2020-01-13T17:40:20-04:00

“Past Events Become Present Today”/ Survey of “Remember” in Scripture

I have heard that Jews celebrating Passover believe that the past becomes present. As such, the Catholic sees a similarity to our notion of the Sacrifice of the Mass, and Jesus’ death on the cross becoming present, and in a very real sense, transcending time altogether. We also believe that the Last Supper, where the Holy Eucharist was initiated, was a Passover meal. Many common notions could be explored with regard to the development of traditional Jewish understanding and Christian belief that is related to these in some fashion. For example, one ecumenical Jewish site stated:

The Jewish conviction that at the Seder past events become present today is something that can resonate strongly with Catholics. The Catholic concept of anamnesis corresponds to the Hebrew term zecher. Both refer to the use of ritual to make the past a lived present reality.

The Hebrew word zecher (in Strong’s Concordancezakar or zeker: words #2142-2145), are usually translated as remember or remembrance, or related terms. It seems to have a connotation of more than a mere remembrance. The thing remembered has a direct relation to the present. For example:

Exodus 2:24 (RSV) And God heard their groaning, and God remembered his covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob.

God “remembering” the covenant “made” it present insofar as it was still in force, thus enabling the Jews to win a battle. Of course, for God to “remember” anything is an anthropomorphism: God using expressions that human beings will understand. Since God knows everything at all times, to say that He “remembers” cannot be taken literally. If it were, this would imply a limitation of God’s knowledge. But this is how it is often expressed: God “remembers” the covenant, which is very much a present (or eternal) thing, so that past and present are in effect merged:

Genesis 9:15-16 I will remember my covenant which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and the waters shall never again become a flood to destroy all flesh. [16] When the bow is in the clouds, I will look upon it and remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth.”

Exodus 6:5 Moreover I have heard the groaning of the people of Israel whom the Egyptians hold in bondage and I have remembered my covenant.

Psalm 106:45 He remembered for their sake his covenant, and relented according to the abundance of his steadfast love.

Ezekiel 16:60 yet I will remember my covenant with you in the days of your youth, and I will establish with you an everlasting covenant.

1 Maccabees 4:10 And now let us cry to Heaven, to see whether he will favor us and remember his covenant with our fathers and crush this army before us today.

Luke 1:54 He has helped his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy,

Luke 1:72 to perform the mercy promised to our fathers, and to remember his holy covenant,

The “remembrance” is perfectly harmonious with being “present” and “eternal.” It’s the classic biblical, Hebraic “both/and” outlook. Less “sacramental” Protestants, on the other hand, often draw the conclusion that because the terminology of “remembrance” is used in the Last Supper and the Mass, that, therefore, the Eucharist is solely a thing of the past, to be reflected upon, with mere symbolism of bread and wine (or grape juice), as opposed to being a present reality, and the actual Body and Blood of Christ under the outward appearance of bread and wine: a miracle.

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The Passover was a way for the Jews to remember, or make again present, the Exodus and deliverance from Egypt. Thus, when it was instituted, Moses stated:

Exodus 13:3-10 And Moses said to the people, “Remember this day, in which you came out from Egypt, out of the house of bondage, for by strength of hand the LORD brought you out from this place; no leavened bread shall be eaten. [4] This day you are to go forth, in the month of Abib. [5] And when the LORD brings you into the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Hivites, and the Jeb’usites, which he swore to your fathers to give you, a land flowing with milk and honey, you shall keep this service in this month. [6] Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, and on the seventh day there shall be a feast to the LORD. [7] Unleavened bread shall be eaten for seven days; no leavened bread shall be seen with you, and no leaven shall be seen with you in all your territory. [8] And you shall tell your son on that day, `It is because of what the LORD did for me when I came out of Egypt.’ [9] And it shall be to you as a sign on your hand and as a memorial between your eyes, that the law of the LORD may be in your mouth; for with a strong hand the LORD has brought you out of Egypt. [10] You shall therefore keep this ordinance at its appointed time from year to year.”

Likewise, the Sabbath was an ongoing observance, but the word “remember” is applied to it:

Exodus 20:8 Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy.

To “remember” all the commandments is to keep them in the present, and always:

Numbers 15:39-40 and it shall be to you a tassel to look upon and remember all the commandments of the LORD, to do them, not to follow after your own heart and your own eyes, which you are inclined to go after wantonly. [40] So you shall remember and do all my commandments, and be holy to your God.

Psalm 103:18 to those who keep his covenant and remember to do his commandments.

Psalm 119:55 I remember thy name in the night, O LORD, and keep thy law.

There was a spiritual, moral aspect to remembering, with regard to present conduct:

Deuteronomy 9:7 Remember and do not forget how you provoked the LORD your God to wrath in the wilderness; from the day you came out of the land of Egypt, until you came to this place, you have been rebellious against the LORD.

Deuteronomy 15:15 You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the LORD your God redeemed you; therefore I command you this today.

Deuteronomy 16:12 You shall remember that you were a slave in Egypt; and you shall be careful to observe these statutes.

Deuteronomy 24:18, 22 but you shall remember that you were a slave in Egypt and the LORD your God redeemed you from there; therefore I command you to do this. . . . [22] You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt; therefore I command you to do this.

John 14:26 But the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you.

2 Peter 3:2 that you should remember the predictions of the holy prophets and the commandment of the Lord and Savior through your apostles.

Jude 1:17 But you must remember, beloved, the predictions of the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ;

Revelation 3:3 Remember then what you received and heard; keep that, and repent. If you will not awake, I will come like a thief, and you will not know at what hour I will come upon you.

God “remembers” our acts of worship and prayers:

Exodus 28:29 So Aaron shall bear the names of the sons of Israel in the breastpiece of judgment upon his heart, when he goes into the holy place, to bring them to continual remembrance before the LORD.

Exodus 30:16 And you shall take the atonement money from the people of Israel, and shall appoint it for the service of the tent of meeting; that it may bring the people of Israel to remembrance before the LORD, so as to make atonement for yourselves.

Psalm 20:3 May he remember all your offerings, and regard with favor your burnt sacrifices! [Selah]

Acts 10:31 saying, `Cornelius, your prayer has been heard and your alms have been remembered before God.

“Remembering” God is virtually a synonym for reverence and worship of God:

Psalm 6:5 For in death there is no remembrance of thee; in Sheol who can give thee praise?

Psalm 22:27 All the ends of the earth shall remember and turn to the LORD; and all the families of the nations shall worship before him.

Isaiah 17:10 For you have forgotten the God of your salvation, and have not remembered the Rock of your refuge; therefore, though you plant pleasant plants and set out slips of an alien god,

Jonah 2:7 When my soul fainted within me, I remembered the LORD; and my prayer came to thee, into thy holy temple.

Tobit 1:12 because I remembered God with all my heart.

Given all this background, the institution of the Holy Eucharist can now come into clearer focus:

Luke 22:19 And he took bread, and when he had given thanks he broke it and gave it to them, saying, “This is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.”

1 Corinthians 11:24-25 and when he had given thanks, he broke it, and said, “This is my body which is for you. Do this in remembrance of me.” [25] In the same way also the cup, after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me.”

The Eucharist and Sacrifice of the Mass are present realities, not just bare symbolic, abstract thoughts. The Jewish Passover has this characteristic also. Rabbi Yossi Kenigsberg explains:

. . . on no other Jewish holiday are we instructed to have a formalized dialogue and discussion recollecting the relevant historical events of the time. Why did our sages provide us with the Haggadah text and prescribe this lengthy and detailed analysis of our Egyptian experience?

Besides celebrating our physical emancipation from slavery, on Pesach we also commemorate the anniversary of Jewish nationhood and identity. Since the Exodus represents the genesis of our Jewish collective identity, it is vital that we do everything possible to discover and reaffirm our Jewish consciousness at this juncture. In order to achieve this, we must feel a connection to our Jewish past, present and future. The objective of the seder and the Haggadah format is to facilitate the opportunity for us to develop an acute sense of affiliation with the past, present, and future of the Jewish experience. . . .

Throughout the trials and tribulations of Jewish history, God continuously intervenes on our behalf and we are confident that His divine protection will always embrace us. The fusion of the past, present, and future that we created on those first nights of Pesach will provide for us and for our children a glimpse into eternity.

In a book specifically about the Passover celebration, Martin Sicker provides further relevant insight:

The Haggadah then continues with a statement that is also found in the Mishnah that calls upon each participant in the Seder to share vicariously in the experience of the Exodus.

In every generation one is obliged to view oneself as though he [personally] had gone out from Egypt. As it is said: And thou shalt tell thy son in that day, saying: It is because of that which the Lord did for me when I came forth out of Egypt (Ex. 13:8).

The Haggadah then amplifies this teaching, providing an appropriate biblical prooftext in support of its elaboration.

The Holy One, blessed is He, did not redeem only our ancestors, but also redeemed us along with them. As it is said: And He brought us out from thence, that he might bring us in, to give us the land which He swore unto our fathers. (Deut. 6:23).

. . . The Mishnah calls upon each participant in the Seder to make an intellectual leap across the millennia and thereby to share directly in the experience of their ancestors. (A Passover Seder Companion and Analytic Introduction to the Haggadah, IUniverse, 2004, p. 104)

Another Jewish source concurs:

By participating in the Seder, we are vicariously reliving the Exodus from Egypt. Around our festival table, the past and present merge and the future is promising.

Rabbi Dan Fink provides a further eloquent explanation:

Our sages taught: “In every generation, it is incumbent upon us to see ourselves as if we, too, went out from Egypt.” Pesach is not about remembering the distant past; it is about re-experiencing that past in the present time. It is not the story of our ancestors long ago; it is our story. Our challenge is to consider what enslaves us — anything and everything from money to television to old, stale habits — and find ways to free ourselves from those burdens. The Hebrew word for Egypt, mitzrayim, means “a narrow place.” This spring festival of deliverance is the time of our own liberation, an opportunity to renew ourselves.

So this year, don’t ask, “When do we eat?” Savor the journey rather than kvetching your way to the destination. Find creative ways to make your seder a living, breathing experience of redemption. Raise other, better questions: “What can I do to change the world this year? What still enslaves me? How can I help hasten the redemption of others still in bondage?” It’s not about the food. It’s about the freedom. Experience it this year.

Citing some of the same passages from the Talmud, Jewish educator Jennie Rosenfeld wonderfully expresses the same notions:

. . . it is particularly difficult to imagine how anyone so historically removed from the Egyptian exile can personally experience the redemption from Egypt in the same way that the Jewish slaves experienced it. . . . If we use this season in order to tap into our personal need for redemption in the here and now, we can either vicariously relate to or truly experience yetziat mitzrayim (exodus from Egypt) in our own lives. . . .

One type of holiness is kedushat hazman, holiness of time; the time of year in which miracles occurred in the past has within it the potential for future miracles. Jewish holidays both commemorate past miracles and contain the kedushat hazman, the temporal holiness, which we can access to effect miracles now. . . . by believing in the miracle of yetziat mitzrayim, we can experience it again now in our personal lives. Every individual can tap into this season in order to leave his/her personal meitzar (place of narrowness or confinement) or mitzrayim. The fact that Pesach occurs in the spring, the season in which nature renews itself and the flowers begin to blossom, foreshadows this potential for personal growth.

These fascinating aspects of the Jewish self-understanding of Passover have obvious analogical implications relative to the Catholic Mass. The great Catholic writer Karl Adam exclaimed:

The Sacrifice of Calvary, as a great supra-temporal reality, enters into the immediate present. Space and time are abolished. The same Jesus is here present who died on the Cross. The whole congregation unites itself with His holy sacrificial will, and through Jesus present before it consecrates itself to the heavenly Father as a living oblation. So Holy Mass is a tremendously real experience, the experience of the reality of Golgotha. (The Spirit of Catholicism, translated by Dom Justin McCann, Garden City, New York: Doubleday Image, 1954; originally 1924 in German, 197)

In conclusion, here are my thoughts, from my (1996) book, A Biblical Defense of Catholicism (pp. 99-100):

Some verses in Revelation state that the “prayers of the saints” are being offered at the altar in the form of incense (8:3-4; cf. 5:8-9). But the climactic scene of this entire glorious portrayal of Heaven occurs in Revelation 5:1-7. Verse 6 describes “a Lamb standing as though it had been slain.” Since the Lamb (Jesus, of course) is revealed as sitting in the midst of God’s throne (5:6; 7:17; 22:1, 3; cf. Matt. 19:28; 25:31; Heb. 1:8), which is in front of the golden altar (Rev. 8:3), then it appears that the presentation of Christ to the Father as a sacrifice is an ongoing (from God’s perspective, timeless) occurrence, precisely as in Catholic teaching. Thus the Mass is no more than what occurs in Heaven, according to the clear revealed word of Scripture. When Hebrews speaks of a sacrifice made once (Heb. 7:27), this is from a purely human, historical perspective (which Catholicism acknowledges in holding that the Mass is a “re-presentation” of the one Sacrifice at Calvary). However, there is a transcendent aspect of the Sacrifice as well.

Jesus is referred to as the Lamb twenty-eight times throughout Revelation (compared with four times in the rest of the New Testament: John 1:29, 36; Acts 8:32; 1 Peter 1:19). Why, in Revelation (of all places), if the Crucifixion is a past event, and the Christian’s emphasis ought to be on the resurrected, glorious, kingly Jesus, as is stressed in Protestantism (as evidenced by a widespread disdain for, crucifixes)? Obviously, the heavenly emphasis is on Jesus’ Sacrifice, which is communicated by God to John as present and “now” (Rev. 5:6; cf. Heb. 7:24)

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Related Reading:

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Sacrifice of the Mass & Hebrews 8 (vs. James White) [3-31-04]
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Biblical Evidence for Priests [9-13-15]

St. Paul Was a Priest [9-15-15]

Luther Espoused Eucharistic Adoration [9-17-15]

Catholic Mass: “Re-Sacrifice” of Jesus? [11-19-15]

“Re-Presentation” vs. “Re-Sacrifice” in the Mass: Doctrinal History [4-4-18]

Eucharistic Adoration: Explicit & Undeniable Biblical Analogies [2-1-19]

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(originally 7-7-09)

Photo credit: The Last Supper, by Philippe de Champaigne (1602-1674) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]
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2020-01-24T19:45:57-04:00

Progress, far from consisting in change, depends on retentiveness. When change is absolute there remains no being to improve and no direction is set for possible improvement: and when experience is not retained, as among savages, infancy is perpetual. Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. (Philosopher George Santayana [1863-1952], The Life of Reason, 1906)

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“If the Reagan Pattern Continues, America May Face Nuclear War” (W. Averell Harriman, 1 January 1984, New York Times):

This is the grim result of Reagan Administration diplomacy: If present developments in nuclear arms and United States-Soviet relations are permitted to continue, we could face not the risk but the reality of nuclear war.

To be silent in this situation is not patriotic but irresponsible. In the last month, nuclear arms negotiations have collapsed. Communication of all kinds between the United States and the Soviet Union has broken down; instead, we have propaganda barrages and the spectacle of the leaders of the two mightiest nations on earth trading insults, as if they had no more serious obligations than their own personal pride and political survival. . . .

President Reagan and his Administration bear their own heavy measure of responsibility for the situation we face today. No President in the nuclear age, strengthened abroad as was Mr. Reagan by the consensus at home for a strong national defense, secure politically on the right and the left for the endeavor of arms control, had such an opportunity to reverse the nuclear arms race. Yet this opportunity has been squandered. . . .

To put it plainly, President Reagan must be ready and willing to negotiate; he must want progress even more than he wants to berate the Soviet Union.

I am convinced that we must engage ourselves now in this fundamental choice about our future – and that is why I write as the New Year begins. We must demand a new effort to prevent war, not to prepare for it.

“Ronald Reagan, Warmonger” (Murray N. Rothbard, Libertarian Forum, Vol. XVII, Nos. 7–8, July–August, 1983):

The drift toward war, and the ascendancy of the war-hawk troika, are ominous signposts for the future. The only silver lining in the cloud is that, despite the whipped-up hysteria, the Reagan Administration hasn’t really done anything to crack down directly on the Russians. (He couldn’t retaliate by banning Aeroflot in U.S., since Carter had already locked that into place when the Russians marched into Afghanistan.) His not doing anything concrete has, of course, sent conservatives up the wall, for this is by far their most emotional and most deeply felt of the three broad issues. It is a helluva note when we have to rely, for saving us from nuclear annihilation, on the likes of the Rockefellers, the Trilateralists, the Shultzes, the Kissingers, and all the rest. But that is unfortunately the way things are.

Hopefully, as rhetoric and reality clash and as we weave back and forth in the direction of the Final World War, Ronnie will be booted out in 1984, and we will all be able to leave the question of who or what is the “real” Reagan to shrinks and historians. Ronald Reagan will, then at long last, become supremely irrelevant for our time.

