a Gen-Xer, a Gemini and a Mets fan, Fred lives in Southeastern Pennsylvania with his wife and two teenage daughters. You can reach him via email at slacktivist at hotmail dot com.","url":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/author\/fredclark1\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30804","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30804"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30804\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30804"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30804"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/slacktivist\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30804"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}