William I, Prince of Orange (1533–1584), is remembered as a champion of religious freedom. He also is remembered as the father of the Dutch Republic. This Republic was a confederation of provinces that was pulled apart in 1795 by friction between republicans and monarchists, and then its territory was absorbed into Napoleon’s French Empire in 1806. As I understand it, it was a small country that fell within the boundaries of the current nation of the Netherlands, but you should... Read more
I’ve been writing about Japan in the 16th and 17th centuries, and before moving on I want to tell the poignant story of the warlord and the tea master. In this story the warlord is Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598), who is discussed in the post about the 26 martyrs of Nagasaki. The tea master is Sen no Rikyū (1522-1591). Rikyū was not just a tea master. He was the tea master who set the rules of the ceremony as it is... Read more
Christianity was banned in Japan in 1614. This was about 65 years after it had been introduced to Japan. The last post told the story of the 26 Martyrs of Nagasaki, a group of Franciscan priests and Japanese Catholics who were crucified in Nagasaki in 1597. But that was just a preview. More executions followed, and after the ban Japanese officials went to extraordinary lengths to identify — and eliminate — all traces of Christianity in Japan. This purge of... Read more
The 26 martyrs of Nagasaki were Christian missionaries who were crucified in Nagasaki, Japan, on February 5, 1597. Among these were six Franciscan priests, most of them Spanish. The remainder were Japanese Catholic converts, at least one of whom had been ordained by the Jesuits. Three were young boys who had served as altar attendants. The martyrs of Nagasaki were executed on the order of Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598), a powerful samurai warlord who is credited with unifying Japan after a... Read more
Why are there more nones? The “nones,” you probably know, are people who have no religious affiliation. They may be atheist, agnostic, or “nothing in particular.” A half century ago, nones were about 5 percent of the U.S. population. Now they are nearly 30 percent. Why is this happening? The Pew Research Center has been tracking religious affiliation in the U.S. for several years, and recently Pew affirmed that “nones” are the single largest religious demographic in the U.S. They... Read more
The Thai Forest Tradition, or more formally the Kammaṭṭhāna Forest Tradition of Thailand, is a relatively new order of Buddhist monasticism that has come to be widely admired. The order grew out of a revival/reform movement of Theravada Buddhism in southeast Asia that began in the 19th century. Several recent posts here have touched on facets of this movement. See “Anagarika Dharmapala, a Missionary for Buddhism“; “The Vipassana Movement: Spreading Insight Everywhere“; and “U Dhammaloka, Irish Activist And Buddhist Monk.”... Read more
U Dhammaloka (1856–1914, maybe) was (possibly) the first westerner to become an ordained Buddhist monk. Parts of his biography are a mystery, but what can be pieced together makes quite a story. And it’s a story told in a book titled The Irish Buddhist: The Forgotten Monk who Faced Down the British Empire by Alicia Turner, Laurence Cox, and Brian Bocking (Oxford University Press, 2020). The authors’ painstaking work to document U Dhammaloka’s life story was complicated by his practice... Read more
This is the story of the Vipassana Movement, which began in 19th century Burma — today’s Myanmar — and spread around the globe. And the story begins with an invasion. In 1885 British troops entered Mandalay, Burma, and deposed the King. For the Burmese this created a religious as well as a political crisis. The King was the head and protector of Buddhism in Burma. As the last King of Burma, Thibaw, was taken away to exile in an oxcart.... Read more
Will there be Christian public schools in the U.S.? Recently Heidi Przybyla reported for Politico that “Groups aligned with the conservative legal movement and its financial architect, Leonard Leo, are working to promote a publicly funded Christian school in Oklahoma, hoping to create a test case to change the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the First Amendment’s separation of church and state.” Leonard Leo is a controversial figure who has been much in the news this past year for the way... Read more
The commercialization of Christmas is something both endorsed and lamented. Many people imagine Christmas to have been less gaudy and more religious in the past. But Christmas Past was a lot of things that might surprise you. For example, during the Tudor period of England and Wales — 1485 and 1603 — Christmas was mostly an adult holiday marked by lots of drinking, gambling, games, more drinking, feasting, dancing, and drinking. And other adult activities. Of course, there were church... Read more
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