The Space Between Heaven And Hell

Last updated on: November 30, 2025 at 10:56 am By David Schloss

With the possible exception of the place and role of Mary, there may not be a greater source of conflict among Catholics and Protestants than eschatology. Eschatology is a discipline within theology that is concerned with the end times and the final state of the soul. A specific subject within eschatology that has led to much strife among Christians is purgatory. While the doctrine of purgatory remains a significant source of Christian conflict, this essay will suggest that purgatory is... Read more

Who Made God?

Last updated on: November 24, 2025 at 3:08 am By David Schloss

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The question “Who made God?” is a frequent retort to arguments for theism. On the surface, it appears to be a reasonable, perhaps even unanswerable, counterargument to God as Creator. However, upon closer inspection, the objection collapses. This paper aims to demonstrate that the question “Who made God?” rests on a fundamental misunderstanding of the philosophical definition of God. Who Made God? The question of who made God is not a new one (though it is often thought so by... Read more

The Trouble With Mary

Last updated on: November 16, 2025 at 11:17 am By David Schloss

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It should come as no surprise that the Catholic Church’s two-thousand-year history has seen many controversies. Some of these controversies have been of genuine significance; others have been mere tempests in teapots. The Church’s issuing of a doctrinal note regarding Mary appears to be the latter. Nevertheless, this document, entitled Mater Populi Fidelis, has confused Catholics and has been the source of derision from Protestants. It is, therefore, beneficial to examine this document and explain its significance. The Mother of... Read more

Teleology, Providence, and Morality in Catholic Thought

Last updated on: November 9, 2025 at 12:52 pm By David Schloss

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“Every house is founded by someone, but the founder of all is God.” – Hebrews 3:4. It may be the most human question of all. It might not be asked in a philosophical or religious setting. It might not even be verbalized. Nevertheless, the question lingers. Is there a purpose? More specifically, do the lives we lead and the universe we inhabit have ultimate meaning? This essay will argue that the Catholic understanding of teleology provides a coherent framework for... Read more

Henri de Lubac: From Surnaturel to Vatican Two

Last updated on: November 2, 2025 at 12:08 pm By David Schloss

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The pivotal role of Henri de Lubac in shaping the Second Vatican Council, particularly through his challenge to neo-scholastic dualism and his advocacy for a ressourcement theology, solidifies his legacy as one of the most important and transformative Catholic thinkers of the 20th century. In this paper, I will examine de Lubac’s theology, his influence on Vatican II, and why he remains one of the most important theologians of the 20th century. Who Was Henri de Lubac? When one envisions... Read more

Modalism And The Last Supper

Last updated on: October 26, 2025 at 12:21 pm By David Schloss

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Theology is the science of God. More accurately, it is man’s effort to study the divine. One of the more compelling subjects within this divine science is the nature of the trinitarian God. In this paper, I will explore one such effort to understand the relationship of the Holy Trinity, known as modalism, by couching it in the Last Supper Discourse as depicted in John’s Gospel. The Last Supper Discourse The Gospel of John is unique for its theological richness... Read more

A Catholic Perspective On Humanism

Last updated on: October 19, 2025 at 12:04 pm By David Schloss

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In the book City of God, Saint Augustine posits the existence of two cities or kingdoms. One city, the city of man, is built on the foundation of self-love and the pursuit of material pleasures. The other city, the city of God, is founded on love of God and the perfection of the human person. In a sense, this two-city perspective exemplifies secular humanism (the city of man) and Catholicism (the city of God). This essential division between self-love and... Read more

A History Of Three: How We Got A Trinity

Last updated on: October 12, 2025 at 12:06 pm By David Schloss

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The belief in a trinitarian God stands at the very center of the Catholic faith. Nevertheless, one may ask, how did we get here? After all, the claim that God is one, yet three persons, is not readily accessible to human reason. It goes without saying, but the development of the trinitarian doctrine within Catholicism is an extensive subject, which cannot be adequately treated here. Nevertheless, I will endeavor to provide an outline or summary of the Catholic belief in... Read more

Are Catholics Born Again?

Last updated on: October 5, 2025 at 11:34 am By David Schloss

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It is a term used frequently in Evangelical and Protestant circles: born again. Almost as frequently, the term is used to question whether Catholics are saved or even Christians. To properly understand what it means to “be born again,” it is necessary to place the term within the broader context of salvation. From there, it is possible to examine the biblical data for being born again. After that, we may inquire whether Catholics can be considered born again. What Does... Read more

Can Forgiveness And Justice Coexist?

Last updated on: September 28, 2025 at 11:31 am By David Schloss

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In the wake of recent events, there has been much discussion on the relationship between forgiveness and justice. Specifically, does forgiveness preclude justice? In this essay, I will examine both of these qualities in the light of the Bible and Catholic philosophy. To do so, I will address what forgiveness and justice mean and conclude by asking whether the existence of one entails the exclusion of the other. What Does It Mean To Forgive? The Greek etymology of the word... Read more

In Revelation, how many lampstands does John see?