April 10, 2024

The conventional wisdom is that church affiliation is plummeting because Christians support right wing politics,  are intolerant of LGBTQs, and hold to other culturally conservative beliefs.  Those are surely factors in many cases, but the churches that are showing the biggest exodus are the denominations that promote progressive politics, support the LGBTQ agenda, and are culturally liberal.

The Public Religion Research Institute conducted a study of the retention rate of churches, including both the “churning” of church affiliation–that is, members leaving one denomination for another–as well as “disaffiliation,” in which members leave to become “nones.”

The study report, entitled”Religious Change in America,” found that “White evangelical Protestants have one of the highest retention rates of all religious groups.”  In 2023, they retained 76% of their members.  This is actually an improvement.  In 2016, their retention rate was 66%.  “White mainline/non-evangelical Protestants also continue losing more members than they replace and at higher rates than other Protestants.”  In 2023, their retention rate was 58%.

Religions with the highest retention rates were Black Protestants (82%) and Jews (77%).  White Catholics had a retention rate of 62%, with Hispanic Catholics at 68%.

Of those who left their churches to become unaffiliated with any church, 35% were mainline/non-evangelical Protestants; 35% were Catholics; and 16% were evangelical Protestants.  Those leaving non-Christian traditions were only 8%.

Why did they become unaffiliated?  The biggest reason given was simply that they no longer believe in the church’s teachings, at 67%.  And of those beliefs, 47% cited the church’s “negative teaching about or treatment of gay and lesbian people.”  Most of those must have been responding to the official Catholic teachings, since 35% were leaving liberal Protestant denominations that for the most part support the LGBTQ cause.

To be sure, “‘Unaffiliated’ is the only major religious category experiencing growth,” to the point that 26% of the American surveyed are no longer members of any church.  A major reason given, though, for giving up church entirely is that their family was not all that religious while they were growing up, cited by 41% of the unaffiliated.

A different study of young adults aged 18-30 found similar results, and it has the virtue of spinning out the confessional Missouri Synod Lutherans from mainline liberal Lutherans.  Consulting data from the ongoing General Social Survey, the Catholic periodical The Pillar found that in the 2018-2022 cohort a shocking 42% say that their religion is “none,” with 29% saying they are Protestant, and 19% saying they are Catholic.

In 1978-1982, 19% of young adults were members of the Protestant Mainline.  In 1998-2002, that number had declined to 11%.  In 2018-2022, that number was only 5%!

The category of “other Protestants” fared much better.  In the words of the report:

The group labeled as “Other Protestants” includes more evangelical denominations, including the various denominations of Baptists, the Missouri Synod Lutherans, and the African Methodist Episcopal communities, as well as non-denominational Protestants.

These evangelical and non-denominational Protestants decreased from 38% of young respondents in 1978-1982 to 24% in 2018-2022. This is still a very significant decline, but not as large as among mainline Protestants.

Breaking it down still further,

The number of young adult respondents claiming membership in every single named Protestant denomination had declined by 65% or more over the last 40 years. Baptists had declined the least, at 65%, while Lutherans had seen the largest decline at 75%. But across the board this was a change which can only be described as a collapse.

Meanwhile, non-denominational and other Protestants had actually seen their share increase slightly among young people.

That share increases in the three cohorts from 15.1% to 15.6% to 15.7%.  This is more evidence of the greater retention in more conservative traditions.  The chart showing this data has a prominent asterix, with a note saying “*Missouri Synod Lutherans are included in Non-Denom/Other.”  That’s odd for the LCMS to be included with the non-denoms, which doubtless improves our numbers.  But this is still better than other evangelical categories, such as the Baptists, whose numbers have gone down from 23.3% to 17.4% to 8%.

None of this is reason for complacency, much less self-congratulation.  All churches need to do a better job of retaining their members and especially their young people.  But the answer is not simply capitulating to the non-Christian culture.  Churches that go that route are faring even worse than those that resist it.

After all, if there is no difference between what the church teaches and what the culture teaches, why get up on Sunday mornings to go to church?  Churches must offer the “unaffiliated” what they do not have, but what they need.  When the culture and the church are at odds, it isn’t surprising that church affiliation declines.  What else could we expect?  But as the culture crashes and burns, churches can tend to the casualties.

 

Illustration by Carol M Highsmith via Rawpixel, CC0

 

April 9, 2024

Yesterday we blogged about the surge in adult baptisms in France.  As many as 10-20% of those are reportedly coming from former Muslims who are converting to Christianity.  But sometimes the legacy of interfaith dialogue, in which Christians are urged to accept Islam as an equally valid religion, is driving away them away!

