What is Scandinavian Creation Theology?

What is Scandinavian Creation Theology?

What is Scandinavian Creation Theology? Or what is SCT? “SCT does not picture the world as a cold and hostile place—instead the world is recognized as our home,” declares Bengt Kristensson Uggla, a Swedish theologian teaching at Åbo Akademi Univeristy in Finland (Uggla 2024, 7). Instead of fleeing the creation in order to live in our heavenly home, Christians should feel and appreciate a deep resonance with Planet Earth as our God-given home.

Actually, I want to call your attention to a brand new book on Scandinavian Creation Theology by Nordics in both Scandinavia and in diaspora, Bodies Inhabiting the World.

Nature is imbued with God’s presence and grace

What kind of hymn should we choose? Should we escape from earth to a heavenly home? Try these lines from the Happy Dane, Nicolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig (1783-1872).

Lift up thy head, O Christendom!

Behold above the blessed home

Or, should we make our nest here below, within the beauty of this divinely graced creation? Grundtvig again.

The sun now shines in all its splendor,

The fount of life and mercy tender…

The peaceful nightingales are filling

The quiet night with music thrilling…

It breathes from heaven on the flowers,

It whispers home-like in the bowers,

A balmy breeze comes to our coast

From Paradise, no longer closed.

Scandinavian creation theologians sing the second with gusto. Copenhagen’s Niels Henrik Gregersen unbosoms the the significance.

“SCT insists that we should never think of redemption and fulfillment by taking leave of our embodied and social existence in some soulish afterlife. Our lives are always enmeshed with the cosmos and chaos of the world of creation. We are indeed to be saved – with the universe but not from the universe” (Gregersen 2024b, 159)

So, again, what is Scandinavian Creation Theology?

Wabash College professor Derek Nelson provides a succinct answer to our question: what is Scandinavian Creation Theology or SCT?

“SCT is thus a theological movement originating in Scandinavia after World War II which attends to the man facets and implications of the doctrine of creation. It is based partly on Martin Luther’s theology of creation and vocation, partly on the affirmative anthropology of N.F.S. Grundtvig with his principle of ‘Human first, then a Christian’, and partly through an emphasis on reflecting on ordinary life situations in the philosophical vein of [Knud] Løgstrup and the theological vein of [Gustaf] Wingren” (Nelson 2024, xvi).

In the first half of the twentieth century, intellectual giants walked the snow-covered forest paths of Scandinavia. Neo-Orthodox scholars of worldwide influence such as Gustaf Aulén (1879-1977) and Anders Nygren (1890-1978) at Sweden’s Lund University became must-reads in theological seminaries. But their Barth-like Christocentrism thirsted for a more comprehensive social and natural inclusivity.

In the decades following World War II, Danish philosopher Knud Løgstrup (1905-1981) – a disciple of both Martin Luther and Martin Heidegger – anchored the mandate to “love one another” so deep into creation that it became primordial with human being-in-the-world (in der Welt sein) (Løgstrup 1997). To be human is to be commanded to love our neighbor.

Theologians such as Gustaf Wingren (1910-2000) at Lund and Regin Prenter (1907-1990) at Aarhus opened the eyes and ears of faith to see God’s grace in the sunshine and hear it in the music of the nightingale.

Creation is our God-intended home

God’s creation is objective. It’s the world. It’s the cosmos. But it is also subjective. We intepret the cosmos as our home.

According to Lund University’s Elisabeth Gerle, “Our deep desires about home and family reveals a sense of what is given in life, sometimes interpreted as a memory of paradise, but experienced in an ambivalent world where desires sometimes are unfulfilled, even exploited” (Gerle 2024, 85). Despite the sad fact that home life can be contaminated by loss or even abuse, we intuitively know what the ideal home should be. If our true home is eschatological, we hunger and thirst for a foretaste of it in this life.

Aarhus professor of systematic theology Else Marie Wiberg Pedersen thanks “Grundtvig and Løgstrup” because “both continued Luther’s perception of everyday life as God-given and God-created life where every person could find his or her home” (Pedersen 2024, 134). Before we are Christians we are humans who cherish what home means.

Pedersen turns the noun, home, into a verb in order to enjoin upon us the responsibility to open our home to ever more inclusive inclusivities. “When women are displaced in Bible texts and tradition, they are displaced everywhere in life, exiled from humanity. Luther had an eye for that when he in his universal theology of grace focus on inclusivity and an ordinary life in order to home women in Bible texts and thus to home them in humanity” (Pedersen 2024, 136).

