{"id":27702,"date":"2015-06-27T09:00:05","date_gmt":"2015-06-27T14:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/voxnova\/?p=27702"},"modified":"2015-06-27T09:00:05","modified_gmt":"2015-06-27T14:00:05","slug":"two-literary-perspectives-on-us-racism-by-citizen-by-claudia-rankine-and-americanah-by-chimamanda-ngoza-adichie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.patheos.com\/blogs\/voxnova\/2015\/06\/27\/two-literary-perspectives-on-us-racism-by-citizen-by-claudia-rankine-and-americanah-by-chimamanda-ngoza-adichie\/","title":{"rendered":"Two Literary Perspectives on US Racism: Citizen by Claudia Rankine and Americanah by Chimamanda Ngoza Adichie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<\/head>

I vividly recall the autumn of 2008. I had just moved from the US to Canada to start my Master\u2019s degree in Toronto. Eager to vote in my second US presidential election, I ordered my absentee ballot well in advance and set to work informing myself about the candidates and their stances on issues that mattered.<\/p>\n

It was not an easy decision. Nevertheless, I remember the thrill that pulsed through me on that chilly November evening as the election results came in and state after state turned up blue. This was no ordinary election. This was history in the making. Forty-three years after the end of Jim Crow, we were electing our first black president. For the first time in a long time, I was filled with pride for my country. We were finally fulfilling Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.\u2019s dream. We had overcome.<\/p>\n

Today, I look back on that initial euphoria with a sigh. How naive could a young, white American graduate student be?<\/p>\n

The deaths of Trayvon Martin, Eric Garner, Michael Brown, Akai Gurley, Walter Scott, and Freddie Gray have all forced me to renounce my premature optimism. Meanwhile, last week\u2019s murder of nine innocent people at the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, SC has made me ask myself what century I am living in. Have I inadvertently stepped into a time machine? Are we back in 1963, when the 16th<\/sup> St. Baptist Church in Birmingham, AL was bombed by KKK members?<\/p>\n

It would be easy to dismiss this killing as an aberration. As Steven W. Thrasher has written in The Guardian<\/i>,<\/a> \u201cThe collective denial of ongoing racism allows us to ignore differentials in infant mortality and overall life expectancy, and to classify the deaths of nine people killed in church as the alleged victims of a mentally ill individual rather than a racist terrorist.\u201d As Thrasher is eager to point out, this heinous act is not an isolated incident. Rather, it is a logical consequence of the society we live in.<\/p>\n

Faced with this harsh reality, I cannot simply shake my head in self-righteous indignation or naively ask myself how on earth Dylan Roof could have committed this horrible crime. When I read the statistics about poverty and incarceration in the US; when I see the white faces that dominate business, media, academia and government; when I drive through the impoverished predominantly black neighbourhoods of Buffalo, NY \u2013 my hometown and one of the most segregated cities in the US \u2013 I am reminded again and again that we Americans have a serious problem. And while you or I as individuals may not consider ourselves racist (though we probably are), we live in a society whose very structure is marked by racial inequality. As active participants in this society, we must each take our share of the responsibility for its flaws.<\/p>\n

The question that follows, then, is what are we to do about this? Wallowing in guilt will not ameliorate the situation. Neither will dismissing the issues as too complex for any one person to make a difference. The first step is to take a deep breath, acknowledge the reality of present-day racism in the US, and then to listen to some of the people who have been affected by this problem.<\/p>\n

I immediately find myself turning to literature for guidance. It hardly seems coincidental that during the past two years, two great literary texts dealing with the theme of US racism have received much critical acclaim in the US. Published in 2013, Chimamanda Ngoza Adichie\u2019s Americanah<\/i> tells the story of a young Nigerian woman who migrates to the US and struggles to come to terms with what it means to be black in America. Published at the end of 2014, Claudia Rankine\u2019s Citizen: An American Lyric<\/i> is an unusual hybrid text combining poetry, essays, images, and links to Internet videos. Interestingly, both Rankine and Adichie were born outside the US \u2013 Adichie is Nigerian (but, like her protagonist, she has spent many years living in the US) and Rankine, though having lived most of her life in the US, is originally from Jamaica. This gives both authors the opportunity to look at the US from a dual perspective as insiders and outsiders, participants and observers.<\/p>\n