“The Left Was Easily Confused by Reagan, Too” (James Taranto, Wall Street Journal, 24 October 2012):

Back in the ’80s, they called Reagan a warmonger too–and nowhere more so than in elite universities such as those where a young Barack Obama was indoctrinated. History does not record the name of the person who noticed that you can rearrange the letters of “Ronald Wilson Reagan” to spell “insane Anglo warlord,” but that unknown anagramist provided that decade’s leftists with many a self-satisfied chuckle.

But what wars exactly did Ronald Reagan mong? The 1983 liberation of tiny Grenada was not exactly Normandy, and the 1986 bombing of Libya was small potatoes compared with last year’s French-led, Obama-followed intervention in that country that finally toppled Muammar Gadhafi.

Today Reagan is generally credited with having won the Cold War while firing nary a shot. But to the left at the time, his byword of “peace through strength” just didn’t compute.

“Reagan’s legacy at 100, from 3 very different perspectives” (Steven Thomma, McClatchey DC, 2 February 2011):

[Walter] Mondale’s first Reagan memory is of an upbeat rival whose optimism marked their clash of ideas as well as his politics.

“He is remembered as a very positive, hopeful public leader who helped fill that need at a tough time in American history, and I give him credit,” Mondale said. “In our campaigns, he never got mean, he never got bitter, he never got personal.”

A fierce opponent of Reagan’s arms buildup against the Soviet Union, Mondale said he still regretted that Reagan wouldn’t negotiate an arms treaty with the Soviets during his first term. Mondale said that Reagan relied too much on the thought that the Soviets couldn’t be trusted and the hope for a missile defense shield in space that would protect all Americans from any missile strike.

“After the campaign, and I pounded him on it, Nancy pressed him to try to find a negotiated agreement,” Mondale said. “He changed. I would give him credit for changing.”

Though many liberals portrayed Reagan as a warmonger at the time, Mondale credits him with restraint in the use of force, noting that he sent U.S. forces into battle rarely, including to the Caribbean island of Grenada and to Lebanon.

“His bark was bigger than his bite, which looks good now,” Mondale said. “He was actually pretty careful. …I would give him a fairly good grade.”

“Same liberal media called Reagan ‘warmonger’ and Trump ‘accommodationist’ on Russia” (Ed Straker, American Thinker, 16 July 2018):

Many of you remember the 1980s.  Ronald Reagan became president in the wake of the Iran hostage crisis, the Soviet placement of nuclear missiles in Eastern Europe, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

Reagan’s response was to call the Soviet Union an “evil empire” and to begin a major buildup of our conventional and military forces, as well as placing medium-range nuclear missiles in Europe to drive Russia to the negotiating table.

And how did the liberal media respond?  They called Reagan a “hardliner” and a “warmonger.”  They urged him repeatedly to engage in détente with the Soviet Union.

“What The Donald Shares With The Ronald” (Frank Rich, New York Magazine, 1 June 2016):

Republican leaders blasted Reagan as a trigger-happy warmonger. Much as Trump now threatens to downsize NATO and start a trade war with China, so Reagan attacked Ford, the sitting Republican president he ran against in the 1976 primary, and Henry Kissinger for their pursuit of the bipartisan policies of détente and Chinese engagement. The sole benefit of détente, Reagan said, was to give America “the right to sell Pepsi-Cola in Siberia.” For good measure, he stoked an international dispute by vowing to upend a treaty ceding American control over the Panama Canal. “We bought it, we paid for it, it’s ours, and we’re going to keep it!” he bellowed with an America First truculence reminiscent of Trump’s calls for our allies to foot the bill for American military protection. Even his own party’s hawks, like William F. Buckley Jr. and his pal John Wayne, protested. Goldwater, of all people, inveighed against Reagan’s “gross factual errors” and warned he might “take rash action” and “needlessly lead this country into open military conflict.”

“How Reagan Became Reagan” (Steven F. Hayward, Claremont Review of Books, Fall 2004):

Churchill took seriously that Hitler meant what he had written in Mein Kampf, a book few Britons bothered to read and would not have taken seriously if they had. Likewise Reagan took seriously the resolve of Lenin and his successors, quoting often Lenin’s statement that “it is inconceivable that the Soviet Republic should continue to exist for a long period side by side with imperialistic states. Ultimately, one or the other must conquer.” Churchill warned that weakness (“appeasement”) would lead to war. He was attacked as a menace and a warmonger. Reagan held a similar view, warning as early as 1961 that “[t]here can only be one end to the war we are in. It won’t go away if we simply try to outwait it. Wars end in victory or defeat.” Even Cold Wars. Which is why Reagan said, before becoming president, that his idea of how the Cold War should end was simple: “We win, they lose.” And like Churchill in the 1930s, liberals in the 1980s thought Reagan was a warmonger.

Like Churchill, Reagan had a vivid imagination that was the source of much of the criticism that he confused fantasy with reality. But it was also the source of much of his strength. It was Reagan’s capacious imagination that led him to embrace missile defense, just as Churchill’s imagination led him to champion a variety of military innovations from the tank to radar.

“Trump and Reagan: Similarities and Differences” (Ambassador Faith Whittlesey, The Phyllis Schlafly Report, May 2016):

I knew Ronald Reagan when TV pundits in the U.S. and Europe presented him as a cold-hearted extremist who was longing to take away food and shelter from America’s poor and risk nuclear cataclysm. I was with him when the Rockefeller Republicans dismissed him as a former B-rated movie star and crackpot warmonger. Reagan’s supporters were smeared as rubes, nativists, and religious fanatics. Reagan was a man who bucked the GOP “wise men” over and over again, until he won.

“From Reagan’s mouth to Trump’s, Obama’s ears” (Carl M. Cannon, Orange County Register, 1-15-17):

So, not friendly questions, even if they were politely phrased. Guess how many times Reagan bristled, used the phrase “fake news,” called his opponents “sick people”? You guess it: none. This pattern held for eight years. Liberals with TDS (Trump Derangement Syndrome) may get all misty-eyed when they think of the 40th president today, but they had RDS (Reagan Derangement Syndrome) back then. For eight years, Democrats brayed about Reagan the warmonger, Reagan the cowboy, Reagan the racist, Reagan the idiot, Reagan the senile, Reagan the gay-hater. But here’s the point: Reagan didn’t respond in kind. He kept it classy right up through his Jan. 11, 1989 farewell address as president.

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I wrote the following on 28 January 2017 on Facebook:

Reagan Was a Racist, Dunce, and Warmonger; So is Trump (Nothing New Under the Sun, in Tired Liberal Rhetoric and Smears)

It’s the same with every Republican President. I’ve observed this stuff since Reagan. Almost all of this was said about him. He was gonna start WW III; he was a dunce about nuclear warheads, and an imbecile about economics (Bush I, opposing him in the primaries famously called his view “voodoo economics”).

None of that happened, did it? He got us into no wars except the dinky little conflict in Grenada. He got a nuclear treaty signed with Gorbachev (and pretty much out-foxed him). The Berlin Wall fell, the Soviet Union came crashing down the year after he left office, and we all know what happened with the economy.

He was supposedly a racist (being a Republican). The black middle class grew by leaps and bounds during his two terms, whereas black income and home ownership decreased under Obama, and their unemployment went up. He’s been at war in Afghanistan his entire eight years, the Middle East is in shambles, as is health care insurance. Race relations are arguably worse than they have been since the 1950s.

Thus, the facts of success and achievement all favor Reagan over Obama. Obama did not a thing about the murders occurring daily in Chicago. Trump is already talking about taking action, in his first week.

Reagan was accused of virtually all of the same stuff. Liberals never learn! So now we hear these asinine comparisons of Trump’s policy with Kristallnacht, ludicrous charges that adviser Steve Bannon is a white supremacist, Trump’s not really pro-life (only faking it), his character is worse than any other President ever (Bill Clinton? JFK? Nixon?), and on and on.

I shake my head, poker-faced, yawn at length and say, “same old same old . . . ” It’s always good to remember past history. At age 58, there is a lot of history I can remember, and it gives one perspective and knowledge.

Democrats do nothing if not trot out the same myths and whoppers every four years. It’s what they do. They have lied so long they think they are actually telling the truth. It *feels* like truth to them, and as we know from long experience putting up with their follies, liberalism is all about feelings; not much about reason.

One difference this year is that much of the criticism comes from third-party folks and GOP establishment types. But almost all of the arguments come from the good ol’ Democratic playbook of talking points. It’s all the same stuff. And we call that being a “useful idiot” for secularist liberalism: a known term in political science, which means being an unwitting dupe.

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Related Reading:

Trump & Reagan: Shocking Similarities [1-15-16]

Is Trump a Conservative; Even “Reaganesque”? [3-9-16]

Is 2016 a 1980 Election Repeat (Reagan’s First Electoral Blowout)?: I May be a Prophet on This [Facebook, 11-2-16]

The Mythical Racist Reagan vs. The Real Reagan (Sound Familiar?) / Liberal Race-Baiting Against GOP Nothing New [Facebook, 8-21-17]

Heritage Foundation: Trump’s First Year Better Than Reagan’s (+ My Comment) [Facebook, 1-25-18]

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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not Exist: If you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.
*
My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2600 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will be receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers (and “likes” and links and shares). Thanks!
*
See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago, but send to my email: [email protected]). Another easy way to send and receive money (with a bank account or a mobile phone) is through Zelle. Again, just send to my e-mail address. May God abundantly bless you.
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Photo credit: Donald Trump is greeted by President Ronald Reagan at a White House reception (11 March 1987) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]

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2019-11-21T12:24:10-04:00

Turretinfan: the colorful, vociferous, and ever-anonymous Reformed Protestant anti-Catholic polemicist, wrote an article on Bishop James White’s blog, entitled, “Did the Acts 15 ‘Council’ Rely on the Exegesis of Scripture?” (2-18-12). I’d like to concentrate on one interesting claim that he made. His words will be in blue:

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IV. Is the Acts 15 Assembly Normative of Anything?

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B. What issued from the assembly and who was “bound” by it?The assembly issued a letter that was not directed to “the whole church of Jesus Christ” but rather to a specific group of Christians in a specific geographic area, and only to the Gentile Christians of that group.  Recall:Acts 15:23  And they wrote letters by them after this manner; The apostles and elders and brethren send greeting unto the brethren which are of the Gentiles in Antioch and Syria and Cilicia:So, what came out was a letter that was written to a particular group of Gentiles living in particular geographic areas.  If this were a papal decree, it wouldn’t meet the criteria for being “ex cathedra” because it not intended to bind the whole church.

I’m grateful for the opportunity to look more closely into this council, which I have written about many times:

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Apostolic Succession as Seen in the Jerusalem Council [National Catholic Register, 1-15-17]
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But I had never pondered this particular aspect of it, and now I  am very pleased to do so, as this council is of great interest to me (as an evidence of Catholic ecclesiology and disproof of sola Scriptura).

First of all, a translation note: King James is cited for 15:23, and it reads, “they wrote letters by them after this manner;”. In other words, it’s implied that there were more than one, and the others were similar in nature or “manner” to what is recorded. Turretinfan appears not to notice this and immediately states: “So, what came out was a letter that was written to a particular group of Gentiles living in particular geographic areas (my bolding added).

In any event, this will form no part of my argument, since most translations refer to a single letter. For example, RSV (which is what I always use in my writing: “with the following letter”; similar in NIV and NASB). Logically speaking, simply referring to one letter does not mean that there could not be other letters as well. But this particular one (whether it was the only one, or one of several), was delivered at Antioch (15:30). Then we are informed that Paul and Silas “went through Syria and Cili’cia, strengthening the churches” (15:41). Thus, all three areas mentioned in 15:23 were indeed informed of this one decree, sent via letter with apostles. 

But were those all the areas that Holy Scripture tells us were bound by the decrees of the council? The text that follows shows that this is not the case.  Paul went next to “Derbe and to Lystra” (16:1). Derbe was in Asia Minor (current-day Turkey), and was then considered part of the region of Lycaonia. Granted, it wasn’t far from Cilicia, but it is a different locality. Lystra was a little north and west of Derbe.

Three verses later is a passage crucial to this discussion: one that Turretinfan (for reasons known only to himself) completely ignores in his fairly comprehensive treatment:

Acts 16:4-5 (RSV) As they went on their way through the cities, they delivered to them for observance the decisions which had been reached by the apostles and elders who were at Jerusalem. [5] So the churches were strengthened in the faith, and they increased in numbers daily.

Note that this was after St. Paul had visited two cities that were not part of the three regions mentioned with regard to the specific letter mentioned in Acts 15:22-29. And the broad, sweeping language sure implies (at least prima facie) that other local churches would be included also (“As they went on their way through the cities”). Moreover, the phrase, “the churches were strengthened in the faith” echoed the phrase, “strengthening the churches” (15:41), which was written in conjunction with the specific letter that we know about.

It is, therefore, quite reasonable to surmise either that 1) there were more letters of the sort that Acts 15:23 mentions, and/or 2) it was understood by St. Paul that he was to deliver the message of the decisions or decrees of the council, far and wide, in his travels. The rest of chapter 16 details the many places Paul and Silas visited, where (presumably), they “delivered to them for observance the decisions which had been reached . . . at Jerusalem.” 

The places visited included Phrygia, Galatia, Troas (near the west of Turkey), Samothrace (an island in the Aegean Sea), Neapolis (in Greece), and Philippi (northern Greece). That’s a lot of places, across a wide geographical area (Turkey itself is 970 miles east to west, and Paul crossed the Aegean Sea into Greece).

We observe, then, that Paul was (by quite reasonable deduction and the grammar of these biblical texts), delivering binding conciliar decrees (“for observance”) across a very large area: far more thana particular group of Gentiles living in particular geographic areas” (i.e., Antioch and Syria and Cilicia). No one need merely take my word and accept my argument in this respect. Several Protestant commentaries (for Acts 16:4-5) back me up:

Benson Commentary although these decrees were written in the form of a letter to the brethren of the Gentiles in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia, they belonged equally to all the Gentile converts everywhere.

Barnes’ Notes on the Bible The decrees – τὰ δόγματα ta dogmata. The decrees in regard to the four things specified in Acts 15:20Acts 15:29. The word translated “decrees” occurs in Luke 2:1, “A decree from Caesar Augustus”; in Acts 17:7 “The decrees of Caesar”; in Ephesians 2:15; and in Colossians 2:14. It properly means a law or edict of a king or legislature. In this instance it Was the decision of the council in a case submitted to it, and implied an obligation on the Christians to submit to that decision, since they had submitted the matter to them. The same principles, also, would be applicable everywhere, and the decision, therefore, at Jerusalem became conclusive. It is probable that a correct and attested copy of the letter Acts 15:23-29 would be sent to the various churches of the Gentiles.

Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible And as they went through the cities,…. Of Derbe, Lystra, and Iconium, and others in Lycaonia, and in Phrygia and Galatia; the Arabic version reads, “they both”; that is, Paul and Barnabas: they delivered them the decrees for to keep; they gave the churches, in these cities, the sentiments, and determinations to be observed and followed by them: that were ordained of the apostles which were at Jerusalem . . .

Matthew Henry Commentary He went through the cities where he had preached the word of the Lord, as he intended ch. 15:36 ), . . . All the churches were concerned in that decree, and therefore it was requisite they should all have it well attested.

Robertson’s Word Pictures in the New Testament 

They delivered them (παρεδιδοσαν αυτοις — paredidosan autois). Imperfect active, kept on delivering to them in city after city. This is a proof of Paul‘s loyalty to the Jerusalem compact (Knowling). The circumcision of Timothy would indicate also that the points involved were under discussion and that Paul felt no inconsistency in what he did.

The decrees (τα δογματα — ta dogmata). Old word from δοκεω — dokeō to give an opinion. It is used of public decrees of rulers (Luke 2:1Acts 17:7), of the requirements of the Mosaic law (Colossians 2:14), and here of the regulations or conclusions of the Jerusalem Conference. Silas was with Paul and his presence gave added dignity to the passing out of the decrees, a charter of Gentile freedom, since he was one of the committee from Jerusalem to Antioch (Acts 15:22Acts 15:27Acts 15:32).

Which had been ordained (τα κεκριμενα — ta kekrimena). Perfect passive articular participle of κρινω — krinō to judge, emphasizing the permanence of the conclusions reached by the apostles and elders in Jerusalem.

For to keep (πυλασσειν — phulassein). This present active infinitive likewise accents that it is a charter of liberty for continual living, not a temporary compromise.

Expository Notes with Practical Observations on the New Testament To whom these decrees were delivered; namely, to the churches, as they passed along through the several cities; so many cities, so many churches: the whole company of Christians within a city and the adjacent territory, . . . 

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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not ExistIf you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.
*
My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2600 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will be receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers (and “likes” and links and shares). Thanks!
*
See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago, but send to my email: [email protected]). Another easy way to send and receive money (with a bank account or a mobile phone) is through Zelle. Again, just send to my e-mail address. May God abundantly bless you.

