{"id":429,"date":"2015-02-03T05:00:38","date_gmt":"2015-02-03T11:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/admin.patheos.com\/blogs\/theologyintheraw\/?p=429"},"modified":"2015-02-02T13:21:12","modified_gmt":"2015-02-02T19:21:12","slug":"biblical-support-for-annihilation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/theologyintheraw\/2015\/02\/biblical-support-for-annihilation\/","title":{"rendered":"Biblical Support for Annihilation"},"content":{"rendered":"<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><head><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><meta http-equiv=\"content-type\" content=\"text\/html; charset=utf-8\"><\/head><body><p>In my previous post, I said that while I am not an \u201cAnnihilationist,\u201d I do see enough biblical support for this position to qualify it as an Evangelical option. I have not yet had the time to clear my desk to engage in prayerful, <a href=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/476\/2015\/02\/Hell-painting.jpg\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-443\" src=\"https:\/\/wp-media.patheos.com\/blogs\/sites\/476\/2015\/02\/Hell-painting-206x300.jpg\" alt=\"Hell painting\" width=\"206\" height=\"300\"><\/a> thorough, painstaking exegesis to have landed on this position. But from what I have seen, <strong>there\u2019s a good deal of sound, biblical arguments for it.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Before we examine these, we need to know what it is we\u2019re even talking about.<\/p>\n<p>Rightly understood, the annihilation view of hell says that there will be irreversible, horrific punishment for those who don\u2019t believe in Christ. This punishment may last for a period of time, but ultimately it will end. The wicked will pass out of existence; they will not be tormented forever and ever.<\/p>\n<p>This view is usually referred to as \u201cconditional immortality\u201d by its proponents, since immortality is a gift given to the righteous in Christ (see below). But as statement in my previous blog, I actually prefer the term \u201cterminal punishment\u201d instead of conditional immortality (which is still unfamiliar to many) or annihilation (which has too many negative connotations). To be clear, annihilation (hereafter \u201cterminal punishment\u201d) is <strong>not <\/strong>a product of <strong>Jehovah\u2019s Witness theology<\/strong>. While it\u2019s true that JW\u2019s hold to this view, this doesn\u2019t mean that they invented the doctrine nor does it mean that those who hold to terminal punishment are Jehovah\u2019s Witness. I\u2019m sorry to waste your time with this basic point, but I\u2019ve actually heard people assume I\u2019ve become Jehovah\u2019s Witness because I see biblical support for terminal punishment. Yikes! Does that mean that I\u2019m also Muslim because I believe in the sovereignty of God? Or <a href='https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/library\/buddhism' target='_blank'>Buddhist<\/a>, since I believe in nonviolence? One of the more comical assumptions was from someone on Facebook who thought I might now be an atheist because they heard that I was \u201can Annihilationist.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Come on, people! We <em>must<\/em> use our brains. And our Bibles. <strong>It\u2019s a sad day in Evangelicalism when accusations and name-calling replace authentic study of God\u2019s inspired word.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Plus, the duration of hell is not listed in the Apostle\u2019s Creed nor the Nicene Creed\u2014the basic standards of orthodox Christian doctrine. And while ECT has been the dominant, though not universal, Christian view, terminal punishment has been the view of several prominent Evangelical theologians throughout history.<\/p>\n<p>In any case, here are some of the strongest biblical arguments in favor of terminal punishment:<\/p>\n<p><strong>First<\/strong>, most of the passages in the NT that talk about the fate of the wicked use language that suggests finality. Here\u2019s just a small sampling:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cDestruction\u201d or \u201cperish\u201d (Greek: <em>apoleia<\/em> or <em>olethros<\/em> Matt 7:13; John 3:16; 17:12; Acts 8:20; Rom 9:22-23; Phil 1:28; 3:19; 2 Thess 2:3; 1 Tim 6:9; Heb 10:39; 2 Pet 2:1; 1 Thess 5:3; 2 Thess 1:9; 1 Tim 6:9).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cDeath\u201d (Greek: <em>thanatos<\/em> or <em>apothnesko<\/em> Rom 1:32; 6:21; 7:5; 8:6; 1 Cor 15:21-22; 15:56; 2 Cor 2:16; 7:10; James 1:15; 5:20; 1 John 5:16; Rev 2:11; 20:6, 14; 21:8)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cEnd\u201d (Greek: <em>telos<\/em> Rom 6:21-22; 2 Cor 11:15; Phil 3:19; 1 Pet 4:17)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cDisintegration\/corruption\u201d (<em>phthora<\/em>) (Gal 6:8; 2 Pet 1:4; 2:12).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>We could add to this list several other images that would also suggest the cessation of life for the wicked. Images such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>burned up chaff, trees, weeds, branches (Matt 3:12; 7:19; 13:40; John 15:6).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>a destroyed house, discarded fish, uprooted plant, chopped down tree (Matt 7:27; 13:48; 15:13; Luke 13:7)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>the Day of Judgment is compared to OT examples of the flood, destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, Lot\u2019s wife turned into salt (Luke 17:27, 29, 32).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>wicked compared to ground up powder or cut to pieces (Matt 21:41, 44; 24:51).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Let\u2019s pause for a second. Look up some of these passages if you need to. Lay aside your assumptions as best you can and consider these points. These <em>biblical<\/em> points. I\u2019m not saying you need to embrace this view\u2014I haven\u2019t embraced it yet. But any fair-minded, Bible-believing Christian should at least pause and say, \u201cHuh, wow, a plain reading of those texts would suggest finality.