Assuming a documentary style, a large portion of Rankine\u2019s book features brief, second-person essays narrating incidents of everyday racism experienced by Rankine herself along with a group of people whom she interviewed. The use of \u201cyou\u201d draws the reader into the situation and forces us to taste the pain, anger and downright confusion that racism causes. Delivered in succession and without commentary, these texts make a powerful statement about racism\u2019s power to simultaneously render people invisible while also exposing them to complete humiliation. Consider these three fragments from the text:<\/p>\n

\n

The new therapist specializes in trauma counseling. You have only ever spoken on the phone. Her house has a side gate that leads to a back entrance she uses for patients. You walk down a path bordered on both sides with deer grass and rosemary to the gate, which turns out to be locked. At the front door the bell is a small round disc that you press firmly. When the door finally opens, the woman standing there yells, at the top of her lungs, Get away from my house! What are you doing in my yard? It\u2019s as if a wounded Doberman pinscher or a German shepherd has gained the power of speech. And though you back up a few steps, you manage to tell her you have an appointment. You have an appointment? She spits back. Then she pauses. Everything pauses. Oh, she says, followed by, oh, yes, that\u2019s right. I am sorry. I am so sorry, so, so sorry (14)<\/p>\n

The man at the cash register wants to know if you think your card will work. If this is his routine, he didn\u2019t use it on the friend who went before you. As she picks up her bag, she looks to see what you will say. She says nothing. You want her to say something\u2014both as witness and as a friend. She is not you; her silence says so. Because you are watching all this take place even as you participate in it, you say nothing as well. Come over here with me, your eyes say. Why on earth would she? The man behind the register returns your card and places the sandwich and Pellegrino in a bag, which you take from the counter. What is wrong with you? The question gets stuck in your dreams (46).<\/p>\n

In line at the drugstore it\u2019s finally your turn, and then it\u2019s not as he walks in front of you and puts his things on the counter. The cashier says, Sir, she was next. When he turns to you he is truly surprised.<\/p>\n

Oh my god, I didn\u2019t see you.<\/p>\n

You must be in a hurry, you offer.<\/p>\n

No, no, no, I really didn\u2019t see you. (66)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

In the last of these examples, we see that racism has the power to render someone absolutely invisible \u2013 the main in the drugstore does not even notice the speaker. In the first one, racism renders the speaker all-too visible. It is shocking that a mental health professional \u2013 a trauma counselor, nonetheless \u2013 would react in anger and fear to unexpectedly receiving a black patient. But, this is a true story. The example in the middle is, for me, the most interesting. The speaker experiences a moment of shame and humiliation when the cashier expresses the assumption that the debit card will not work. Turning to a friend for support \u2013 some kind of intervention, some comment, some expression of solidarity \u2013 the speaker is left alone.<\/p>\n

Reading this text, I can\u2019t help but cast myself in the role of that white bystander, that supposed friend who passively stands aside as these events take place. While Rankine never explicitly speaks to white people and tells us what we should do, this passage offers a clue. White people cannot dismiss racism as someone else\u2019s problem. Acknowledging that we are bound up with it is one of the first step toward overcoming it.<\/p>\n

The other important first step is listening. Ifemelu, the protagonist of Adichie\u2019s novel, is a young Nigerian woman who, shocked by the treatment she gets as a black woman in the US, starts an anonymous blog about it. In a post entitled \u201cFriendly Tips for the American Non-Black: How to React to an American Black Talking About Blackness,\u201d she states,<\/p>\n