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Photo credit: Caliniuc since Putzger & Westermann atlases (Atlas zur Weltgeschichte, Stier, H.E., dir., 1985), 7-27-11. Asia Minor in the Greco-Roman period (332 BC – 395 AD) [Wikimedia CommonsCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license]

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2019-10-30T16:42:49-04:00

St. John Henry Cardinal Newman (1801-1890)

Newman, while still an Anglican, thirteen years before his conversion, preached a sermon at Oxford University, entitled, “The Reverence Due to the Virgin Mary” (March 25, 1832), which included these words:

Who can estimate the holiness and perfection of her, who was chosen to be the Mother of Christ? If to him that hath, more is given, and holiness and Divine favour go together (and this we are expressly told), what must have been the transcendent purity of her, whom the Creator Spirit condescended to overshadow with His miraculous presence? What must have been her gifts, who was chosen to be the only near earthly relative of the Son of God, the only one whom He was bound by nature to revere and look up to; the one appointed to train and educate Him, to instruct Him day by day, as He grew in wisdom and stature? This contemplation runs to a higher subject, did we dare follow it; for what, think you, was the sanctified state of that human nature, of which God formed His sinless Son; knowing as we do, `that which is born of the flesh is flesh’ (1 Jn 3:6), and that `none can bring a clean thing out of an unclean?’ (Job 14:4). (Parochial and Plain Sermons, San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1987 [orig. 1843], p. 309)

Later, as a Catholic, St. John Henry Newman wrote, with characteristically brilliant, rhetorical prose, a piece intended as a counter-argument to a hypothetical Protestant objector to the Immaculate Conception:

Does not the objector consider that Eve was created, or born, without original sin? Why does not this shock him? Would he have been inclined to worship Eve in that first estate of hers? Why, then, Mary?

Does he not believe that St. John the Baptist had the grace of God – i.e., was regenerated, even before his birth? What do we believe of Mary, but that grace was given her at a still earlier period? All we say is, that grace was given her from the first moment of her existence.

We do not say that she did not owe her salvation to the death of her Son. Just the contrary, we say that she, of all mere children of Adam, is in the truest sense the fruit and purchase of His Passion. He has done for her more than for anyone else. To others He gives grace and regeneration at a point in their earthly existence; to her, from the very beginning.

We do not make her nature different from others . . . certainly she would have been a frail being, like Eve, without the grace of God . . . It was not her nature which secured her perseverance, but the excess of grace which hindered Nature acting as Nature ever will act. There is no difference in kind between her and us, though an inconceivable difference of degree. She and we are both simply saved by the grace of Christ.

Thus, sincerely speaking, I really do not see what the difficulty is . . . The above statement is no private statement of my own. I never heard of any Catholic who ever had any other view . . .

Consider what I have said. Is it, after all, certainly irrational? Is it certainly against Scripture? Is it certainly against the primitive Fathers? Is it certainly idolatrous? I cannot help smiling as I put the questions . . .

Many, many doctrines are far harder than the Immaculate Conception. The doctrine of Original Sin is indefinitely harder. Mary just has not this difficulty. It is no difficulty to believe that a soul is united to the flesh without original sin; the great mystery is that any, that millions on millions, are born with it. Our teaching about Mary has just one difficulty less than our teaching about the state of mankind generally. (Meditations and Devotions, Harrison, New York: Roman Catholic Books, n.d. [orig. 1893], “Memorandum on the Immaculate Conception,” 151-152, 155-156)

Bishop William Bernard Ullathorne (1806-1889)

It is the divine maternity of Mary which explains both her perfect excellence and her perfect holiness. It is the key to all her gifts and privileges. For the excellence of each creature is to be found in the degree in which it resembles its Creator . . .

Mary was made as like to Him [Christ], as being a mere creature, she could be made. For, having no earthly father, Our Lord bore the human likeness of His mother in all His features. Or rather, she bore His likeness. And as, for thirty years of His life, her mind was the law which directed His obedience, and her will the guide, which regulated His actions, her soul was the perfect reflection of His conduct. And as all created holiness is derived from Jesus, and from the degree of our union with Jesus, of which union His sacred and life-giving flesh is the great instrument; we may understand something of the perfect holiness of the Mother of God, from the perfection of her union with her Son. For He was formed by the Holy Ghost of her flesh. And His blood, that saving blood which redeemed the world, was taken from her heart. And whilst the Godhead dwelt bodily in Him, He, for nine months, dwelt bodily in her. And all that time . . . the stream which nourished the growth of life in Jesus flowed from the heart of Mary, and, at each pulsation, flowed back again, and re-entered His Mother’s heart, enriching her with His divinest spirit. How pregnant is that blood of His with sanctifying grace, one drop of which might have redeemed the world . . . Next to that union by which Jesus is God and man in one person, there is no union so intimate as that of a mother with her child. (The Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God, Westminster, Maryland: Christian Classics, 1988 [orig. 1855], 6-7)

Certainly, He who preserved the three children from being touched by the fire in the midst of which they walked uninjured, and who preserved the bush unconsumed in the midst of a burning flame, could preserve Mary untouched from the burning fuel of concupiscence. He who took up Elijah in the fiery chariot, so that he tasted not of death, could, in the chariot of His ardent love, set Mary on high above the law of sin . . . And He who held back the waves of that Jordan, that the ark of the Old Testament might pass untouched and honoured through its bed, could hold back the wave of Adam, lest it overflow the ark of the New Testament beneath its defiling floods. For that we are born in the crime of Adam and with original sin, is not the result of absolute necessity, but of the divine will. And if He who ordained this penalty, had already solved it in part, when ere His birth, He sanctified the holy Precursor of His Coming; much more could he solve it altogether when He sanctified His holy Mother.

For He, who could have limited Adam’s sin unto himself, can ward off that sin from Mary. And what He could, that He willed to do. For why should He not have willed it? (Ibid., 32-33)

James Cardinal Gibbons (1834-1921)

Whenever God designs any person for some important work, He bestows on that person the graces and dispositions necessary for faithfully discharging it . . .

The Prophet Jeremiah was sanctified from his very birth because he was destined to be the herald of God’s law to the children of Israel: `Before I formed thee in the bowels of thy mother I knew thee, and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee.’ (Jer 1:5) . . .

John the Baptist was `filled with the Holy Ghost even from his mother’s womb.’ (Lk 1:15). `He was a burning and a shining light’ (Jn 5:35) because he was chosen to prepare the way of the Lord.

The Apostles received the plenitude of grace; they were endowed with the gift of tongues and other privileges (Acts 2) before they commenced the work of the ministry. Hence St. Paul says: `Our sufficiency is from God, who hath made us fit ministers of the New Testament.’ (2 Cor 3:5-6) [other translations have “able,” “competent,” “qualified,”] . . .

There is none who filled any position so exalted, so sacred, as is the incommunicable office of Mother of Jesus; and there is no one, consequently, that needed so high a degree of holiness as she did.

For, if God thus sanctified His Prophets and Apostles as being destined to be the bearers of the Word of life, how much more sanctified must Mary have been, who was to bear the Lord and `Author of life’ (Acts 3:5) . . . If God said to His Priests of old: `Be ye clean, you that carry the vessels of the Lord’ (Is 3:2); nay, if the vessels themselves used in the divine service and churches are set apart by special consecration, we cannot conceive Mary to have been ever profaned by sin, who was the chosen vessel of election, even the Mother of God. (The Faith of Our Fathers, New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, revised edition, 1917, 135-137)

Louis Bouyer (1913-2004)

The case of the Virgin Mary . . . is certainly the one which best reveals the Catholic idea of sanctity, [yet] to Protestants it appears the height of idolatry . . .

If there is any Catholic belief that shows how much the Church believes in the sovereignty of grace, in its most gratuitous form, it is this one. It is remarkable that the Orthodox controversialists, contrary to the Protestants, reproach Catholics for admitting, in this one case of Our Lady, something analogous to what strict Calvinists admit for all the elect — a grace that saves us absolutely independently of us, not only without any merit of our own, but without any possibility of our cooperation, . . . whereas the Protestant view seems, not merely against reason, but completely absurd. To say that Mary is holy, with a super-eminent holiness, in virtue of a divine intervention previous to the first instant of her existence, is to affirm in her case as absolutely as possible that salvation is a grace, and purely a grace, of God. (The Spirit and Forms of Protestantism, translated by A. V. Littledale, London: Harvill Press, 1956, p. 247)

This faith of Mary’s, whereby the free act of fallen man effectively reversed Eve’s choice of unbelief and revolt, presupposes, on the part of God, his total repossession of his creature. For God to give himself as he intended, for his Word to take flesh of Mary, it was necessary that, in Mary, he should take back his creature wholly to himself . . .

Though the Immaculate Conception was the most excellent of all the graces given before Christ, it would be mistaken to look on it as a grace perfect in itself, sufficient in itself . . . It is . . . only the pre-condition of Christian grace; for this begins with Mary’s `fiat’, with the acceptance and the accomplishment of the Incarnation . . .

The whole course of the Old Testament culminates in the Immaculate Virgin. In her the ultimate realities of the New are first foreshadowed . . .

The New and Eternal Testament starts from her . . . She proclaims, prefigures, and realises, in a wholly unique manner, all the sanctity to be attained ultimately by the Church, when it shall have reached its perfection. The Virgin `without spot or wrinkle’ (Eph 5:27), to be presented to Christ at the end of time is the Church; but Mary, at the beginning of the new epoch, is already this Virgin without stain. She is, thus, the promise already fulfilled, the pledge already actualised, of what all of us together are to become . . .

All this goes to show that there is no ground for the Protestant apprehension that the Church’s worship of our Lady is a form of idolatry, for we venerate in her simply the glory promised by God to every creature. In consequence, we are in no danger of ever attributing to her any of that glory which God has said that he will never give to another (Is 42:8, 48:11). (The Seat of Wisdom, translated by A. V. Littledale, Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1965 [orig. 1960], 119-120, 126, 128-129)

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Related Reading:

Blessed Virgin Mary & God’s Special Presence in Scripture [1994; from first draft of A Biblical Defense of Catholicism]
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“All Have Sinned” vs. a Sinless, Immaculate Mary? [1996; revised and posted at National Catholic Register on 12-11-17]
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Was Mary’s Immaculate Conception Absolutely Necessary? [1-5-05; published at National Catholic Register on 12-8-17]
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Martin Luther’s “Immaculate Purification” View of Mary [National Catholic Register, 12-31-16]
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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not ExistIf you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.

*

My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2500 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will start receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers. Thanks! See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago, but send to my email: [email protected]). Another easy way to send and receive money (with a bank account or a mobile phone) is through Zelle. Again, just send to my e-mail address. May God abundantly bless you.

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(compiled and edited in 1994)

Photo credit: Close-up from an 1881 portrait of St. John Henry Cardinal Newman (1801-1890) by Sir John Everett Millais (1829-1896) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]

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2020-07-12T16:27:18-04:00

St. John Henry Newman was canonized by Pope Francis on 13 October 2019 in Rome.
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MY ARTICLES
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Importance & Influence of Blessed Cardinal Newman [5-22-03]

Was Cardinal Newman a Modernist?: Pope St. Pius X vs. Anti-Catholic Polemicist David T. King (Development, not Evolution of Doctrine) [1-20-04]

Does the History of the Papacy Contradict Catholic Ecclesiology? [1-20-04 at Internet Archive]

Catholics and Reason: Reply to Certain Misrepresentations of Catholic Apologetics and Philosophy — including excerpts from Newman’s Grammar of Assent [1-20-04 at Internet Archive]

Cardinal Newman’s Philosophical & Epistemological Commitments [10-19-04]

Döllinger & Liberal Dissidents’ Rejection of Papal Infallibility [11-28-04]

Absurd Anti-Newman Rhetoric in Anti-Catholic Polemics [3-19-02 and 9-27-05]

Cdl. Newman, Vatican I & II, & Papal Infallibility (Clarification) [12-10-05]

The Certitude of Faith According to Cardinal Newman [9-30-08]

Newman on Theological Liberalism (Tracts of the Times No. 73) [3-5-11]

Anglican Newman on the Falsity of Perspicuity (Clearness) of Scripture [3-7-11]

John Henry Newman on Papal Infallibility Prior to 1870 (Classic Anti-Catholic Lies: George Salmon, James White, David T. King et al) [8-11-11]

Dialogue on Newman’s Kingsley / Apologia Controversy [11-30-12]

Part Eight (of my 75-page conversion story): Bombshell and Paradigm Shift: Blessed John Henry Cardinal Newman’s Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1990) [2013]

Cardinal Newman’s Conversion Odyssey, in His Own Words (1839-1845) [3-19-15]

Blessed Cardinal Newman on Mary’s Immaculate Conception [2015]

Cardinal Newman’s Conversion Agonies: Jan. 1842 to Feb. 1844  [2015]

Implicit (Extra-Empirical) Faith, According to JH Newman [12-18-15]

Armstrong vs. Collins & Walls #1: Newman’s Mariology [10-17-17]
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Pope Francis, Cardinal Newman, & Fresh (Orthodox) Presentations [1-29-18]

The “High”, Glorious Mariology of Cardinal Newman (Foreword to The Mariology of Cardinal Newman, by Rev. Francis J. Friedel) [4-11-19]

Dr. Echeverria: Francis Wants Development, Not Revolution [5-28-19]

Blessed Cardinal Newman on Mary’s Immaculate Conception [7-31-19]

The Anglican Newman on Prayer for the Dead (1838): It was as well-attested in the early Church as the Canon of Scripture [10-11-19]

Cardinal Newman Anticipated Vatican II & Lay Participation [10-11-19]

Cardinal Newman on What Persuades People of Christianity [10-12-19]

Anglican Newman on Oral & Written Apostolic Tradition [10-12-19]

St. John Henry Newman: Photograph & Portrait Page [10-14-19]

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MY THREE NEWMAN QUOTATIONS BOOKS

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The Quotable Newman: Foreword by Joseph Pearce [9-5-12]

The Quotable Newman (2012) [10-12-12]

Available for only $2.99 in several e-book formats.

The book page contains my Introduction.

Two glowing reviews by Dr. Jeff Mirus (one / two)

Fr. Peter M. J. Stravinskas, in The Catholic Response (Vol. IX, No. 4, Jan / Feb 2013, p. 58):

Cardinal Newman does not admit of sound-bites but Dave Armstrong has done a creditable job of giving us easily digestible portions of Newman’s thoughts on a host of topics, conveniently arranged in alphabetical order with a precise citation following each entry. This is a wonderful addition to Newman scholarship.

Stratford Caldecott, Editor of Magnificat:

Dave Armstrong’s anthology of Newman is the best I have seen remarkable for the way it makes this monumental writer accessible to the modern reader.

Joseph Pearce, Writer-in-Residence, the Thomas More College of Liberal Arts:

John Henry Newman is one of the most important Catholic writers, theologians and philosophers of the past two centuries. The Quotable Newman provides highlights from his magnificent work in one easy-to-read volume. This is the perfect introduction to his thought.

The Quotable Newman, Vol. II [8-20-13]

Available for only $2.99 in several e-book formats.

The book page contains my Introduction, many excerpts (posted on Facebook) and the Index of Topics.

The Quotable Newman (Vol. I, II): Complete Index of Correspondents [8-20-13]

Cardinal Newman: Q & A in Theology, Church History, and Conversion [2-24-15]

Available for only $2.99 in several e-book formats.

The book page contains many excerpts (posted on Facebook) and the comprehensive Table of Contents.

Introduction to my book: Cardinal Newman: Q & A in Theology, Church History, & Conversion [5-23-15]

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WEB PAGES

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Development of Doctrine (Index Page for Dave Armstrong)

Blessed John Henry Cardinal Newman: “Father” of Vatican II (Links Page)

This was for many years the most extensive web page devoted to Cardinal Newman, besides Newman Reader, that contained his actual books. It was active from 1997 to 2016, when it was discontinued. At this link one can still see archived versions of the page, which show how very comprehensive it was: and many of the links are still functional even now.

Farewell to My Lewis, Chesterton, & Newman Pages [6-8-16]

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HELPFUL EXTERNAL LINKS

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Visiting G.K. Chesterton, C.S. Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, and John Henry Newman: An England Pilgrimage (Photos) [extraordinary web page by Brandon Vogt]

National Institute for Newman Studies: Digital Collections

Newman Reader (virtually all Cardinal Newman books for free in nice HTML format)

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2019-10-08T13:07:17-04:00

I received the following question from a friend, and replied to it:
Your “dialogue” vs. James White contained this back-and-forth:
WHITE: Now this assertion of a second inspired source of God’s truth has led, I feel, to some tremendously false beliefs.
 
ME: We don’t believe that tradition and Church proclamations are ‘inspired” but rather, infallible and authoritative / binding under certain carefully specified conditions. This is a surprising mistake from White on an elementary matter.
 
