So, in the wake of all the Love Wins kerfuffle, I received an email from someone who listened to the radio interview I did with Michael Horton. And the question he asked was this: Are penal substitution and universalism mutually exclusive? Here’s how we got there. On the interview, I asked Mike if understanding the atonement via the penal substitutionary theory was essential for a person to be considered a Christian. He answered that yes, it is. Other metaphors that... Read more