\n

Dear American Non-Black, if an American Black person is telling you about an experience about being black, please do not eagerly bring up examples from your own life. Don\u2019t say \u201cIt\u2019s just like when I\u2026\u201d You have suffered. Everyone in the world has suffered. But you have not suffered precisely because you are an American Black [\u2026] Don\u2019t bring up your Irish great-grandparents\u2019 suffering. Of course they got a lot of shit from established America. So did the Italians. So did the Eastern Europeans. But there was a hierarchy. A hundred years ago, the white ethnics hated being hated, but it was sort of tolerable because at least black people were below them on the ladder. Don\u2019t say your grandfather was a serf in Russia when slavery happened because hat matters is you are American now and being American means taking on the whole shebang, America\u2019s assets and America\u2019s debts, and Jim Crow is a big-ass debt [\u2026] Don\u2019t put on a Let\u2019s Be Fair tone and say \u201cBut black people are racist too.\u201d Because of course we\u2019re all prejudiced (I can\u2019t even stand some of my blood relatives, grasping, selfish folks), but racism is about the power of a group and in America it\u2019s white folks who have that power. How? Well, white folks don\u2019t get treated like shit in upper-class African-American communities and white folks don\u2019t get denied bank loans or mortgages precisely because they are white and black juries don\u2019t give white criminals worse sentences than black criminals for the same crime and black police officers don\u2019t stop white folk for driving while white and black companies don\u2019t choose not to hire somebody because their name sounds white and black teachers don\u2019t tell white kids that they\u2019re not smart enough to be doctors and black politicians don\u2019t try some tricks to reduce the voting power of white folks through gerrymandering and advertising agencies don\u2019t say they can\u2019t use white models to advertise glamorous products because they are not considered \u201caspirational\u201d by the \u201cmainstream\u201d (404-407).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

After going through this list of \u201cdon\u2019ts,\u201d Ifemelu offers one \u201cdo\u201d:<\/p>\n

\n

Hear what is being said. And remember that it\u2019s not about you. American Blacks are not telling you that you are to blame. They are just telling you what is. If you don\u2019t understand, ask questions. If you\u2019re uncomfortable about asking questions, say you are uncomfortable about asking questions and then ask anyway. It\u2019s easy to tell when a question is coming from a good place. Then listen some more. Sometimes people just want to feel heard. Here\u2019s to possibilities of friendship and connection and understanding (406).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Another theme that appears in both texts is the phenomenon of black anger over racism \u2013 and white fear or dismissal of that anger. In Citizen, <\/i>Rankine includes a fairly long essay on tennis virtuoso Serena Williams, who at an earlier stage in her career was known for getting angry over the injustices she faced in a white-dominated sport. Adichie\u2019s heroine, meanwhile, has a blog post directed toward her fellow black non-Americans instructing them that they must never show anger to non-black Americans:<\/p>\n

\n

If you\u2019re telling a non-black person about something racist that happened to you, make sure you are not bitter. Don\u2019t complain. Be forgiving. If possible, make it funny. Most of all, do not be angry. Black people are not supposed to be angry about racism. Otherwise you get no sympathy. This applies only for white liberals, by the way. Don\u2019t even bother telling a white conservative about anything racist that happened to you. Because the conservatives will tell you that YOU are the real racist and your mouth will hang open in confusion (275).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

This taboo on black anger in a white-dominated society might offer another inroad when thinking about what it is that we have to do. In Citizen<\/i>, Rankine suggests that the ability to curb one\u2019s emotions is generally a requisite for membership in any society \u2013 a requisite for citizenship, if you will. Perhaps this attitude toward emotion is something all of us, regardless of our race, should bear in mind when thinking about how to go about building a non-racist society. What is the most productive way of dealing with the anger, fear, shame, guilt, that racism causes? Looking at the contemporary US with these literary texts in mind, I will argue that the bloody overt violence that took place in Charleston last week is a reflection of countless smaller acts of aggression that white people commit against black people every day \u2013 usually without realizing it, often with the best of intentions. In the wake of this attack, I believe we need to change our society from the inside out.\u00a0We must seriously\u00a0examine our own implicit prejudices and open ourselves to the possibility of new ways of seeing our country and all people who call it home.<\/p>\n

Citations<\/p>\n

Adichie, Chimamanda Ngoza. Americanah. <\/i>New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013.<\/p>\n

Rankine, Claudia. Citizen: An American Lyric. <\/i>Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2014.<\/p>\n<\/body><\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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