Fr. Mitch Pacwa disagrees with you:
 
In a [1999] debate between White and Fr. Pacwa on Sola Scriptura [ time: 1:00:50, cross examination section], White asked Fr. Pacwa, whether oral tradition is inspired, and Fr. Pacwa replied: 1. It has not been defined, 2. He thinks it is inspired even though there is some difference.
 
My comment/question:
I have always thought that tradition was inspired indeed. My understanding is that the Word of God is transmitted via two modes – Scripture and tradition – therefore, both Scripture and tradition are inspired. According to 2 Thessalonians 2:15 we should “hold fast to the teachings apostles passed on to us, whether by word of mouth or by letter.” If what was passed by letter is inspired, why what was passed by mouth not? It seems inconsistent to me. Could you comment on that please and give some resources you think support your claim, and could you comment on Fr. Pacwa´s reply? Thanks.
My reply follows:
 
Dei Verbum [Vatican II] refers only to Holy Scripture as inspired — never to Sacred Tradition: as you can see by searching “inspir” in that document.
 
For example:

9. Hence there exists a close connection and communication between sacred tradition and Sacred Scripture. For both of them, flowing from the same divine wellspring, in a certain way merge into a unity and tend toward the same end. For Sacred Scripture is the word of God inasmuch as it is consigned to writing under the inspiration of the divine Spirit, while sacred tradition takes the word of God entrusted by Christ the Lord and the Holy Spirit to the Apostles, and hands it on to their successors in its full purity, so that led by the light of the Spirit of truth, they may in proclaiming it preserve this word of God faithfully, explain it, and make it more widely known. Consequently it is not from Sacred Scripture alone that the Church draws her certainty about everything which has been revealed. Therefore both sacred tradition and Sacred Scripture are to be accepted and venerated with the same sense of loyalty and reverence. (6)

[Dave: the above explains the distinction best, in my opinion]

11. Those divinely revealed realities which are contained and presented in Sacred Scripture have been committed to writing under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. For holy mother Church, relying on the belief of the Apostles (see John 20:31; 2 Tim. 3:16; 2 Peter 1:19-20, 3:15-16), holds that the books of both the Old and New Testaments in their entirety, with all their parts, are sacred and canonical because written under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, they have God as their author and have been handed on as such to the Church herself. (1)

18. . . . The Church has always and everywhere held and continues to hold that the four Gospels are of apostolic origin. For what the Apostles preached in fulfillment of the commission of Christ, afterwards they themselves and apostolic men, under the inspiration of the divine Spirit, handed on to us in writing: the foundation of faith, namely, the fourfold Gospel, according to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. (1)

20. Besides the four Gospels, the canon of the New Testament also contains the epistles of St. Paul and other apostolic writings, composed under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, . . . 

With regard to Fr. Pacwa (whom I greatly admire and respect), he was correct in saying that apostolic tradition can be referred to as the “word of God” because that phrase is used in a wider sense than Scripture alone in Scripture (see, e.g., many instances of prophets speaking the “word of God” or “word of the Lord”).
 
But I think he was sloppy in applying the term “inspired” to sacred Tradition, because it is a technical term referring to direct guidance by God of Holy Scripture as divine revelation, which is “God-breathed” (theopneustos, as White noted, and often rightly notes).
 
I believe that if you wrote to Fr. Pacwa and especially highlighted the above portions of Dei Verbum, that he would correct himself, and concede that he misspoke: as we all do at times. If not, I’d be very curious to see what he says, in light of what I have produced.
 
Likewise, Catholic Encyclopedia, “Inspiration of the Bible” never applies inspiration to Sacred Tradition.
 
And again, the Catholic Catechism in referring to inspiration, applies it solely to the Bible, not tradition (search “inspir” in the following section). The phrase “inspired tradition” never appears in it. See also:
CCC 81 “Sacred Scripture is the speech of God as it is put down in writing under the breath of the Holy Spirit.”42
“And [Holy] Tradition transmits in its entirety the Word of God which has been entrusted to the apostles by Christ the Lord and the Holy Spirit. It transmits it to the successors of the apostles so that, enlightened by the Spirit of truth, they may faithfully preserve, expound and spread it abroad by their preaching.”43
 
The same is found also in the latest edition of Denzinger, Enchiridion symbolorum: Compendium of Creeds, Definitions, and Declarations on Matters of Faith and Morals (43rd edition: San Francisco: Ignatius, 2012, edited in part by my good friend, Dr. Robert Fastiggi).
 
In the Index of Persons and Subjects (p. 1373), it has “Inspiration: of Sacred Scripture, A3bb . . . “
 
When we go to that section (starting on p. 1192), we find:
3. The Tradition of God’s Revelation
a. The Nature of the Tradition
The notion or characteristic of “Inspiration” never appears in this section, excepting a reference to “the inspired books” (i.e., Scripture).
b. Sacred Scripture
Here (pp. 1193-1195) we see a paragraph specifically devoted to “Inspiration” (of Scripture), and several other references.

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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not ExistIf you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.

My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2500 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will start receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers. Thanks! See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago). May God abundantly bless you.

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Photo credit: Pete unseth (11-28-09): Set of scrolls comprising the entire Tanakh [Wikimedia CommonsCreative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication]

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2019-11-01T12:35:51-04:00

In his fictional book, The Great Divorce (New York: Macmillan, 1946, 39), Lewis portrays the damned (including some near-damned, as it were) making a trip to the outskirts of heaven. One of the spirits is told: “You have been in Hell; though if you don’t go back you may call it Purgatory.” This theme was expanded later in the book (p. 67):

“If they leave that grey town behind it will not have been Hell. To any that leaves it, it is Purgatory. And perhaps ye had better not call this country Heaven. Not Deep Heaven, ye understand.” (Here he smiled at me). “Ye can call it the Valley of the Shadow of Life. And yet to those who stay here it will have been Heaven from the first. And ye can call those sad streets in the town yonder the Valley of the Shadow of Death: but to those who remain there they will have been Hell even from the beginning.”

Here is Lewis’ most explicit, extended treatment of the topic of purgatory, followed by an interesting short exposition from his famous semi-catechetical work, Mere Christianity:

Of course I pray for the dead. The action is so spontaneous, so all but inevitable, that only the most compulsive theological case against it would deter me. And I hardly know how the rest of my prayers would survive if those for the dead were forbidden. At our age the majority of those we love best are dead. What sort of intercourse with God could I have if what I love best were unmentionable to Him? . . .

I believe in purgatory. Mind you, the Reformers had good reasons for throwing doubt on “the Romish doctrine concerning Purgatory” as that Romish doctrine had then become. . . .

The right view returns magnificently in Newman’s Dream. [1] There, if I remember it rightly, the saved soul, at the very foot of the throne, begs to be taken away and cleansed. It cannot bear for a moment longer “With its darkness to affront that light.” Religion has reclaimed Purgatory.

Our souls demand Purgatory, don’t they? Would it not break the heart if God said to us, “It is true, my son, that your breath smells and your rags drip with mud and slime, but we are charitable here and no one will upbraid you with these things, nor draw away from you. Enter into the joy”? Should we not reply, “With submission, sir, and if there is no objection, I’d rather be cleaned first.” “It may hurt, you know” — “Even so, sir.”

I assume that the process of purification will normally involve suffering. Partly from tradition; partly because most real good that has been done me in this life has involved it. . . .

My favourite image on this matter comes from the dentist’s chair. I hope that when the tooth of life is drawn and I am “coming round,” a voice will say, “Rinse your mouth out with this.” This will be Purgatory. The rinsing may take longer than I can now imagine. The taste of this may be more fiery and astringent than my present sensibility could endure. (Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1964, 107-109)

“Make no mistake,” He says, “if you let me, I will make you perfect. The moment you put yourself in My hands, that is what you are in for. Nothing less, or other, than that. You have free will, and if you choose, you can push Me away. But if you do not push Me away, understand that I am going to see this job through. Whatever suffering it may cost you in your earthly life, whatever inconceivable purification it may cost you after death, whatever it costs Me, I will never rest, nor let you rest, until you are literally perfect — until My Father can say without reservation that He is well pleased with you, as He said He was well pleased with me. This I can do and will do. But I will not do anything less.” (Mere Christianity, New York: Macmillan, 1960, 172)

Lewis wrote about purgatory after the death of his wife, Joy:

How do I know that all her anguish is past? I never believed before — I thought it immensely improbable — that the faithfulest soul could leap straight into perfection and peace the moment death has rattled in the throat. It would be wishful thinking with a vengeance to take up that belief now . . . I know there are not only tears to be dried but stains to be scoured. . . .

But suppose that what you are up against is a surgeon whose intentions are wholly good. The kinder and more conscientious he is, the more inexorably he will go on cutting. If he yielded to your entreaties, if he stopped before the operation was complete, all the pain up to that point would have been useless. But is it credible that such extremities of torture should be necessary for us? Well, take your choice. The tortures occur. If they are unnecessary, then there is no God or a bad one. If there is a good God, then these tortures are necessary. For no even moderately good Being could possibly inflict or permit them if they weren’t.

Either way, we’re for it.

What do people mean when they say, “I am not afraid of God because I know He is good?” Have they never even been to a dentist? (A Grief Observed, New York: Bantam, 1976, 48-51)

In a letter to Sister Penelope, C.S.M.V., written on 17 September 1963, only nine weeks or so before his death, Lewis stated:

If you die first, and if “prison visiting” is allowed, come down and look me up in Purgatory. (W. H. Lewis, editor, Letters of C. S. Lewis, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1966 [revised and enlarged Harvest edition edited by Walter Hooper, 1993], 509)

The following excerpts are from: The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Vol. II: Books, Broadcasts, and the War, 1931-1949, edited by Walter Hooper, HarperSanFrancisco, 2004:
Of course we should pray for the dead as I’m sure they do for us. (Letter to Mrs Percival Wiseman, 20 March 1944, p. 608)
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[Y]ou, and she, will be in my prayers. (Letter to Arthur Greeves, 20 January 1949, p. 908; referring to his recently deceased mother)
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I have never seen any more difficulty about praying for the dead than for the living, and it is quite clear that God wishes us to do that. (Letter to Rhona Bodle, 26 October 1949, p. 989)
More related comments are to be found in The Collected Letters of C. S. Lewis, Vol. III: Narnia, Cambridge, and Joy 1950-1963, edited by Walter Hooper, HarperSanFrancisco, 2007:
Purgatory: a process by which the work of redemption continues, and first perhaps begins to be noticeable after death. (Letter to Mrs Johnson, 8 November 1952, p. 245)
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[S]urely there is one person you very much want to pray for: your husband himself. . . . it seems to me quite possible that you can now help more than while he was alive. . . . Your present prayers for your husband are still part of the married life. (Letter to Phyllis Elinor Sandeman, 22 December 1953, pp. 392-393)
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The doctrine of purgation after death is one of many held by the Roman Church which I consider to be intrinsically probable but which, since it is not clearly stated in Scripture, nor included in the early creeds, I do not think they have any warrant for enforcing. (Letter to Mr Allcock, 24 March 1955, pp. 587-588)
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[Dave: I beg to respectfully differ as to whether it is “clearly stated in Scripture”; see:

Luther: Purgatory “Quite Plain” in 2 Maccabees [3-5-09]

50 Bible Passages on Purgatory & Analogous Processes [2009]

Raising of Tabitha: Proof of Purgatory (Tony Gerring) (see also in-depth Facebook discussion) [3-20-15]

50 Biblical Indications That Purgatory is Real [National Catholic Register, 10-24-16]

25 Descriptive and Clear Bible Passages About Purgatory [National Catholic Register, 5-7-17] ]

My wife died in July. I should be grateful if you would sometimes mention both her and me in your prayers. (Letter to Father Quinlan, 16 September 1960, p. 1185)

Thanks for your sympathy. I hope we both have your prayers (or don’t you pray for the dead?). (Letter to Alastair Fowler, 24 October 1960, p. 1201)

Thank you very much for your prayers for my wife. (Letter to Robin Anstey, 2 November 1960, p. 1206)

I know that you pour forth your prayers both for my dearly-longed-for wife and also for me . . . (Letter to Don Luigi Pedrollo, 8 April 1961, p. 1253)

Pray for us both. (Letter to Dom Bede Griffiths, 3 December 1961, p. 1300)

I’ve found the passage — 1 Cor. 15:20. Also 1 Pet 3:19-20, bears indirectly on the subject. It implies that something can be done for the dead. If so, why should we not pray for them? (Letter to Mary Van Deusen, 28 December 1961, p. 1307)

[actually the first passage Lewis refers to appears to be the following:

1 Corinthians 15:29 (RSV)  Otherwise, what do people mean by being baptized on behalf of the dead? If the dead are not raised at all, why are people baptized on their behalf?

1 Peter 3:19-20 . . . he went and preached to the spirits in prison, [20] who formerly did not obey, when God’s patience waited in the days of Noah, during the building of the ark, in which a few, that is, eight persons, were saved through water. ]

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[1] Here is the passage from St. John Henry Cardinal Newman’s poem The Dream of Gerontius (1865) that Lewis refers to (from “§ 4. Soul”):

Angel [partial stanza]

So is it now with thee, who hast not lost
Thy hand or foot, but all which made up man.
So will it be, until the joyous day
Of resurrection, when thou wilt regain
All thou hast lost, new-made and glorified.
How, even now, the consummated Saints
See God in heaven, I may not explicate;
Meanwhile, let it suffice thee to possess
Such means of converse as are granted thee,
Though, till that Beatific Vision, thou art blind;
For e’en thy purgatory, which comes like fire,
Is fire without its light.

Soul

His will be done!
I am not worthy e’er to see again
The face of day; far less His countenance,
Who is the very sun. Natheless in life,
When I looked forward to my purgatory,
It ever was my solace to believe,
That, ere I plunged amid the avenging flame,
I had one sight of Him to strengthen me.

Angel

Nor rash nor vain is that presentiment;
Yes,—for one moment thou shalt see thy Lord.
Thus will it be: what time thou art arraign’d
Before the dread tribunal, and thy lot
Is cast for ever, should it be to sit
On His right hand among His pure elect,
Then sight, or that which to the soul is sight,
As by a lightning-flash, will come to thee,
And thou shalt see, amid the dark profound,
Whom thy soul loveth, and would fain approach,—
One moment; but thou knowest not, my child,
What thou dost ask: that sight of the Most Fair
Will gladden thee, but it will pierce thee too.

Soul

Thou speakest darkly, Angel; and an awe
Falls on me, and a fear lest I be rash.

Angel

There was a mortal, who is now above
In the mid glory: he, when near to die,
Was given communion with the Crucified,—
Such, that the Master’s very wounds were stamp’d
Upon his flesh; and, from the agony
Which thrill’d through body and soul in that embrace,
Learn that the flame of the Everlasting Love
Doth burn ere it transform …

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Related Reading:

C. S. Lewis’ Views on Christian Unity & Ecumenism [6-16-03]Contraception: Chesterton, C. S. Lewis, & Teddy Roosevelt [2-21-04]

C. S. Lewis’ Childhood in Belfast & Contra-Catholicism (Biographers and/or Friends Kreeft, Pearce, Derrick, and Possibly Tolkien Think This is Why Lewis Never Became a Catholic) [6-26-12]

Why Didn’t C. S. Lewis Become a Catholic? [8-29-14]

Dialogue on Why C. S. Lewis Didn’t “Pope” [9-1-15]

C. S. Lewis vs. St. Paul on Future Binding Church Authority [National Catholic Register, 1-22-17]

Why C. S. Lewis Never Became a Catholic [National Catholic Register, 3-5-17]

C. S. Lewis on Inevitable Development of Doctrine [2-17-19]

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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not ExistIf you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.

My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2500 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will start receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers. Thanks! See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago). May God abundantly bless you.

***

(originally 6-22-10; many more selections and links to my own papers on purgatory were added on 10-8-19)

Photo credit: Praying Hands, by Albrecht Dürer (1508) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]

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2019-08-16T19:09:01-04:00

Steve Hays is a very active Protestant anti-Catholic polemicist. He runs a site called Triablogue.

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His words will be in blueComments of others besides myself will be in green, and my words cited are in purple. As everyone knows, I normally don’t try (for various reasons) to dialogue with anti-Catholics, anymore, as a matter of policy (I decided this after ten full years of hair-pulling futility). But Steve’s statements on this topic were so outrageous that I felt compelled to comment on his blog, and then, sure enough, it became a little “exchange” (at least Steve has the courage of his convictions, unlike virtually all other anti-Catholics I have encountered). So be it. I will always call sin sin, when it is necessary.

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I didn’t say I approve of masturbation. I don’t approve or disapprove. From what I can tell, Scripture is silent on the issue, so I’m not going to condemn something as sin unless it falls under the condemnation of Scripture.

That doesn’t mean I commend it. It means that I have no firm opinion one way or the other.