Should science become a source for Scandinavian Creation Theology? No.

I believe that any serious creation theology should make natural science a source. Not a norm, but a source. The norm must come from revelation, from Holy Scripture. Even so, what modern science has revealed to us about the natural world is so important, so magnificent, so mesmerizing! It is incumbent, I believe, on the systematic theologian to measure doctrinal claims against scientific knowledge. Where they are consonant, it’s time to cheer. Where dissonant, it’s time to engage in some rethinking.

No, the theologian does not want to ask the scientist to pursue theology without a license. Nevertheless, the theologian should expect to see in what science uncovers about nature a receptical or medium for divine grace and healing.

This is an issue I take up with those in the history of Scandinavian Creation Theology. The inherited Scandinavian theological tradition has largely adopted what Ian Barbour called the independence model and what I call the two language model for relating faith and science. This is inadquate, I believe (T. Peters, Science and Religion: Ten Models of War, Truce, and Partnership 2018c).

One the one hand, Regin Prenter gets it right theologically, “Creation and redemption belong together….Creation is the beginning of redemption, and redemption is the consummation of creation” (Prenter 1967, 200).

So far, so good. But Prenter then takes a methodological turn away from the actual world in which we daily live, the world of nature described by science. “There is no real problem with respect to the relationship between natural science and faith in creation. The two do not deal with the same questions, unless one or the other fails to keep within its own proper field” (Prenter 1967, 226). In other words, even though there is but one road to reality these two disciplines, theology and science, should walk on different sides of the street.

Gustaf Aulén is even more off-putting. “God is not found by telescopes and chemical experiments” (Aulén 1960, 89).

What!? Why keep theology and science so separate? Are we not talking about the one world within which natural scientists and people of faith both live?

Should science become a source for Scandinavian Creation Theology? Yes.

I believe Gregersen improves on previous versions of Scandinavian Creation Theology by inviting natural science into the theological home.

“A theological ontology will thus assume that God is intimately present at the core of physical matter described by the sciences (and beyond that), without thereby conflating God the Creator with the world of creation” (N. H. Gregersen,  2014, 413).

Or,

“The dialogue partner of theology should primarily be the most established scientific theories representing the best available truth-candidates” (N. H. Gregersen 2020, 30).

The method of Niels Henrik Gregersen is quite different from his Nordic predecessors, especially Prenter. Rather than  insulate the theology of creation from the scientific interpretation of the natural world, Gregersen steps into science like a firefighter steps into a hazmat suit (T. Peters, The Eye of Faith and the Eye of Science: Regin Prenter and Niels Henrik Gregersen on God’s Creation, 2018d).

Gregersen is by no means alone. The indominable Archbishop Emerita of Sweden, Antje Jackelén, authored  Zeit und Ewigkeit: die Frage der Zeit in Kirche, Naturwissenschaft und Theologie and served as president of ESSSAT (European Society for the Study of Science and Theology).

There are more. Lutheran Olli-Pekka Vaino at the University of Helsinki is engaged in an ongoing study of physical cosmology and astrobiology from a theological perspective (Vaino, 2018). And Pentecostal theologian at Norway’s Volda University College, Knut-Willy Sæther, jumps with both feet into ecospirituality. Sæther melds holism in physics with ecotheology and human emotions to emphasize “belonging” and “feeling at home” within a constructed worldview he labels, “dynamic relational holism” (Saether, 2023, 27, 38). For Vaino and Sæther, science provides a source for theological, ethical, and spiritual construction.

So, just to be fair, Niels Henrik tells me, it should be mentioned that Løgstrup himself – alongside the science historian Olaf Pedersen – were strongly supporting the institutionalization of “Forum Naturvidenskab Teologi” at Aarhus University around 1980. And both Svend Andersen and Viggo Mortensen were then the main Aarhus organizers.  In short, science has received an invitation to feel at home in SCT.

Conclusion

If the sapling was growing in the decades following the Second World War, the SCT tree is now towering above the theological roof tops. The entire creation is graced to the same level as the incarnate Christ. The deep inner cherishing of our home which seems to be a universal inner yearning provides evidence that God is present in both the cosmos and our soul. Scandinavian Creation Theology is at work to remind us of this.