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.premierchristianradio.com\/Shows\/Saturday\/Unbelievable\/Episodes\/Unbelievable-Should-Christians-rethink-Hell-Dr-Al-Mohler-Chris-Date-debate-the-traditional-conditionalist-view\" class=\" decorated-link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">recent debate between on the nature of hell between <strong>Al Mohler<\/strong> (ECT) and <strong>Chris Date<\/strong> (Terminal Punishment),<\/a> Date kept giving exegetical argument after exegetical argument, and Mohler simply referred to Date\u2019s arguments as \u201cnot the traditional reading\u201d and <em>clear evidence of \u201cinterpretive calisthenics.\u201d<\/em> Maybe I\u2019m completely blinded, but <strong>is it \u201cinterpretive calisthenics\u201d to say that <em>destruction<\/em>, <em>death<\/em>, <em>perish<\/em>, <em>end<\/em>, <em>burned up chaff<\/em>, and <em>the destructive of Sodom and Gomorrah<\/em> may actually suggest finality and not ongoing torment?<\/strong> Certainly, we\u2019ll get to the counterarguments from the ECT position. But when we hear of someone embracing terminal punishment in light of the Scriptures, we should at the very least stop mocking the arguments without actually refuting them. You can acknowledge that a particular view has some good biblical merit without actually embracing it.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Second<\/strong>, the Bible says that the gift of immortality is only given to believers who are in Christ (see (1 Cor 15:21-23, 50-54; 2 Tim 1:10). That is, immortality (i.e. living forever) is\u00a0<em>not<\/em> inherent to humankind. The soul is not inherently immortal, so ECT can only work if God miraculously gives a type of immortality to the wicked at their resurrection. But this is never clearly stated in Scripture. Immortality is only given to believers. And remember Genesis 2, where \u201cliving forever\u201d was conditioned upon eating from the tree of life (which shows up again in Rev. 22).<\/p>\n<p>What\u2019s interesting is that Augustine, who was by far the most influential advocate for ECT, believed that the soul\u00a0<em>was<\/em> immortal. (His view was carried over from his Platonic past.) For him, <strong>terminal punishment wasn\u2019t even an option.<\/strong> The soul, which lives forever, must either live forever in heaven (or the new creation) or live forever in hell. ECT was the only real option for Augustine and his view was more or less embraced for the next 1,000 years.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Third<\/strong>, the language of \u201ceternality\u201d (<em>aionios<\/em>) doesn\u2019t always (or usually?) convey the idea of never-ending time. Notice, for instance, some of the Septuagint uses of the Greek word <em>aionios<\/em>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>LXX Ps 24:7 \u201cLife up your heads, O gates! And be lifted up, O <em>aionioi<\/em> (eternal) doors!\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>LXX 1 Chron 15:2 \u201c<em>eternal<\/em> priesthood\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>So when we come to passages like 2 Thessalonians 1:9 where Paul talks about \u201ceternal destruction,\u201d this doesn\u2019t have to mean \u201c<strong>the ongoing, never ending act of destroying which is never final<\/strong>,\u201d but it could very easily mean \u201c<strong>a destruction characteristic of the ages<\/strong>.\u201d Or even if <em>aionios<\/em> does signify never-ending time, when joined with\u00a0<em>olethron<\/em> (\u201cdestruction\u201d), it could mean that the destruction is final; that is, it will never end or be reversed.<\/p>\n<p>And the same is true of Matthew 25:46. When Jesus says: \u201cAnd these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life,\u201d the \u201ceternal punishment\u201d doesn\u2019t have to mean the \u201ceternal act of punishing\u201d but could mean the never-ending duration of the punish<em><strong>ment<\/strong><\/em>\u2014the results of the verdict.<\/p>\n<p>The sum up this point, the word \u201ceternal\u201d (or better: \u201ceverlasting\u201d)\u00a0<em>may<\/em> refer to ECT, but it could also simply refer to the finality or completeness of the destruction or to its other worldly nature\u2014it\u2019s a \u201cdestruction of the ages,\u201d or \u201cnot of this world.\u201d Either way, it does not unambiguously refer to ECT.<\/p>\n<p>I know, I know. Some of you will still say that this is interpretive calisthenics. But I disagree. This is simply the possibility of the Greek language. Again, to be clear, I\u2019m not saying that terminal punishment is the only way, or even the best way, to interpret 2 Thessalonians 1:9 or Matthew 25:46. I do think, however, that it\u2019s a perfectly legitimate way of understanding how the Greek adjectives and nouns can function. <strong>Only those who are conditioned to read ECT into these texts will say that they\u00a0<em>can only<\/em> be interpreted to mean eternal conscious torment.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I\u2019ve got some thoughts on the \u201cweeping and gnashing of teeth\u201d and \u201cundying worm\u201d images, but why don\u2019t we stop here. There\u2019s a lot to digest. But stay tuned, we\u2019ll keep talking about hell, but I promise you: This series won\u2019t last forever. It will terminate at some point in time.<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In my previous post, I said that while I am not an \u201cAnnihilationist,\u201d I do see enough biblical support for this position to qualify it as an Evangelical option. I have not yet had the time to clear my desk to engage in prayerful, thorough, painstaking exegesis to have landed on this position. But from [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2049,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[193,10,194,195,191],"tags":[196,199,2050],"class_list":["post-429","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-annihilation","category-being-biblical","category-conditional-immortality","category-erasing-hell","category-hell","tag-annihilation-2","tag-conditional-immortality-2","tag-hell"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Biblical Support for Annihilation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"In my previous post, I said that while I am not an \u201cAnnihilationist,\u201d I do see enough biblical support for this position to qualify it as an Evangelical\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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