2. What I do object to is an extrascriptural scrupulosity that is stricter than the Bible itself.

. . . There’s a question of how to interpret the apparent silence of Scripture on the subject of masturbation. On the one hand, Scripture is very specific and even explicit about naming sexual sins. On the other hand, masturbation is extremely prevalent.

If masturbation is a sin, then it’s a little odd that Scripture would leave the believer guessing about its moral status.

. . . At the risk of stating the obvious, the lack of an erotic outlet for single men in their sexual prime is, itself, a source of lust and sexual tension. In that context, masturbation is a way of releasing the pent up, psychological preoccupation with sex.

This may be good or bad, but if we’re going to frame the morality of the act in terms of lust, we need to keep in mind that the objection to masturbation as lustful actually cuts both ways.

At the risk of stating the obvious, how do we teach our kids about sex (whether homeschooling or private Christian education) without visuals of one sort of another? Since premarital sex is illicit, the only licit alternative is either diagrams or an active sexual imagination.

(2 January 2007)

I’m not proposing that masturbation is a substitute for marriage. The question, rather, is whether it’s a sexual safety value for singles – especially younger men (once again, I don’t presume to speak for women).

“Masturbation is inherently self-centered.”

You might as well say that eating an ice cream cone is inherently self-centered.

But, then, maybe you think that ice cream is intrinsically evil.

. . . I’m not going to guilt-trip Christians for doing something that isn’t condemned in Scripture – as far as I can see.

Both in Catholicism and certain legalistic Protestant denominations, there is a tradition of going way beyond Scripture to amend the Decalogue with a string of additional “Thou shalt nots” that you can’t find in Scripture.

. . . JimmyV said:

“Instead of relying on Steve and his ‘wisdom’ gained over the past 40 years, let’s use the 2,000 year history of our Church.”

1. Which church would that be?

2. What about using 3500 years of Biblical wisdom instead?

3. Are celibate clergy experts on sex?

“The deliberate use of the sexual faculty, for whatever reason, outside of marriage is essentially contrary to its purpose.”

The deliberate use of the nose and ears as a platform for glasses is essentially contrary to their auditory, olfactory, or respiratory purposes.

“To form an equitable judgement about the subject’s moral responsibility, one must take into account the affective immaturity, force of acquired habit, conditions of anxiety, or other psychological or social factors that can lessen, if not even reduce to a minimum, moral culpability.”

So a 5-year-old who wears glasses is not as culpable as a 25-year-old.

What about the use of the lips and lungs to play a trumpet in order to derive musical pleasure? Is that a venial or mortal sin?

(3 January 2007)

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Scripture certainly does condemn masturbation (and contraception by the same token). This is precisely the reason why there was a consensus on both contraception and masturbation among all Christians: Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, until very recently, when theological liberalism, higher criticism of the Bible, and the sexual revolution, bore their pathetic fruit.

This is why Luther and Calvin both wrote with extreme disdain for Onan and his sin, whereas many of today’s Protestants have a ho-hum or neutral attitude about these grave sins:

Onan must have been a malicious and incorrigible scoundrel. This is a most disgraceful sin. It is far more atrocious than incest and adultery. We call it unchastity, yes, a Sodomitic sin. For Onan goes in to her; that is, he lies with her and copulates, and when it comes to the point of insemination, spills the semen, lest the woman conceive. Surely at such a time the order of nature established by God in procreation should be followed . . . He was inflamed with the basest spite and hatred . . . Consequently, he deserved to be killed by God. He committed an evil deed. Therefore God punished him . . . That worthless fellow . . . preferred polluting himself with a most disgraceful sin to raising up offspring for his brother. (Martin Luther, Lectures on Genesis: Chapters 38-44; 1544; Luther’s Works, VII, 20-21)

It is a horrible thing to pour out seed besides the intercourse of man and woman. Deliberately avoiding the intercourse, so that the seed drops on the ground, is doubly horrible. For this means that one quenches the hope of his family, and kills the son, which could be expected, before he is born . . . Moreover he [Onan] thus has, as much as was in his power, tried to destroy a part of the human race. When a woman in some way drives away the seed out the womb, through aids, then this is rightly seen as an unforgivable crime. (John Calvin, Commentary on Genesis [38])


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I find it equally remarkable that in 32 comments on masturbation and Scripture, not a single mention was made of Onan thus far. Yet his story was understood very widely as dealing with both masturbation and contraception, for many centuries. It’s amazing indeed, but (sadly) not surprising. This is what liberalism brings about. Even otherwise conservative Christians caving in on grave matters of sin such as these. The tide is slowly turning, thank God. I recently noted that some prominent Protestants are re-examining the question of contraception.


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“I’m surprised by your neutrality with regard to masturbation and single males. First of all, God created sex to involve two parties, ‘He made them male and female’.”

i) This is a good example of how our reading of Scripture is unconsciously conditioned by extrascriptural assumptions.

Juan defines masturbation as sex. But the Bible doesn’t define masturbation as sex. And the Bible doesn’t define it as sex for the simple reason that the Bible doesn’t discuss masturbation at all.

So his appeal is circular. He classifies a certain behavior as sexual, although the Bible is silent on this specific behavior, and then he plugs that extrabiblical definition into the Biblical framework of sexual sin.

ii) Aside from the above stated circularity, there is also a basic incoherence in his definition. If the Bible defines sex as a two-party transaction, and masturbation is a solo behavior, then, by definition, masturbation wouldn’t qualify as sex.

iii) Juan is half-right. Wherever the Bible talks about either licit or illicit sex, it’s a two-party transaction, whether premarital sex, extramarital sex, marital sex, sodomy, or bestiality.

So, one could agree with his premise, but draw a different conclusion. Since the only forms of sexual sin targeted in Scripture involve two-party transactions, masturbation doesn’t fall under the operating definition.

Again, I’m not saying that masturbation isn’t sex. And I’m not saying that masturbation isn’t wrong.

I’m simply noting that, as of yet, the critics of my noncommittal position aren’t coming up with very good arguments.

Instead, they’re importing extrascriptural assumptions into the text of Scripture, as well as resorting to very slipshod forms of reasoning.

This is well-meaning, but it illustrates the fact that they really haven’t thought through the issues before rushing to judgment.

(“Onanism,” 1-4-07)

I find it equally remarkable that in 32 comments on masturbation and Scripture, not a single mention was made of Onan thus far. Yet his story was understood very widely as dealing with both masturbation and contraception, for many centuries.

As this is a textbook example of why tradition is an unreliable guide to exegesis.

i) In context, Gen 38:8-10 is describing coitus interruptus rather than masturbation. These are hardly equivalent.

Onan was having sex with a woman. That is how he achieved a state of sexual climax.

Is that interchangeable with masturbation? I don’t think so.

I anticipated this response and should have issued a “preemptive strike.” The two are ethically similar if not identical insofar as they both separate ejaculation from its proper sphere (in the context and act of intercourse, open to procreation, which is its deepest ontological purpose). Onan deliberately removed himself from proper sexuality and “interrupted” it with de facto masturbation.

Homosexual sex, or sodomy, is another instance of the same. They are all essentially the same on a moral plane because they deny the divine purpose of sexuality: procreation, and even the accompanying purpose of the unity and oneness of a man and a woman in lovemaking.

Besides, most Protestants are no more opposed to contraception than (many) are to masturbation. You may say this is solely contraception and has no bearing on masturbation at all, but even if one grants that (I don’t, per the above) you still have to explain how the Bible explicitly condemns it and Onan winds up dead. Theories about his failure to do the levirate duty, etc., fall flat with cross-referencing, as I showed, particularly in my longer paper.

So you are in a position of defending a sexual morality that is explicitly condemned in the Bible, in the case of contraception (specifically an old variant of it: coitus interruptus). Any way you slice the cake, the Protestant who has (knowingly or not) caved into the sexual revolution in part, has severe biblical problems to contend with.

Talmudic literature draws a clear distinction between contraception and masturbation

Cf. E. Ullendorff, “The Bawdy Bible,” BSOAS 42 (1979), 425-56.

One may abstractly or conceptually distinguish the two, but it doesn’t follow that:

1) they were not both condemned by the ancient Jews,

or

2) that Genesis 38 has no bearing on masturbation at all.

Fr. Brian Harrison did a huge study on ancient exegesis of Genesis 38: “The Sin of Onan Revisited”. He showed that your overall contention is incorrect and that the Talmud also associated masturbation with the condemnation of Onan:

In the parable of the sower, the idea of seed which falls upon the ground, rather than in it, symbolizes a fundamental sin: rejection of the Word of God (cf. Lk. 8: 5-6, 12-13). In Hebrew poetic thought a woman’s body in its capacity for fruitfulness and motherhood is sometimes alluded to under images of a “garden” in which seed is to be sown (cf. Song of Songs 4: 12-16; 5: 1; 6: 1-2). Indeed, the very fact that in Hebrew the same word (zerah) is used for both ‘semen’ and ‘seed’ suggests that the potential for fruitfulness is understood as essential to any sexual activity.”

“The Encylopedia Judaica (Vol. 4, p. 1054, article “Birth Control”) states: “Jewish tradition ascribed the practice of birth control to the depraved humanity before Noah (Gen. R. 23: 2, 4; Rashi to Gen. 4: 19, 23).” (For further confirmation of Jewish views on this point, cf. H. Hirsch Cohen, The Drunkenness of Noah [University of Alabama Press].) The Encylopedia article adds that on the basis of Gen. 38: 9-10, “the Talmud sternly inveighs against ‘bringing forth the seed in vain’, considering it a cardinal sin (Nid. 13a). . . . Strictly Orthodox [Jews], . . . for religious reasons, refuse to resort to birth control.” In the same Encyclopedia, under “Onanism” (Vol. 12, p. 1495), it is stated that the act of Onan “is taken . . . by the Talmud (Yev. 34b) to refer either to unnatural intercourse or (cf. Nid. 13a) to masturbation. The Zohar [a 13th century work] expatiates on the evil of onanism in the second sense.” Other works by Jewish authors corroborating this tradition include D. Feldman, Marital Relations, Birth Control and Abortion in Jewish Law (New York: Schocken Books, 1974) and J. Cohen, ‘Be Fertile, Increase, Fill the Earth and Master It’ (Cornell University Press, 1989).

Fr. Harrison summarized:

The classical Jewish commentators – who can scarcely be accused of ignorance regarding Hebrew language, customs, law, and biblical literary genres – certainly saw in this passage of Scripture a condemnation of both unnatural intercourse and masturbation as such. A typical traditional Jewish commentary puts it thus: “[Onan] misused the organs God gave him for propagating the race to unnaturally satisfy his own lust, and he was therefore deserving of death.” And this is undoubtedly in accord with the natural impression which most unprejudiced readers will draw from the text of Genesis 38.

So it’s Armstrong’s interpretation which is anachronistic.

Hardly, as just shown. Moreover, Joseph Schenker is the Professor and Chairman of the Department Of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hadassah, University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel, wrote:

The collection of semen can present problems because of the prohibition against masturbation and “seed wasting”. Masturbation is strictly condemned by the rabbinical sources: “Thou should not commit adultery, neither by hand, nor by foot”. Coitus interruptus, or withdrawal, and the use of condoms are generally prohibited on the basis of the Biblical injunction against “spilling of the seed needlessly”.

See the texts in the Babylonian Talmud itself: Niddah 13a / 13b.

iii) He also rips the verse out of context in another way:

“It refers to the levirate law of antiquity (the Latin levir means ‘a husband’s brother’) . . . Here and elsewhere (Deut 25:6; Ruth 4:10) it is for the preservation of the dead brother’s name and family. In addition, the law is one of inheritance so that the dead mans’ property will remain in the extended family. Finally, it is for the protection of the widow so that she should not have to sell herself for debt or have to marry outside the clan,” J. Currid, Genesis (Evangelical Press 2003), 2:209.

“Onan apparently does not want to father a son who will prevent him from receiving his deceased brother’s inheritance,” V. Hamilton, The Book of Genesis: Chapters 18-50 (Eerdmans 1995), 436.

“Onan’s refusal is explained by his knowledge that the son will not be his (38:9). We need to recognize, then, that there is a birthright issue here. Er was the firstborn and entitled to the birthright. If he has no offspring, the birthright will transfer to Onan. If, however, Tamar bears a son that is considered Er’s, the birthright will pass to that son. We can therefore conclude that Onan is punished by death for preserving his inheritance rights by disposing of the competition,” J. Walton, Genesis (Zondervan 2001), 668.

Not at all. I already dealt with the “comeback” of appealing to the levirate law, in both my short and long articles. Here is my response in the shorter one, which is actually a chapter in my soon-to-be-published book, called The One-Minute Apologist:

This involved what is known as the “levirate law”: the duty to produce offspring with the wife of a dead brother. But this is not why God killed Onan, since the penalty for that was public humiliation and shunning, not death (Dt. 25:5-10). Context also supports this interpretation, since immediately after this (Gen. 38:11-26), is the story of Onan’s father Judah refusing to enforce the law and allow his other son, Shelah to produce a child with Tamar, his daughter-in-law. He was afraid that Shelah would be killed like Onan and his other wicked son, Er (38:7,11). Judah acknowledges his sin in 38:26: “She is more righteous than I, inasmuch as I did not give her to my son Shelah.” He wasn’t killed, so it is unreasonable to contend that Onan was judged and killed by God for the very same sin that Judah committed (in the same passage). Onan was judged for contraception (sex with the deliberate intent to unnaturally prevent procreation).

Does Catholic moral theology endorse bigamy? Does it sanction a married man cohabiting with his sister-in-law to keep the property in the family?

If not, why is Armstrong appealing to the tribal custom describe in Genesis 38:8-10? It either proves too much or too little for his own purposes.

To the contrary, Onan was not killed for violating this law (nor was anyone else), but for the sin of contraception, which is essentially similar to the sin of masturbation. You are the one who is out to sea here in your exegesis (and your history).

Since the morality of masturbation is debatable, there’s nothing wrong with entertaining doubts.

It only is debatable in modernistic Christianity and biblical interpretation; this is the problem. Fancy that!: Steve Hays: the victim of modernism and liberalism in both sexual morality and hermeneutics. How ironic . . .

Some of our feelings are irrational or unjustified or exaggerated. But that’s the thing about feelings.

It’s like a phobia. Fear of heights. It may be irrational, but you can’t suppress or eradicate the feeling, so you just learn to live with it and work around it.

That’s right. The liberals make the same exact argument about kids having sex: they’ll do it anyway and can’t control themselves so we must let them do so and no longer say it is wrong. This reduces human beings to the level of the brute beast. Nice going there.

They give them condoms: you wink while little boys play with themselves and arouse fantasies and improper sexual feelings. Let ’em do it. This is pure sexual revolution thinking, through and through. It’s not traditional Christian or biblical teaching, by any stretch of the imagination.

* * *

The following  is a continuation of the above exchange. Steve’s words will be in blue; my older cited words in green.
***
 My discussion of masturbation has clearly hit a raw nerve in some quarters.

Translation: “I’ll play the game [not just here but throughout my replies] of chalking it all up to folks being oversensitive and extreme, according to my usual tar-and-feathering modus operandi of painting my opponents as fools and simpletons (except for Frank Turk, who has the utmost integrity and merely honestly disagrees).

Let’s remember how this got stated. Philip Blosser had launched an attack on sola Scripture by, among other things, charging that the Protestant rule of faith leads to liberal morality,

Very true. We see it all over the place: in liberalized divorce laws, in easy acceptance of abortion in the wake of the sexual revolution (while the Catholic Church never wavered on the issue), in acceptance of contraception (previously regarded as grave evil: Luther and Calvin absolutely despised the sin), starting with the Anglicans in 1930, and now almost universally; now homosexuality is increasingly accepted, etc. Masturbation is just one sexual issue in a tidal wave of compromise in Protestantism considered as a whole. It’s always a mixed bag: you can point to your exceptions of a few million in a denomination here or there. Big wow.

and he cited the shifting Protestant position on masturbation as a case in point.

As he well should have.

* * *
And another thing: what the hell difference does it make to the discussion if you or I or all of us here reading and commenting (including women: let’s not leave them out, as if this is only a “guy thing”!) have committed this sin or not? How is that the least bit relevant? . . . So, e.g., if you condemn Catholic commenters as hypocrites, if they happen to admit that they committed this sin, why could they not come right back (on the same kindergarten-ethics basis) and condemn you as rationalizing sin and calling evil good for self-interested purposes if indeed you are doing it yourself? This has nothing – NOTHING – to do with the merits of the case pro or con.
*

i) Actually, I offered a detailed reply to this question in my response to Alan. You’ll notice that Dave simply disregards my reply, and instead launches into a hysterical tirade.

First of all, it’s not my responsibility to also answer your replies to Alan; it’s his. Why should I get involved in inter-Protestant squabbles? If I decided to do that, I’d have time for nothing else, as you guys never cease wrangling with each other.

Secondly, you disregard huge portions of my reply, so I am not bound to deal with every jot and tittle of yours. Not that double standards are uncommon in your replies . . .