We’ve blogged extensively about the phenomenon of Muslims turning to Christ, and how confessional Lutherans in Germany and Scandinavia are reaping that harvest.

This is happening in France also, but some Catholic parishes don’t know how to respond.  The National Catholic Register has published an article by Boom in Muslim Conversions to Christianity in France: How Is the Church Responding? with the deck, “This little-documented phenomenon is forcing dioceses to deploy new pastoral services to better welcome these converts, who often have difficulty integrating into their new Catholic communities.”

The Archdiocese of Paris finally secured the help of Father Ramzi Saadé, an Arab priest of the Maronite Church in Lebanon, which is in fellowship with Rome.  He identified a major problem that was causing some converts to leave the Catholic church:

“I realized that many new converts from Islam had left the Catholic Church, not because the faithful were unkind to them, but because they often want to show themselves so favorable to Islam that they come to explain that we worship the same God and that, in the end, there’s no need to become a Christian to access salvation,” said Father Saadé, stressing that this misguided approach concerned both clergymen and laypeople.

“Yet many of those who join Christ do so at the risk of their lives: Some have left their countries, have been rejected by their families; they are in real danger — the last thing they need is to be sent back to their Muslim identity.”

In his view, the interreligious dialogue implemented by Church authorities over the past decades, which has been very beneficial for the mutual understanding of cultures and peoples, can also sometimes be a source of misunderstandings about the duty of Christians in the West to announce.

“Many people of Islamic origin arriving in a parish to become Christians are often welcomed in a way unsuited to their situations, as if they were still Muslim when in fact they are no longer,” he continued.

“The search for consensual dialogue is a typically Western approach,” explained the reporter, citing Fr. Saadé,  “not often understood by Eastern Arabic culture.”  He went on to observe, “If we Christians are ashamed of our identity, we will disappear in the face of an expansionist Islam in the West that forces us to question ourselves.”

The ecumenical movement of the 20th century tried to reduce Christianity to a lowest common denominator according to which all Christian traditions are accepted as equally valid.  This has been succeeded in the 21st century by the interfaith movement, according to which all of the world’s religions are accepted as equally valid.

But the interfaith movement amounts to a relativism–if not a polytheism–that guts all religions of their content.  This is certainly true of Christianity, which must give up the claims of Christ, the First Commandment, the Trinity, the Gospel, and evangelism, among other things.

 

Illustration:  Interfaith Banner by Sean, via Flickr, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/2.0/

 

April 5, 2024

Trevor Sutton is a pastor who was my co-writer on Authentic Christianity:  How Lutheran Theology Speaks to a Postmodern World.  He is also the author of Being Lutheran, Clearly Christian:  Following Jesus in This Age of Confusion, Take Up Your Cross:  Daily Prayers for Lent, Man of God: Walking By Faith Devotion Book, and Dr. Bessie Rehwinkel:  Hero of Faith.

He is perhaps best known for his work on technology and religion, which was the topic of his doctoral dissertation from Concordia Seminary and the basis for his very helpful Redeeming Technology:  A Christian Approach to Healthy Digital Habits.

He and I are collaborating again on a book about technology and vocation.

He has also written quite a few articles in a wide variety of publications on the various issues regarding technology and Christianity.  One of them is in the latest issue of Religion & Liberty and is entitled  AI and the Discipline of Human Flourishing.

Read his whole discussion of the challenges raised by Artificial Intelligence.  I’d like to just bring up one facet that particularly grabbed my attention.  He told of a parable offered by Nick Bostrom, director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, in his book Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies.  Here is how Trevor tells it:

Several sparrows were hard at work building their nests. After days of long and tiresome work, they began to lament about how small and weak they are. Then one of them had an idea: “What if we had an owl who could help us build our nests?” This idea generated excitement about other ways that an owl could be useful to the sparrows. It could look after the young and elderly. It could offer advice. It could guard against the neighborhood cat.

With great enthusiasm, they embarked on finding an abandoned owlet or an unhatched owl egg. But a surly sparrow named Scronkfinkle warned that baby owls become big owls. He argued that they should first learn the art of owl taming before bringing an owl into their nest. Several others objected to this warning on the basis that simply finding an owl egg would be more than enough work. These sparrows decided they would begin by getting a baby owl—and then afterward they would consider the challenge of taming it. With unbridled excitement, they ventured off to find a baby owl.

Meanwhile, only a few sparrows remained in the nest to begin the work of figuring out how sparrows might tame an owl.

This story has two possible endings:

(1)  The baby owl grows up and eats all the sparrows.

