I share here a couple of passages extracted for my future use from Michael Bonner, Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006). In the first, Professor Bonner refers to the Umayyad Dynasty, which came to power after the close of the reigns of the four so-called Rashidun (or “rightly-guided”) caliphs — Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, ‘Uthman, and ‘Ali — who had succeeded the Prophet Muhammad, in their turns, as the rulers... Read more