Thirdly, what you call an “hysterical tirade” is simply passion for what I believe to be the truth (precisely what I am doing again right now; cool as a cucumber). Are you unable to comprehend the huge difference between those two things?

ii) I’m not particular[ly] concerned with the rather banal issue of hypocrisy per se.

Of course not; only enough to make about 25 irrelevant swipes at anyone who is foolish enough (in your eyes) to actually uphold historic Christian teaching on this matter. You can do that (thinking no one will notice and call you on it), and then make a ho-hum “disclaimer” remark like this. Is it that few have the energy or resolve (or unmitigated gall) to challenge you, so you keep acting as you do, as a substitute for rational argumentation? Even Frank Turk doesn’t dare pursue the argument with you. At least he has the sense to know when he is in over his head. But I’m delighted to see that at least he gets it right on this issue. Good for him.

Rather, as I already explained, the question of hypocrisy goes to the issue of whether the critics have a viable code of conduct.

The issue isn’t anyone’s “code of conduct” but whether masturbation is right or wrong. Therefore, that whole line of “argument” continues to be blazingly irrelevant and an obscurantist rabbit trail. But it’s what one is forced to do when they have a flimsy case. Every lawyer who is unethical or unscrupulous (not all lawyers, by any means!) uses these kinds of tricks, when they (unethically) choose to argue a lost cause and have to come up with nonsense that is “believable” enough to hoodwink and fool twelve human beings on a jury with illogical and fallacious gibberish.

A point of inconsistency can be relieved in either of two different directions. It’s hypocritical for a white supremacist to inveigh against miscegenation if he has a black mistress on the side.

This doesn’t mean that he should be a more consistent white supremacist. Rather, he should achieve consistency by ditching his racism.

If people have a code of conduct that they can’t live with, then they may have the wrong code of conduct. If their ethical ideal is simply unlivable, then it may be unlivable because it is unnatural.

No Christian can fully live by the entire code of Christian conduct (or even very well at all); that’s why we all believe in Grace Alone; only God can provide the ability to follow His sublime moral code. How that has the slightest relation to the (in your mind, related) notion that “something is difficult; therefore, let’s water it down and pretend that it is no longer wrong (OOPS! No; let’s be gloriously, objectively neutral!)” is a great mystery to me. But I understand the human element of wanting to rationalize sin, being a human being myself and therefore well-acquainted firsthand with how we humans often do that on a variety of levels.

Christian ethics is not supposed to be utterly impractical or unrealistic.

As I noted: who of us isn’t guilty of massive shortcoming with regard to lust or greed or gluttony? But I don’t see you constructing fanciful, wishful, desperate apologetics for any of those sins (though arguably you underplay and attempt to minimize lust in a way that Jesus and St. Paul never do). This whole mentality that masturbation is so impossible to overcome is a bunch of hooey.

The Bible I read says stuff like “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me” and “with men it’s not possible, but with God, all things are possible.” Do you have so little faith in God’s power and guidance that you are prepared to assert that certain sins are literally unable to be overcome, or so rarely that we can’t even apply such passages and grand encouragements to them? How sad! How tragic that you so easily cave in to the pathetic sexually-crazed zeitgeist, when, more than ever, Christians need to boldly speak out against all these lies.

Even when you claim that 98% of males have committed this sin (and where does that statistic come from, I wonder?), oftentimes, or at least many times, I would suspect it is for a fairly short period and then it is overcome, so that the vast majority of the time the person was free of the sin. Fornication often works the same way. It’s like (I exaggerate to make a point) comparing an inveterate playboy and womanizer to a guy who fell one time in a weak, passionate moment with a full moon on the beach, with his fiance (after being engaged for a year), etc. There is no comparison. Yes, both committed fornication, but quantitatively and even in terms of personal culpability, it is a vast difference.

By your reasoning, the growing chastity movement shouldn’t even exist. The liberals tell us it is impossible for young people to restrain their sex drives. But there they are: all these heroic teens who haven’t bought into the lie of “animalism”. Now here you come along in all your supposedly “conservative” and “biblical” glory and try to lie to us that it is virtually impossible to not masturbate, as if God isn’t powerful enough to give the grace by which to overcome that sin. If anyone disagrees, you mock them and pillory straw men with reckless abandon. I think it is a disgrace and a monumental waste of your prodigious powers of analysis.

* * *


The two are ethically similar if not identical insofar as they both separate ejaculation from its proper sphere (in the context and act of intercourse, open to procreation, which is its deepest ontological purpose).

What about a wet-dream?

Since a person isn’t conscious at the time; therefore not culpable, it is irrelevant to the discussion. Granted, there is usually an erotic dream that could be said to have derived from cultivated lust, but the thing itself is not a sin. Or do you habitually accuse sleeping people of committing crimes? According to you, if a large man rolls over the edge of a bed and lands on an infant next to his bed, causing great distress and/or injury, he has sinned? That’s about as logical as your argument above. Let’s take it to more absurd levels: if a sleeping man can commit a crime of commission, why not also a sin of omission? Now the field is wide open. One absurdity leads to another. The arguments are so bad (topped only by your hilariously comical caricatures of the Catholic view on contraception), that I seriously wonder if you are not even serious. But it seems you really are, which is ultimately a sad and amazing thing.

“Onan deliberately removed himself from proper sexuality and ‘interrupted’ it with de facto masturbation.”

That’s eisegesis, not exegesis.

Hardly; it’s simply a follow-up observation, based on my comparison of how the two sins are similar in many respects. Since sin (in its essence) resides primarily in the heart (see the Sermon on the Mount) it makes perfect sense to compare coitus interruptus to masturbation: in both cases the man is by himself, bringing himself to climax, rather than enjoying the gift of sexuality the way God intended it. It has become purely selfish (and emotionally infantile). The woman is merely a tool or pawn of his selfish desires. In this case a woman was actually physically present. But – make no mistake about it – she was used.

In pornography or masturbation with internal fantasizing, “women” are used in the abstract as tools. They are still dehumanized and cheapened and lowered to means to an end. Just because a woman isn’t really there makes no difference, according to Jesus’ principle of lust already occurring in the heart and hate already being the root of murder. When such a person is later with a real flesh-and-blood woman in a moral situation of married sex, these sins (sadly) often continue to have an effect, because if you have habitually abused the gift and have approached women as objects, useful only for selfish lust and pleasure, then this will have an effect on your psyche, in direct proportion to how often you committed the sin[s]. Ask anyone who is addicted to pornography or any sex addict, trying to regain sexual and moral sanity if you doubt this.

“Homosexual sex, or sodomy, is another instance of the same. They are all essentially the same on a moral plane because they deny the divine purpose of sexuality: procreation.”

So infertile couples should divorce? When a wife passes her childbearing years, the husband should dump her for a younger woman and sire more kids by his second (third, fourth, fifth…) wife. Is that it?

Obviously, you have only the dimmest comprehension of the Catholic sexual teaching that you so delight in mocking and lying about (presumably if you knew how ignorant you were on this score, you wouldn’t mock). There is no sin in being infertile (temporarily or permanently) or menstruating, or in being pregnant or past childbearing age. It’s not a sin if a man can’t produce and adequate sperm count for whatever reason. The sin is in deliberately thwarting natural processes and “tying God’s hands”, so to speak The sin lies in the deliberate separation of the procreative and pleasure functions of sexuality. One obviously can’t separate procreation from anything if it isn’t possible to procreate at the time (as in the five instances above). If it is impossible to separate the two, then obviously no sin can be committed, since those are the preconditions (in Catholic and traditional Christian thinking) in which it is understood to be a sin.

Hear this, and hear it well (for the next time you attempt to seriously analyze serious sexual teaching from the Catholic Church): our teaching is not: “every time you have sex it must literally be possible for the women to have a child, or else you can’t have sex!” Nor is it: “you must have as many children as come naturally, just like rabbits or roosters, and do no regulation or planning of children at all.”

The actual teaching is: “you must not deliberately separate pleasurable sex from procreative sex, because this corrupts and perverts the deepest essence of the gift of sexuality and makes sex a purely selfish, pleasurable thing rather than mutually giving and open to the new life that is what sex was designed for in the first place; and will have dire marital, familial, and societal consequences [which we now see all around us, as predicted by Pope Paul VI in 1968].”

Therefore, using a condom or a birth control pill (many of which are actually abortifacients) is wrong (gravely sinful); a couple in their sixties or an infertile couple making love are committing no wrong at all. Maturbation, sodomy and [conscious, deliberate] non-vaginal ejaculation are wrong on the same basis (hence my comparison in the case of Onan, and that of historic Judaism). You (and anyone reading this who was equally out to sea) have now been informed, and you are more responsible than you were previously for not making uninformed and wildly distorted, caricatured statements about what we teach.

Besides, most Protestants are no more opposed to contraception than (many) are to masturbation.

True.

Isn’t it nice when facts are agreed-upon every once in a while?

You may say this is solely contraception and has no bearing on masturbation at all, but even if one grants that (I don’t, per the above) you still have to explain how the Bible explicitly condemns it and Onan winds up dead. Theories about his failure to do the levirate duty, etc., fall flat with cross-referencing, as I showed, particularly in my longer paper.

i) To begin with, why should I care for what a Catholic layman has to say?

I don’t know, Steve; why don’t you tell me why you answered me, then, if you care so little? Why did you write a virtual book in response to Dr. Blosser, who is also a layman like myself? But the ploy of protesting on this silly plane, even though thouroughly irrational, is so much fun that I guess it surpassed your already severely-flawed grasp of logic.

Secondly, it is irrelevant what belief-system I belong to if my argument is true and carries weight. That’s simply a subtle form of the ad hominem argument. I could be a green-eyed, club-footed Gypsy Sufi with a Hindu streak and bent for Confucianism, but if I made a great exegetical argument and it was true, what I believe would have absolutely no relevance to the truth or falsity of my argument.

Thirdly, you engage in your customary ignorant, cynical strategy of trying to create an artificial clergy-laity dichotomy which is not taught by the Church. Anyone (including a non-Catholic or even a non-Christian) with a Catechism or copy of Vatican II or Trent can easily communicate what the Church teaches. Your problem is that you seem to be utterly ignorant of the fact that Vatican II particularly encouraged great participation of the laity. Nor was that a novel thing. Have you never heard of G.K. Chesterton (non-theologically-trained; in fact, he didn’t have any college degree at all), or Frank Sheed?

Dave doesn’t speak for the Magisterium, now does he?

Aside from the above considerations, one doesn’t have to be in the magisterium to accurately report what it teaches. You know full well that the Catholic Church opposes masturbation. You make fun of it, you mock it as a prudish leftover from what you consider repressed medieval or Augustinian anti-sexualism (or however you and many others would describe it). You know this!

So why do you play sophistical games of falsely making out that I can’t possibly tell you (as a professional apologist, but alas, a lowly, irrelevant layman) what the Church teaches on masturbation (and proceed to defend it)? It’s just more of your silliness. It has nothing to do with the subject; it is absolutely irrelevant, because everyone knows what the Church teaches on this, anyway! And it isn’t even true that no layman can speak to or defend Catholic teaching. It’s just plain dumb all around. And I’m delighted to point that out, because this has long been a polemical / sophistical tactic of yours (I’ve seen it at least a dozen times). It’s just as fallacious now as it always has been, and someone needed to blow it out of the water once and for all. Not that you’ll likely get it . . but one can always hope and pray.

ii) And while we’re reading his paper, we might also want to read a few standard commentaries on Genesis.

Go ahead. It’s a free country.

Notice that Dave simply disregarded the exegetical argument which I reproduced from the commentaries I quoted.

Not at all. I had already dealt with the whole levirate law counter-argument in my two previous papers. I linked to them and cited one (which argument you actually deal with below), so it is pretty hilarious that you claim I made no exegetical argument while at the same time you reply to the argument you say I never made. Is that what Orwell described as “doublethink”?

So you are in a position of defending a sexual morality that IS explicitly condemned in the Bible, in the case of contraception (specifically an old variant of it: coitus interruptus).
*

i) Only on your blatantly acontextual interpretation.

Right. You freely admit that the Onan passage deals with contraception, yet you want to claim that contraception isn’t frowned upon in the passage? You think the passage takes a neutral stance, like you? Moreover, you assert that I can’t speak for the Catholic Church (and you shouldn’t heed anything I say) simply because I’m a layman?

Yet your position within your paradigm is far more troublesome and self-contradictory: you stand there as an individualist (that which your Tradition inconsistently glorifies) and expect me to take your word as Gospel Truth and authoritative and immediately profound, when in fact, on this very issue, you differ wildly from Luther and Calvin: the very founders of your overall Protestant system (who agree with me).

I’m supposed to have a reverenced awe towards your sublime exegesis, while Calvin and Luther are completely wrong because they don’t have the benefit of modern exegesis. Scripture is “clear” but they were too stupid and uneducated to figure out that the passage didn’t really condemn contraception. And you expect me to accept that? On what authority? On what basis? Obvious, unarguable exegesis? Well, so what? Protestants disagree, so how does an outside observer know who is right? Your system has a million holes in it, yet you mock ours, as if I can’t even tell you that the Catholic Church teaches that masturbation is a sin? Your outlook has more holes in it than a pin cushion.

ii) However, Dave does us a favor by pointing out that there is an analogy between support/opposition to/for contraception, and support/opposition to/for masturbation.

Many Evangelical critics of masturbation are, indeed, rather inconsistent on this point.

Because of more or less mindless “this is what ‘everyone‘ [around me] thinks” traditions. Most people (in both our camps) are like sheep, sadly enough. At least you are not that; I’ll grant you that much.

Any way you slice the cake, the Protestant who has (knowingly or not) caved into the sexual revolution in part, has severe biblical problems to contend with.

i) This is another part of Armstrong’s rhetorical shtick: pretend that challenges to Catholic views of contraception and masturbation automatically represent a capitulation of the sexual revolution, rather than a course-correction on the basis of grammatico-historical exegesis.

Okay, what am I supposed to do: pretend instead that Christians through the centuries did not condemn masturbation and that suddenly in the 1960s, Christians woke up and figured out that what was previously almost universally despised as sin now is simply biological, morally-neutral, practical activity (just as Protestants did in the 1930s and 1940s with contraception)?

If some moral teaching was constant for nearly 2000 years and then all of a sudden it is radically reversed, and it just happens to be coincidentally in accordance with the fashionable zeitgeist and secular humanism and theological liberalism, it is not unreasonable at all to posit a plausible connection between the two. It’s not airtight, I grant (matters of multiple, complex causality hardly ever are), but it is not mere shtick; it’s a serious societal / sociological observation. You just don’t like it applied to you because it shatters your self-image of being so biblical and counter-cultural, and so you have to polemicize rather than rationally argue.

Over the course of 1500 years, the church piled up some traditional misinterpretations of Scripture. It’s necessarily to clear away the debris. And the job is still a work in progress.

Right. So all Christians prior to 1930 were utterly mistaken when they opposed contraception, then the lights went on in the profoundly Christian culture of 1930 England and Christians finally got it right. Yeah, that rings true. Who could disagree with that? Likewise, with masturbation today. Now the only Christians left who fight against such harmless acts are fuddy-dud fundamentalists and sexually-repressed Catholics who don’t even allow priests to marry (so they can get divorced in record numbers and have notoriously-disproportionate dysfunctional families like Protestant pastors do).

One may abstractly or conceptually distinguish the two, but it doesn’t follow that 1) they were not both condemned by the ancient Jews, or 2) that Genesis 38 has no bearing on masturbation at all.

Notice the bait-and-switch:

i) The fact that they may both be condemned in Jewish tradition doesn’t mean that you can use one as an interpretive grid for the other.

This was part of my response against your charge of “anachronistic” interpretation (made in the previous paper, right before I issued the above reply). Context, context, context . . . you love to play the game of ripping a statement out of context and then pretending that it had reference to something which in fact, it did not have at all. And then you proceed to make fun of the taken-out-of-context statement that doesn’t mean what you pretend it means, in lieu of an actual rational argument and real counter-response. You do this so often it is like breathing to you, from the looks of it.

ii) Jewish society was a tribal society. The land belonged to the clan. That’s a major reason for levirate marriage. It was adapted to the socioeconomic conditions of the time.

Onan was depriving his sister-in-law of her property rights. Her livelihood. Her chance at having legitimate offspring who would support her in her own old age, as opposed to selling her body as a prostitute to keep from starving. That’s the ANE background of Gen 38.

Great; none of that affects my argument. Many folks did far worse than that and weren’t killed for it. Paul and David deprived people of their right to life, for heaven’s sake. Peter betrayed Jesus. And you’re claiming that God killed Onan solely because of “depriving his sister-in-law of her property rights”? That may very well be part of the reason he was killed (since it entails the very same selfishness that contraception and masturbation involve), but I don’t buy that it was all of it.