(2)  The baby owl grows up and learns to think and act like a sparrow.  It builds their nests, gathers their food, protect them from predators, and makes their lives easier.  But “as more skills and practices shift from the sparrows to the owl, the former get weaker and the latter gets stronger.”  The sparrows forget how to build nests, find food, and avoid predators.  Depending on the tamed owl “leads to weaker sparrows with diminished abilities and atrophied discipline, skill, and community.”

Bostrom’s point is that artificial intelligence is like that.  Like the sparrows, we are rushing ahead with it before we have figured out how to tame it.  Some worry that AI will take over the world and destroy us, like the owl eating the sparrows.  But even if it doesn’t, even if it does all the good that its advocates say it will, it can only weaken human intelligence, creativity, and resourcefulness.

Trevor, though, comes up with a third option, drawing on another ornithological parable.  This one comes from the novel about rabbits, Watership Down by Richard Adams:

The novel tells the story of an intrepid group of rabbits displaced from their warren. As they embark on an adventure of survival, these rabbits conscript the help of a seagull named Kehaar.

When the rabbits meet Kehaar, he is recovering from an injury. They feed the bird and bring him into their makeshift warren. As the bird recovers and prepares to leave, a rabbit named Hazel has an idea: What if the bird could search for other warrens and rabbits? Hazel shares his plan with the other rabbits, saying, “The bird will go and search for us!” One of the other rabbits, Blackberry, loves the idea and tells the others, “What a marvelous idea! That bird can find out in a day what we couldn’t discover for ourselves in a thousand!”

The rabbits hint to the seagull that they have a dilemma, that they are all male rabbits without does and need to find other warrens.  Kehaar voluntarily offers to help them.  The rabbits partner with the seagull, who helps them survive.

Conscripting the help of this bird does not leave the rabbits weaker or with diminished abilities. This band of bunnies flourishes amid an adventure that requires discipline, skill, and community. The bird’s power does not create an effortless existence for the rabbits. The things and practices needed for rabbits to flourish balance the superintelligence of the bird. Although they employ the bird’s help, the rabbits continue their adventure of survival, which fosters discipline and skill, strength and attention, engagement and community.

Can we or will we use Artificial Intelligence like that?  It remains to be seen.

Of course the big question is the nature of the beast:  Is AI an owl or a seagull?

 

Illustration: An owl and a sparrow.  AI image generated from Stable Diffusion.  [Rationalizing that the subject matter of Artificial Intelligence may be illustrated with an Artificially generated image.  I first used what I thought was a better platform, DeepAI, but for the life of me I couldn’t get it to give me two separate birds, just bizarre hybrids.  But Stable Diffusion gave me this.]

April 4, 2024

Reductio ad absurdum (“reduction to absurdity”) according to the dictionary, is “disproof of a proposition by showing an absurdity to which it leads when carried to its logical conclusion.”  This is usually a tactic used by someone arguing against an opponent, who then comes back by insisting that the premises at issue do not have to be taken so far.  But when it comes to woke ideology, we are now seeing the critical theorists themselves pushing their beliefs so far that they are reducing themselves to  absurdity.

In his essay Transqueers Take the Mask Off, Andrew Sullivan discusses a book by Berkeley professor Judith Butler entitled Who’s Afraid of Gender?   According to her, sexual differences are not biological but are nothing more than a social construction.  And that means further that the male-female “binary” derives from white supremacy!

The hetero-normative framework for thinking of gender as binary was imposed by colonial powers on the Global South, to track the legacies of slavery and colonialism engaged in brutal surgical and sexological practices of determining and “correcting” sex in light of ideals of whiteness. . . .Black bodies were the experimental field from which white gender norms were crafted. Dimorphism serves the reproduction of the normative white family in the United States.

Sullivan replies:

The golden rule of the woke applies: everything is a product of white supremacy! But of all the things you could call “socially constructed,” the sex binary is the least plausible. It existed in our species before we even achieved the intelligence to call it a sex binary. It existed before humans even evolved into the separate and mostly distinct genetic clusters we now call race. How’s that for pre-cultural! It is in countless species that have no access to an array of “practices, discourses, and technologies.” It structures our entire existence. Not a single cell in the body is unaffected by our sex. Our entire reproductive strategy as a mammal is rooted in it. If you can turn even this into a human invention — malleable and indeterminate and a “spectrum” — there is nothing real outside us at all.

This is the anarchy and nihilism intrinsic to critical theory in all its toxic forms. It deconstructs everything and constructs nothing. It is a negation of humanity’s signature mixture of the earthly and the divine, the instinctual and the intellectual. In this grim, neo-Marxist dystopia, the individual is merely a site where various social and collective powers impose their will.