ST 2022 What is Scandinavian Creation Theology?

ST 2013 What is Public Systematic Theology? Part One

ST 2014 What is Public Systematic Theology? Part Two

ST 2015 What is Public Systematic Theology? Part Three

ST 2023 Pope Francis vs Jesus as the Only Way, Part 1

ST 2024 Pope Francis vs Jesus as the Only Way, Part 2

▓

For Patheos, Ted Peters posts articles and notices in the field of Public Theology. He is a Lutheran pastor and emeritus professor at the Graduate Theological Union. He co-edits the journal, Theology and Science, with Robert John Russell on behalf of the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences, in Berkeley, California, USA. His single volume systematic theology, God—The World’s Future, is now in the 3^rd edition. He has also authored God as Trinity plus Sin: Radical Evil in Soul and Society as well as Sin Boldly: Justifying Faith for Fragile and Broken Souls. See his website: TedsTimelyTake.com.

▓

References

Aulén, Gustaf. 1960. The Faith of the Christian Church. Minneapolis MN: Fortress.

Gerle, Elisabeth. 2024. “Who Does Not Want to Have a Family?” In Bodies Inhabiting the World: Scandinavian Creation Theology and the Question of Home, by Niels Henrik Gregersen, Bengt Kristensson Uggla, eds Derek R Nelson, 61-72. Lanham MD: Lexington.

Gregersen, Niels Henrik. 2014. “God, matter, and information: towards a Stoicizing Logos Christology.” In Informatikon and the Nature of Reality, by eds Paul Davies and Niels Henrik Gregersen, 405-443. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.

Gregersen, Niels Henrik. 2020. “Is the Universe a Sacrament? Denis Edward’s Contribution to Sacramental Thinking.” In God in the Natural World: Theological Explorations in Appreciation of Denis Edwards, by eds. Ted Peters and Marie Turner, 25-41. Adelaide: ATF Press.

Gregersen, Niels Henrik,. 2024b. “Deep Inhabitations: Home and Cosmos in Scandinavian Creation Theology.” In Bodies Inhabiting the World, by Niels Henrik Gregersen, and Bengt Kristensson Uggla, eds. Derek Nelson, 141-162. Lanham MD: Lexington.

Løgstrup, Knud. 1997. The Ethical Demand. Notre Dame IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Nelson, Derek R. 2024. “Introduction.” In Bodies Inhabiting the World: Scandanavian Creation Theology and the Question of Home, by Derek R Nelson, Niels Henrik Gregersen and eds and Bengt Kristensson Uggla, ix-xxi. Lanham MD: Lexington.

Pedersen, Else Marie Wiberg. 2024. “Ordinary Lives and the Home as a Safe Place.” In Bodies Inhabiting the World: Scandanavian Creation Theology and the Question of Home, by Niels Henrik Gregersen, and Bengt Kristensson Uggla, eds Derek R. Nelson, 127-138. Lanham MD: Lexington.

Peters, Ted. 2018c. “Science and Religion: Ten Models of War, Truce, and Partnership.” Theology and Science 16:1: 1-43.

Peters, Ted. 2018d. “The Eye of Faith and the Eye of Science: Regin Prenter and Niels Henrik Gregersen on God’s Creation.” Dialog 57:2: 126-132.

Peters, Ted,. 2020. “Life in the Cosmos: Deep Incarnation in Deep Space.” In God in the Natural World: Theological Explorations in Appreciation of Denis Edwards, by eds. Ted Peters and Marie Turner, 107-138. Adelaide: ATF Press.

Prenter, Regin. 1967. Creation and Redemption. Minneapolis MN: Fortress.

Saether, Knut-Willy. 2023. “Seeing Nature as a Whole: Ecospirituality and the Human-Nature Relationship.” In Views of nature and dualism: rethinking philosophical, theological, and religious assumptions in the Anthropocene, by eds Thomas J Hastings and Knut-Willy Saether, 15-42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Uggla, Bengt Kristenson. 2024. “Home and Creation Dynamics:The World Is Not an Alien Place, It Is Where We Belong.” In Bodies Inhabiting the World: Scandanavian Creation Theology and the Question of Home, by Niels Henrik Gregersen, and Bengt Kristensson Uggla, eds Derek R. Nelson, 3-14. Lanham: Lexington.

Vaino, Olli-Pekka, 2018. Cosmology in Theological Perspective. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.