Fr. Brian Harrison did a huge study on ancient exegesis of Genesis 38: “The Sin of Onan Revisited”. He showed that your overall contention is incorrect and that the Talmud also associated masturbation with the condemnation of Onan:

6. In the parable of the sower, the idea of seed which falls upon the ground, rather than in it, symbolizes a fundamental sin: rejection of the Word of God (cf. Lk. 8: 5-6, 12-13). In Hebrew poetic thought a woman’s body in its capacity for fruitfulness and motherhood is sometimes alluded to under images of a “garden” in which seed is to be sown (cf. Song of Songs 4: 12-16; 5: 1; 6: 1-2). Indeed, the very fact that in Hebrew the same word (zerah) is used for both ‘semen’ and ‘seed’ suggests that the potential for fruitfulness is understood as essential to any sexual activity.”

Okay. So the Lucan version of parable is a really an allegory about the sin of masturbation. That’s very creative. Who would have known?

First of all, Fr. Harrison’s article was primarily about contraception, not masturbation, with secondary application to the latter (just as I have myself approached Genesis 38). Or do you deny secondary application in Scripture?

Secondly, he is not making any strong, absolute statement (“. . . suggests” . . . ).

Thirdly, neither he nor I nor the Catholic Church invented the scenario whereby the same word in both Hebrew (zerah) and Greek (sperma) could be used both for plant seed and human sperm. They are what they are. Hence I wrote in comments:

All you need is a good concordance to see that the Greek word for seed in the parable of the sower is sperma. Do you comprehend the possible connection there, yet? In the KJV it is translated “seed” 43 times.

Most of the time, the word (sperma / seed) is actually used of human offspring, not agriculture: e.g., Mt 22:24; Mk 12:19-22; Lk 1:55, 20:28; jn 7:42, 8:33,37; Acts 3:25, 7:5-6, Rom 1:3, 4:13,16, etc.

The parable of the sower is an obvious play-on-words based on the very notion of literal seed vs. spiritual seed or progeny. So it is not unusual at all to make another application to biological seed, since the same Greek word is used in both scenarios.

Why anyone would immediately call one making that argument (and it wasn’t my argument, but Fr. Harrison’s) a “dope” can only be explained, in my opinion, by good ole anti-Catholic prejudice, not intelligent analysis of biblical words.

Fourthly, if you wish to avoid and mock any connection whatsoever simply because you don’t like the argument and where it might lead, whose problem is that? Is that Catholics being “unbiblical” or Protestants being illogically dogmatic and eisegetical?

Fifth, you underestimate the strong biblical motifs of both parable and types and shadows, as well as the larger idiom of Hebrew poetry. To simply dismiss this present interpretation out of hand does insufficient justice to those aspects of the Bible. Protestants are often guilty of this, in their over-emphasis on biblical literalism and ignorance of historical fourfold exegetical methods. In the early centuries, invariably the heretics were the over-literalists and the sola Scripturists, while the orthodox Church took a much broader view of exegesis.

Sixth, it is an undeniable fact that in the Song of Solomon, sexual imagery is fostered by agricultural metaphor. Therefore, at least theoretically, or possibly, a secondary application might be made in the parable of the sower (given the presence of the word sperma).

Seventh, technically-speaking, Fr. Harrison wasn’t even stating that the parable of the sower had direct reference to contraception. He made an analogy between the seed falling on the ground as spiritually unfruitful, to physical seed doing the same (since the same word can apply to either). By the constant presence of biblical parabolic analogy, it makes perfect sense (though I wouldn’t stake entire doctrines on it, by any means). In any event, it is not merely ridiculous, as you and others want to make out.

What a pity that in the two standard commentaries on the Gospel of Luke, which also interact with the synoptic parallels, as well as other Catholic scholars (e.g. Lagrange, Cerfaux, R. E. Brown), neither Fitzmyer nor L. T. Johnson discern the esoteric meaning of this parable.

We wouldn’t expect them to, as it is a remote secondary application. Since Fr. Harrison didn’t make this argument, but only made a types-and-shadows sort of analogy, it’s much ado about nothing, anyway. I myself wasn’t making an argument so much as I was objecting to the notion that to even speculate about the possible connection is tantamount to being a “dope”. I don’t think so. I think there is enough similarity (in both words used and metaphor) to make it at least interesting to contemplate. If you and your cronies find any such contemplation laughable and fit only for mockery; feel free. I expect to find tons more hidden treasures in the Bible before I die, and I would hope that anyone who loved the Bible would feel the same way.

The Encylopedia Judaica (Vol. 4, p. 1054, article “Birth Control”) states: “Jewish tradition ascribed the practice of birth control to the depraved humanity before Noah (Gen. R. 23: 2, 4; Rashi to Gen. 4: 19, 23).” (For further confirmation of Jewish views on this point, cf. H. Hirsch Cohen, The Drunkenness of Noah [University of Alabama Press].) The Encylopedia article adds that on the basis of Gen. 38: 9-10, “the Talmud sternly inveighs against ‘bringing forth the seed in vain’, considering it a cardinal sin (Nid. 13a). . . . Strictly Orthodox [Jews], . . . for religious reasons, refuse to resort to birth control.” In the same Encyclopedia, under “Onanism” (Vol. 12, p. 1495), it is stated that the act of Onan “is taken . . . by the Talmud (Yev. 34b) to refer either to unnatural intercourse or (cf. Nid. 13a) to masturbation. The Zohar [a 13th century work] expatiates on the evil of onanism in the second sense.” Other works by Jewish authors corroborating this tradition include D. Feldman, Marital Relations, Birth Control and Abortion in Jewish Law (New York: Schocken Books, 1974) and J. Cohen, ‘Be Fertile, Increase, Fill the Earth and Master It’ (Cornell University Press, 1989).

i) No one denies that Gen 38 has reference to contraception. That isn’t the issue. The issue is what makes contraception illicit in that particular situation.

Again, you try to obscure the context in which I brought this up, which was your accusation that I was engaging in “anachronistic” interpretation. You stated: “Talmudic literature draws a clear distinction between contraception and masturbation.” Fine; so do I. But I went further than you did and showed that the Jews applied both masturbation and contraception to the Onan passage and condemned both. I produced the Encyclopedia Judaica and its words, along with three corroborating Jewish sources. You produced one reference with no words cited. Get over it. I proved my point; you failed in your task of proving that I was wrong regarding this particular question.

ii) Even if some post-Biblical Jewish traditions gloss Gen 38 as a case of masturbation, that doesn’t make it valid exegesis.

I didn’t say it did. Yet another non sequitur. I regarded it as purely a historical question, abstracted from the question of how these Jewish sources came to their conclusions. In replying to the insinuation that my association of masturbation with the passage is absurd and novel and “anachronistic” it makes all the sense in the world to prove that the ancient Jews had the same opinion. How they arrived at it is another question for another debate.

Why doesn’t Armstrong quote from a major Jewish commentary on Genesis like Sarna’s?

Why don’t you quote from any Jewish source, rather than simply assert things about the Jews and give us a bald reference citation? At least I gave some substantiation of my opinion.

Likewise, why isn’t Armstrong quoting any contemporary contemporary Catholic commentaries on by major Catholic OT scholars?

Because I’m not required to. Most of you could care less what any Catholic thinks about anything anyway, so why would I waste my time (speaking pragmatically)?

Fr. Harrison summarized: ” The classical Jewish commentators – who can scarcely be accused of ignorance regarding Hebrew language, customs, law, and biblical literary genres – certainly saw in this passage of Scripture a condemnation of both unnatural intercourse and masturbation as such.

Two problems:

i) Dave has cited very little supporting material to document the masturbatory interpretation.

I gave some, at least; you gave us nothing to contradict this.

Instead, he’s tried to obfuscate the issue by amalgamating different sources that say different things.

I produced sources and evidence. You have given us nothing to cast doubt upon those. I know it’s embarrassing to you, but you’ll live.

ii) It’s quite possible that a Medieval Jewish commentator like Rashi would be ignorant of ANE culture. That’s about 2500 years under the bridge.

Absolutely; just as you are ignorant of Protestant culture and moral teachings of just two hundred years ago, before the rot of liberalism started decaying it.

A typical traditional Jewish commentary puts it thus: “[Onan] misused the organs God gave him for propagating the race to unnaturally satisfy his own lust, and he was therefore deserving of death.” And this is undoubtedly in accord with the natural impression which most unprejudiced readers will draw from the text of Genesis 38.”

If this is typical, then it’s typically wrong. It’s clearly out of context.

Fine; believe what you will; but in any event, you failed in your attempt to prove that my take was novel and anachronistic; merely special pleading because I am a Catholic.

On the one hand, it’s oblivious to the framework of levirate marriage.

You don’t know that unless you have the Jewish text in front of you. Secondly, as for Fr. Harrison himself, he dealt with that at length in the article.

On the other hand, coitus interruptus is scarcely the most satisfying form of sexual expression. It’s only used as a contraceptive measure, and not because it’s more pleasurable.

If he wasn’t killed due to contraception, then you have to explain why he was killed. Since the penalty for failure of fulfilling the levirate law wasn’t death, it makes little sense to assume that he was killed by God because of that.

Moreover, Joseph Schenker is the Professor and Chairman of the Department Of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hadassah, University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel, wrote: “The collection of semen can present problems because of the prohibition against masturbation and “seed wasting”. Masturbation is strictly condemned by the rabbinical sources: “Thou should not commit adultery, neither by hand, nor by foot”. Coitus interruptus, or withdrawal, and the use of condoms are generally prohibited on the basis of the Biblical injunction against “spilling of the seed needlessly”.

See the texts in the Babylonian Talmud itself: Niddah 13a / 13b:

i) This is irrelevant to the original intent of Gen 38.

I didn’t claim it was relevant to that. This was another piece of evidence for historical Jewish belief as to the sinfulness of masturbation.

ii) It also illustrates a point of tension in Catholic moral theology. On the one hand, we’re told that masturbation is wrong because it thwarts the proper purpose of sex, which is procreation.

On the other hand, when masturbation is used in the service of artificial fertilization, in the case of couples who are unable to conceive by natural means, it is still treated as immoral.

Nice try. If God decided in His providence that someone was to be infertile, then who are we to mess with that by technology and again separate procreation from the sexual act just as we separate sexual pleasure from procreation? By the same reasoning, we should accept a sex change operation, since someone can’t handle how God made them and so wants to change their gender because we (supposedly) have the technology to do it. What is not technically possible is not automatically moral. The catechism condemns artificial insemination on the following basis:

2376 Techniques that entail the dissociation of husband and wife, by the intrusion of a person other than the couple (donation of sperm or ovum, surrogate uterus), are gravely immoral. These techniques (heterologous artificial insemination and fertilization) infringe the child’s right to be born of a father and mother known to him and bound to each other by marriage. They betray the spouses’ “right to become a father and a mother only through each other.”

2377 Techniques involving only the married couple (homologous artificial insemination and fertilization) are perhaps less reprehensible, yet remain morally unacceptable. They dissociate the sexual act from the procreative act. The act which brings the child into existence is no longer an act by which two persons give themselves to one another, but one that “entrusts the life and identity of the embryo into the power of doctors and biologists and establishes the domination of technology over the origin and destiny of the human person. Such a relationship of domination is in itself contrary to the dignity and equality that must be common to parents and children.” “Under the moral aspect procreation is deprived of its proper perfection when it is not willed as the fruit of the conjugal act, that is to say, of the specific act of the spouses’ union . . . . Only respect for the link between the meanings of the conjugal act and respect for the unity of the human being make possible procreation in conformity with the dignity of the person.”

This mentality involves the opposite sin of contraception: in one case couples reject God’s possible will that they have children, or more than one or two children (the fashionable number today: below zero population growth), in the other, they reject the fact that the man is infertile and try to circumvent the normal course of sexual relations.


This involved what is known as the “levirate law”: the duty to produce offspring with the wife of a dead brother. But this is not why God killed Onan, since the penalty for that was public humiliation and shunning, not death (Dt. 25:5-10). Context also supports this interpretation, since immediately after this (Gen. 38:11-26), is the story of Onan’s father Judah refusing to enforce the law and allow his other son, Shelah to produce a child with Tamar, his daughter-in-law. He was afraid that Shelah would be killed like Onan and his other wicked son, Er (38:7,11). Judah acknowledges his sin in 38:26: “She is more righteous than I, inasmuch as I did not give her to my son Shelah.” He wasn’t killed, so it is unreasonable to contend that Onan was judged and killed by God for the very same sin that Judah committed (in the same passage). Onan was judged for contraception (sex with the deliberate intent to unnaturally prevent procreation).
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i) To begin with, it’s unsurprising that we find some detailed differences between patriarchal common law and the Mosaic law, for the patriarchal honor code is a social custom, whereas the Mosaic law, to the extent that it codifies and canonizes preexisting social mores, also reformulates them in a more nuanced fashion. The Mosaic law doesn’t merely rubberstamp tradition.

I have no problem with that. But the problem for anyone approaching this passage is: “why did God kill Onan?”

ii) Armstrong’s interpretation is incoherent, for, on the one hand, he contends that Gen 38 doesn’t have reference to levirate marriage since refusal is not a capital offense in Deut 25; on the other hand, he also says that Shelah doesn’t suffer the death penalty for refusing to honor the custom.

Amazing. I didn’t say the passage had nothing to do with it (in fact, my first sentence cited above states just the opposite). I only stated that I didn’t believe this is why Onan was killed. There is no “on the other hand” here. Both brothers failed to abide by the law and neither were killed as a result of that failure, because death was not the penalty for such refusal in the first place.

So, in basing his argument on the respective penalties, Dave, to be consistent, would have to deny that Deut 25 is also dealing with Levirate law.

Not at all. What is it in the above logical progression of my argument that you don’t get? It’s perfectly self-consistent. Your task is to try to show that the premise is false. You can’t show internal inconsistency.

iii) The sin of Onan was to game the system by pretending to honor the law when he was really dishonoring the law.

That’s an interesting interpretation, and one that I wouldn’t immediately dismiss and mock, as you do every opinion I offer. In my opinion, that is part of the overall sin for which he was killed, but doesn’t exclude the contraceptive / perversion of sexuality elements. This was Calvin’s and Luther’s interpretation also. So if you must belittle my view, then you ought to be consistent and cast aspersions upon their fundamental exegetical flaws as well.

It only is in modernistic Christianity and biblical interpretation; this is the problem. Fancy that!: Steve Hays, the victim of modernism in both sexual morality and hermeneutics. How ironic…

i) Catholic casuistry is far from treating every case of conscience as indubitable. Just consider the debates over Probabilism, Equiprobabilism, and Probabiliorism.

Whatever is the case in Catholicism (inevitably distorted by you for your own ends) doesn’t prove that you are not a victim of the secularistic thought of the sexual revolution. I say that you are.

Does that represent a surrender to the sexual revolution?

Catholic moral teaching has not changed. What do I care that some liberal theologians deny official catholic teaching? So what? What bearing does that have on anything, other than to show that they are dissenters and personally inconsistent?

ii) Let’s also not forget that Catholicism represents a moral compromise. It arbitrarily distinguishes between natural methods of contraception and artificial methods of contraception.

It’s not arbitrary at all. I’ve dealt with this common, muddleheaded charge several times.

That’s right. The liberals make the same exact argument about kids having sex: they’ll do it anyway and can’t control themselves so we must let them do so and no longer say it is wrong. This reduces human beings to the level of the brute beast. Nice going there. They give them condoms: you wink while little boys play with themselves and arouse fantasies and improper sexual feelings. Let ’em do it. This is pure sexual revolution thinking, through and through. It’s not traditional Christian or biblical teaching, by any stretch of the imagination.
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i) Dave is now descending to pure demagoguery.

Nope; it’s called “analogical argument.” It’s also a form of reductio ad absurdum. Your task to overcome it is to show that it doesn’t apply to your reasoning not to simply call it names that don’t apply. If I am a “demagogue,” you certainly are ten times more so, in light of your constant derisive rhetoric against the Catholic Church.

I said that we shouldn’t automatically give into our feelings because some of our feelings are irrational or unjustified. We can’t always avoid having certain feelings, but we can avoid acting on them. And I gave false guilt as an example.

Dave turns this on its head, as if I said we should automatically act on our irrepressible feelings, which was just the opposite of what I actually said.

You have persistently refused to take a stand, and adopt the cowardly, typically-postmodern pose of alleged neutrality, when in fact it amounts to acceptance-by-default (just as the ludicrous so-called “pro choice” position does with regard to abortion). Not asserting that something is a sin is – practically-speaking – the same as claiming that it is perfectly okay. The result is exactly the same. You don’t fight against it and you oppose those who do.

ii) Dave also has a rather odd view of young children who explore their anatomy. Does he really thing that a two-year-old who “plays with himself” is indulging in sexual fantasies?

I said nothing about “two-year-olds” exploring their anatomy. I mentioned no age. I said “little boys”. It’s true in retrospect that “young boys” or even “young men” or “teenage boys” would have better expressed my intent, so I’ll take responsibility for that poor choice of phrase, but in any event, I didn’t say two-year-olds, nor would I argue against innocent, pre-sexual, asexual exploration, which I think is perfectly harmless.