Science therefore has no autonomy beyond politics; art becomes a mere expression of power dynamics; there are no stable truths — which is how critical theory has destroyed the humanities, replacing them with nihilist word-games.

Feminists are beginning to realize that transgenderism, which insists that men who identify as women must be accepted as such, undermines their ideology.  Similarly, homosexuals are beginning to realize that the elimination of the “male-female binary” threatens them as well, requiring gay men to pair off with transgender men (that is to say, women), and lesbian women to pair off with transgender women (that is to say, men).

Besides being a Catholic centrist, Sullivan is gay.  He goes on in his essay to show transgenderism has become openly “homophobic”!  He gives evidence of this from “queer” dating sites and counseling material.  He writes, “Butler and the TQ+ movement are trapped by their logic into being homophobic: they have to deny that gay men can exist at all, because men cannot exist at all, unless they include women in the definition of man.”

Transgenderism has become part of the LGBTQ creed, though, resulting in fatal contradictions in that movement. Sullivan comments, ” by far the biggest group in the “LGBTQIA+” umbrella are bisexual women in relationships with straight men.”

Sullivan also looks at a recent cover story of the mainstream New York Magazine entitled Freedom of Sex:  The Moral Case for Letting Trans Kids Change Their Bodies.”  In the article, Andrea Long Chu, a transgender lesbian woman [a man attracted to women] argues that “in principle, everyone should have access to sex-changing medical care, regardless of age, gender identity, social environment, or psychiatric history.”  Or parental permission.

Her contention that even very young children should be allowed to get any sex hormones and sexual surgery they want eliminates any distinction between childhood and adulthood, Sullivan observes. “But think about it for a millisecond: if a child of any age can demand to have his own genitals removed with no safeguards at all, why can’t he demand to have his genitals played with by an adult as well? Who dare impede a child’s total freedom?”

This “moral case” for transgendering children implicitly justifies adults having sex with children. In the course of tearing this artcile apart, Sullivan shares this information that I didn’t know about the founders of critical theory, with its various schools of critical race theory and critical queer theory:

And so we’re back to the pomo French intellectuals of the 1970s petitioning against age-of-consent laws. In fact, queer theory’s core pioneers — Michel Foucault, Gayle Rubin, and Patrick Califia — all once defended adults [having sex with] kids. Foucault defended sex with infants. This is not extraneous to queer theory; it is intrinsic to it. The point of queer theory is that there are no limiting principles.

But there are limiting principles and there is a male-female binary and any “moral case” involves transcendent moral truths and not just assertions of the will.  The advocates of the contrary views are making that very clear.

 

Illustration:  PHILOSOPHY !?……….. ( ? ) + ( * ) = ( ! )  by Rant 73 via Flickr, Public Domain

 

March 21, 2024

Capitalism is dead.  And technology has killed it.  What is taking its place is a reversion to feudalism.  So argues Greek economist Yanis Varoufakis in his book Technofeudalism:  What Killed Capitalism.

Leif Weatherby sums up his argument in the Washington Post.  The tipping point, according to this analysis, was not simply the new information technology but the rise and dominance of the Big Tech companies.  Google, Facebook/Meta, Apple, Amazon, and the rest of them do not make profit in the conventional capitalist sense.  Rather, they extract rent.

Weatherby explains:

Rent is not profit. The distinction is subtle but crucial: As Varoufakis points out, Apple has been known to take a cut as large as a third from those selling apps in the App Store, effectively charging rent for being in one of the two spaces — the other is Google Play — that all but dominate the mobile market. If I design an app that offers a simple game, for example, I have labored to bring a commodity to market, in the hopes of making a profit as others find the game entertaining and worth a few dollars. Apple has contributed nothing to the effort of actually producing the program I sell, yet it will receive a significant portion of every dollar that my consumers pay. As thinkers of the Industrial Revolution like Adam Smith and David Ricardo might put it, Apple’s revenue on the platform is merely passive, which is what makes it rent, unlike profit, which has to be actively earned. The problem is that, if the balance shifts away from genuine profit, no growth can occur. The value that labor puts into commodities is added to the economy and becomes profit. Rent is finite: If the economy starts to run on rent, it will stall.

But stagnation, for Varoufakis, would be the least of our problems. He describes the replacement of traditional capital by what he calls “cloud capital,” which no longer focuses on growth, value and profit, but instead on rent extraction and control. The “cloudalists” are the new capitalist bosses, and their influence extends far beyond the workplace to nearly every facet of your app-powered daily life. According to Varoufakis, when we are the product — as we are when our clicks and searches generate profit for massive corporations, when our data is bought and sold — we’ve gone over from the relative freedoms of capitalism to technofeudalism, in which those who control the platforms have direct control over the rest of us, reducing us to the station of “cloud serfs.”

I disagree that capitalism is “dead” and that technology and the big tech companies have killed it, at least not yet.  Elon Musk is more of an old-fashioned capitalist entrepreneur who actually produces innovative tangible products:  cars (have you ever ridden in a Tesla?), tunneling equipment, space ships.  Apple manufactures computers and cell phones, which make up more of its bottom line than rent-seeking does.  And Amazon, which started as a bookstore and now sells just about everything, is above all a retailer, though the huge cut it demands from its suppliers may be reminiscent of the tribute demanded by the feudal lords.

But still, Varoufakis makes some valid points, and who knows where we are headed?  His analysis reminds us that change is not always in the direction of an upward progress into something brand new, but that change can also go in the opposite direction, as a regression into how we were in the past.  His thesis would be in line with what Marshall McLuhan said about technology turning the world into a “global village” and making us more like our pre-literate ancestors.  And if our socio-economic system is switching us back to a network of techno-feudal lords and serfs, that would go along with the reaction against liberal democracy that we have been chronicling on this blog.

To be sure, regressions can be good as well as bad.  Christianity and the Church played a major role in the feudal society of the past, though this was not necessarily good for the Church.  What Varoufakis is describing is not returning to the past, but rather  reverting to past structures garbed in the highest technology.  I wonder what a technoChristianity and a technoChurch would look like under technofeudalism.  I’m sure it would be in need of a technoReformation.

 

Illustration:  “Reeve and Serfs” (1310) by anonymous (Queen Mary Master), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

March 20, 2024

We Christians used to complain about “humanism,” a.k.a., “secular humanism,” a religion centered on how wonderful human beings are. Though some atheists still claim it, that term isn’t really used very much anymore.  Hardly any secularists think human beings are all that great, what with all of our wars and environmental degradation, nor are we better than animals, which are often considered to be morally superior.

Today the talk is about “post-humanism,” or the state of being “post-human.”  This is due to the excitement over our new technology and the prospect that human beings can be improved by merging with machines.

The Dissolution of the Human Being.   He argues that human beings now think of themselves as machines.  Which makes it easy to think of machines as human beings.  If humans = machines, then machines = humans.

This mindset lies behind the hype and the fears of Artificial Intelligence (the prospect of AI becoming so intelligent that it acquires consciousness, the fantasies about sentient robots, and belief in the Singularity, in which the internet evolves into an all-knowing and all-controlling god).  This also gives us the projects of synthesizing humans and machines by implanting computer chips into our brains or wearing glasses that will overlay everything we see with clickable computer icons.

For some contemporary thinkers, things are crystal clear: we are living in a post-human world. This means something very precise. Humans, living beings in general, can be understood and explained according to scientifically established laws and rules of existence. The much-heralded Human Genome Project (HGP) is nothing more than the “engineering” plan (or map) of the gigantic digital-electro-chemical machinery that is the human being. We are sophisticated artifacts, nothing more. . . .

We are living in a world where it is widely accepted that human beings can be fixed, just like cars, planes, or computers. But not only do we change our bodies’ limbs and organs as damaged parts of an electronic or mechanical device; we can also choose what we ourselves want to be. The current state of affairs seems to be as Andres Vaccari observes: nature is going to be disintegrated. Nothing stable exists. . . .

But how could something like this be possible? It is possible because life itself is gone. Whether in the form of digital AI or a physical humanoid robot like Elon Musk’s Optimus, the “machine” is the only triumphant reality.

[Keep reading. . .]

Kmita discusses the portrayal of automatons–robots, androids, other human-like machines–in our literature and films.  He shows that in the contemporary imagination, human beings themselves are reduced to automatons.

As we’ve blogged about, the brain is NOT a computer and a computer CANNOT be a brain.  If people think of themselves as just a machine that can be repaired, souped up, or customized at will, no wonder they believe they can change their sex just by ingesting some chemicals and having a little surgery.  Or that machines we don’t want can simply be discarded, like we trash any consumer device that doesn’t meet our needs, making abortion no big deal.

If we are all just meat robots, though, there is no heart, no conscience, no soul, no image of God.  Everything that makes us human is left out of consideration.  But that makes us not post-human but inhuman.

 

Photo:  Cyborg holding green apple and looking at camera isolated on grey, future technology concept – depositphotos.com , attributed free license


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