So (everyone) note what has been done: you assume that I meant an age that my words do not prove (I often, e.g., refer to my ten-year-old son as a “little boy” – it’s a relative term). Then you assume that I am condemning innocent exploration, and further, that I think two-year-olds engage in sexual fantasies (they’re more likely to play with the poop in their diapers than with their genitals: I say as a father of four). None of this follows at all from my words: it is simply your wishful projection in your usual cynical attempt to mock a straw man that you try to hoodwink people into believing is your opponent’s actual opinion. Do you never tire of such sophistry?

Evidently, Armstrong subscribes to the Freudian thesis of infantile sexuality, which is the basis for organizations like NAMBLA.

Yes, of course. Now you make an even more asinine, ridiculous application of your false assumption with a second false assumption built upon the first one, and a third built upon both, then proceed to make the Grand Climactic Accusation that “evidently” my moral code adopts a common key premise with the Man-Boy Love Association (for those unfamiliar with this despicable group). And you expect to be taken seriously as a thinker? But there is always the possibility that you were merely joking and playing games: so absurd is your interpretation of my words. That hardly gets you off the hook, either, since if you can’t even rise to seriousness in serious debate, you are no more to be taken seriously than if you are engaging in outright sophistry in ostensibly “serious” argument. It stinks any way you look at it and you should be ashamed of sinking to such a level.

Nice going there. This is pure sexual revolution thinking, through and through, it’s not traditional Biblical teaching by any stretch of the imagination.

Nor is it my opinion, as shown, and now your present sophistry and empty polemics have been exposed for the intellectual rotgut that they are: to so distort and twist an opponent’s words. Thanks for confirming yet again that my decision to refrain from trying to reason with anti-Catholics was the right one, and that I shouldn’t have wasted my time on this debate. But I did what I did, and so it will remain on my website and I’ll happily return to my usual policy.

Related Reading:

Martin Luther Condemns Masturbation (“Secret Sin”) [6-2-10]

Masturbation Reference in Sermon on the Mount? [10-18-11]

Masturbation: Gravely Disordered According to Catholicism [8-16-19]

Why Did God Kill Onan? (The Bible on Contraception) [2-9-04]

Dialogue: Why Did God Kill Onan? (Contraception) [2-13-04]

Onan, Contraception, & Two Protestant Bible Dictionaries [2-21-04]

Biblical Data Against Contraception: Onan’s Sin and Punishment: a Concise “Catholic” Argument [3-7-14]

Bible vs. Contraception: Onan’s Sin and Punishment [National Catholic Register, 5-30-17]

Dialogue w Several Non-Catholics on Contraception [1996 and 1998]

Contraception: Early Church Teaching (William Klimon) [1998]

Dialogue: Contraception vs. NFP: Crucial Ethical Distinctions [2-16-01]

Luther and Calvin Opposed Contraception and “Fewer Children is Better” Thinking [2-21-04; published at National Catholic Register, 9-13-17]

Contraception: Chesterton, C. S. Lewis, & Teddy Roosevelt [2-21-04]

Biblical Evidence Against Contraception [5-3-06]

Dialogue: Contraception & Natural Family Planning (NFP) [5-16-06]

Humanae Vitae: (1968): Infallible Teaching Against Contraception [12-31-07]

Q & A: Catholic View on Sexual Morality & Contraception [1-1-08]

Humanae Vitae: August 1968 & the “Progressive” Revolt (Cardinal James Francis Stafford) [7-29-08]

Bible on the Blessing of [Many] Children [3-9-09]

Protestants, Contraception, the Pill, & NFP [8-12-11]

Natural Family Planning (NFP) & “Contraceptive Intent” [8-28-13]

Orthodoxy & Contraception: Continuity or Compromise? [2015]

Dialogue on NFP: Anti-Sex and Anti-Pleasure? [1-23-17]

Contraception and “Anti-Procreation” vs. Scripture [National Catholic Register, 6-6-18]

Contraception, Natural Law, & the Analogy to Nutrition [2-21-19]

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(originally 1-6-07; additional links added on 8-13-19)

Photo credit: Onania: or the Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution, a pamphlet written by Reformed Protestant Dutch theologian Dr. Balthazar Bekker (1634-1698) and first distributed in London in 1716.  It utilized the first known use of the term “Onanism” (specifically referring to masturbation) and was a huge success with “over 60 editions published” and translations into several languages [Wikimedia Commons /  Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license] 

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2019-08-10T12:36:54-04:00

This dialogue came about as a result of Jack DisPennett‘s critique of my paper, The Blessed Virgin Mary: Biblical & Catholic Overview. His words will be in blue.

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See the section above on Eusebius about the lack of such an “important” doctrine from the early church. Either Eusebius was too dense to note such an important doctrine (which is doubtful since he is a very respected Church figure) or the early Christians were missing out on a very important channel of Grace.

I dealt with relatively late developments above. But this notion was not as completely lacking as you suppose. St. Irenaeus (130-202), in his famous Against Heresies (bet. 180-199) — 200 years before the New Testament Canon was defined for all time — wrote:

[S]o also Mary . . . being obedient, was made the cause of salvation for herself and for the whole human race . . . Thus, the knot of Eve’s disobedience was loosed by the obedience of Mary. What the virgin Eve had bound in unbelief, the Virgin Mary loosed through faith. (3,22,4; from W. A. Jurgens, The Faith of the Early Fathers, Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1970, vol. 1, 93, #224)

[F]or in no other way can that which is tied be untied unless the very windings of the knot are gone through in reverse: so that the first joints are loosed through the second, and the second in turn free the first . . . Thus, then, the knot of the disobedience of Eve was untied through the obedience of Mary. (Against Heresies, III, 22,4; from William Most, Mary in Our Life, Garden City, New York: Doubleday Image, 1954, 25)

If we think of the thing as a regular knot, then it is obvious that the last part of the knot tied (Adam’s sin) would have to be untied first (by Christ) and then Eve’s part of the knot would be untied. But we do have a perfect analogy of this, because of Christ’s obedience, the Church is then being sanctified (made perfect, holy) thereby loosing Eve’s sin. Hence, if you want to use this analogy, I don’t think Mary need be part of it at all. But the whole concept of knots does seem to be misleading, I think.

You’re missing the whole point of the analogy, which is the human element in both sin and redemption, by analogy:

1a. Eve (a secondary agent of Satan’s designs) disobeys God, sins, and thus helps to bring about the Fall, along with Adam.
1b. Mary (the second Eve and secondary agent of God’s designs) obeys God and thus helps bring about the Redemption from sin and the Fall, along with the second Adam, Jesus, by bearing the Incarnate Son who is the Redeemer.

2a. Adam (a secondary agent of Satan’s designs) sins and brings about the Fall.
2b. Jesus (agent of God’s designs, as He is God), as the second Adam, undoes the Fall and brings about Redemption.

It’s true that only the second pair of propositions is directly expressed in Scripture. But the first pair follows by close analogy to the first, which is why this thought appeared very early on in the Fathers.

Catholic apologist Fr. William Most comments:

Mary, says St. Irenaeus, undoes the work of Eve. Now it was not just in a remote way that Eve had been involved in original sin: she shared in the very ruinous act itself. Similarly, it would seem, Mary ought to share in the very act by which the knot is untied – that is, in Calvary itself. (in Most, ibid., 25)

Just as the human race was bound over to death through a virgin, so was it saved through a virgin: the scale was balanced — a virgin’s disobedience by a virgin’s obedience. (Against Heresies, V, 19, 1; cited in Most, ibid., 274)

It never says that Eve was a virgin at the time. It doesn’t say that she wasn’t, either, but this argument is nevertheless speculative.

You missed the point again. There is no speculation at all here. St. Irenaeus in this context is talking about the Annunciation and Mary’s obedience to bear Jesus Christ: to become the Theotokos. That is the Eve-Mary parallel: Eve disobeyed when she ate the forbidden fruit; Mary obeyed the angel Gabriel and God when she was asked to consent to her wonderful mission as the Mother of God. Protestants accept the Virgin Birth, and Mary was a virgin at the time of the Annunciation (Luke 1:26-27 and ff.).

Nor is this doctrine entirely unbiblical, as you suppose. Numerous passages speak of Christians participating in some sense in the dustribution of grace, and the “saving” of others (which are all that Mary’s role as Mediatrix involves, albeit more preeminently). I presented the following arguments elsewhere:

Ephesians 3:2 assuming that you have heard of the stewardship of God’s grace that was given to me for you…

1 Corinthians 9:22 I have become all things to all men, that I might by all means save some.

1 Timothy 4:16 Take heed to yourself and to your teaching: hold to that, for by so doing you will save both yourself and your hearers.

In the Bible, giving “salvation” to other people is done by either preaching the Gospel to them (1 Cor 9:22) so that they are saved, or by living a holy life so that people are attracted to Christ because of your good conduct. (1 Peter 3:1) In all cases, it is Christ who is completely doing the saving; we are just messengers.

But that’s largely what I was arguing. God saves, but He uses human agents to spread His grace, whereby we are saved. You in effect concede the point altogether when you say that we indeed participate in this distribution of grace and sometimes salvation, by evangelizing and being holy (a good witness). We aren’t contending that Mary saves anyone, but that God can use her in the application of His grace which alone saves anyone. I gave plenty of scriptural support for those notions, but you have not counter-exegeted them, so they stand unchallenged and unrefuted.

I don’t think that the Catholic understanding of a “store of merit” from the saints whereby we receive indulgences are what those above passages are talking about at all.

I gave my biblical arguments (above and below). It is no counter-argument to say what you say here: it is just a bald statement. The two verses you do mention above are in no way contradictory to Catholic thought in this regard. So you have really offered no disproof whatever.

It is also to be noted that the “seven spirits who are before his [God’s] throne” seem to participate in distributing God’s grace as well (Rev 1:4). If Paul, Timothy, and “seven spirits” can be so used and honored, why not Mary, the Mother of God? What is the fundamental objection, other than prior antipathy to so-called “Catholic excess?” If one objectively examines the thing itself as at least a biblical possibility, I see no problem whatever with it.

The only way I can think of that Mary could “save” people is by appearing to them in dreams and exhorting them to embrace the divine word, as Eusebius relates to us that the martyr Potamiaena did. I just don’t believe in a “store of merit” as Catholics do.

I deal with biblical arguments for merit and penitential issues elsewhere. To pursue this would be to switch the subject from biblical evidence for Marian doctrine, to biblical evidence for penance and merit, or from biblical theology to systematic theology. I urge readers to pursue those papers for my answers.

Mary’s secondary (to Christ) and wholly derivative function as the Mediatrix is no more a violation of Jesus’ unique mediatorship than any number of functions He sanctions and allows among His Body, the Church. We pray for each other, thus acting as mediators. One could just as easily say, “Why ask your fellow Christians to pray for you when you can ask Jesus?” as “Why do you ask for Mary’s prayers when you can go directly to Jesus?” Yet God commands us to pray for one another. God is Creator, but he gives us the privilege of procreation, in childbirth and parenthood. Jesus is the “chief” Shepherd of His flock (John 10:11-16, 1 Peter 5:4), yet He assigns lesser shepherds to watch over His own (John 21:15-17, Ephesians 4:11). And He is the supreme Judge, but He bids us to judge as well (Matthew 19:28, 1 Corinthians 6:2-3, Revelation 20:4). Many other similar examples can be found in the Bible.

I believe I stated clearly somewhere in my original writing that I was not against ASKING Mary to pray for you; what I am against is vain repetitions to Mary,

Who decides what constitutes vain repetition? Where is that in the Bible. Failing answers to those questions, you are saying little or nothing of any substance. See:

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The Rosary: ‘Vain Repetition’ or Biblical Prayer? [National Catholic Register, 3-16-18]
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semi-divine titles given to Mary,

We do no such thing. What is semi-divine, anyway? One is either divine or not. We believe Mary is a creature; therefore she is on no way, shape or form divine. Nor does Mother of God imply that, or Mediatrix, or any other Marian title.

and overemphasizing Mary in prayer. I will go into this further when I respond to the Rosary.

This would only apply if indeed the Catholic Church taught that Mary should replace Christ, or that asking her intercession is somehow in conflict with ultimately beseeching and praying to Jesus, just as Protestants deny that asking a pastor to pray for them is in conflict with asking God to grant some desire or need.

However, I do think that using the title “Co-redemptrix” is very misleading and should be done away with.

The popes hardly use it much at all anymore, precisely because it is so misunderstood; not because the view itself is erroneous.

In the English language, the prefix “Co” often implies equality with the other person, as in “co-owner” or “co-pilot.”

Yes; this is a problem of translation from Latin to English, and a loss of meaning, leading to a misunderstanding. I’ve dealt with it in other papers.

I also think that it is wrong to use Mediatrix as a title; sure, we are all little mediators; we can intercede for one another. But none of us can claim that as our title, since there is only one “Mediator” between man and God, the man Christ Jesus. All other mediators are “little mediators” and get their authority to mediate handed to them by Christ; hence, no one else besides Him should have “mediator” or “mediatrix” as his/her title.

You illustrate that you can accept the concept, by your statement: “All other mediators are ‘little mediators’ and get their authority to mediate handed to them by Christ.” What doesn’t follow is that we mustn’t use mediatrix because of Jesus’ unique mediatorship. We use words similarly all the time. God is the Creator. But we are procreators when we have children. God made that all possible, and in a sense, created each child. But we participated, didn’t we (as argued above)? God is the King, but we have human kings. He is our Father, and we have earthly fathers, etc. There is no inherent conflict or discord here. You have grasped the concept, as we believe it. The rest is just semantics and playing with words.

Furthermore, the Bible explicitly states that Christians in general are God’s “helpers” or “fellow workers” (Greek, synergos):

2 Corinthians 6:1 Working together with him, then, we entreat you not to accept the grace of God in vain. (cf. Mark 16:20)

1 Corinthians 3:9 For we are God’s fellow workers . . .

Why then, is it unthinkable for Mary to be a “fellow worker” with Jesus (albeit in a much more extraordinary fashion)? No one claims that the above verses teach our equality with God, simply because we work with Him, and are His fellow workers. Likewise, the Blessed Virgin is in no wise equal to God in function when she is a Mediatrix or Co-Redemptrix.

Of course it doesn’t imply equality with God, but it still exalts Mary to too high of a level, a level that I think I have proved is not Biblical.

I don’t see how you have proven that. I showed that the fundamental concepts involved are applied by St. Paul to himself. It is only a matter of degree. Mary is preeminent among creatures, but she is still a creature, and in no way on a level with God.

I think that it is dangerous to give all of these laudatory titles to mere mortal people; the New Testament gives such laudatory titles to the Members of the Trinity.

The New Testament calls Jesus Savior and Redeemer. We don’t call Mary Savior,and even Co-Redemptrix, rightly-understood, in no way implies that Mary is a Redeemer as Jesus is.

I would conclude that such doctrine seems to insinuate a heavenly rankings system in which God is supreme and yet Mary stands at the top of the, having more grace, love, and godliness than any other created being.

Indeed it does. And it has much scriptural warrant or analogy, which you again largely ignore.

While I don’t deny that there may be such a heavenly “rankings system,” it seems that Christ would rather not tell us who will sit at His right and left hand (Matthew 20:23).

That was directed to His disciples, in the context of silly discussions about who was the greatest. Jesus was the King of Israel and successor to David, who was an archetype of the Messiah. It is said of Bathsheba, David’s wife, and mother of King Solomon, his son, that Solomon bowed down to her, and that she had a throne on his right (1 Kings 2:19; cf. 15:2,10). The queen-mother was the most important woman in the king’s court, and they were often named in the biblical history of the kings of Judah.

Yes, but Jesus’ whole ministry was all about blowing to pieces peoples’ traditional fleshly understanding of things.

This is merely what I would call a “pious Protestant platitude,” with little content. You asked about someone sitting at Jesus’ right hand, and I gave a biblical analogy, which related to Mary as both Spiritual Mother and the Queen of Heaven. But you don’t have much appreciation for biblical typology, which is all-too-common amongst Protestants, over against the Fathers, who used it all the time (and the ancient Jews).

Jesus said that His mother and brothers were those who did the will of God.

I dealt with this sort of rather-common but exceedingly weak Protestant “objection” in my paper: “Did Jesus Renounce Marian Veneration? (Lk 11:27-28)”.

Jesus was more worried about the spiritual than the physical, and this is why He cut down the distinctions between Jew and Gentile, between rich and poor, etc.

I don’t see how this is relevant to our discussion.

He cared for His mother, yes, but He never insinuated that her carrying Him in her womb gave her a special position of grace as a mediatrix.

His goal was to proclaim the Kingdom of God and make Himself known (which was His mother’s goal, too). But the absence in the Bible of Jesus saying something like: “Venerate my mother because she is the mediatrix of all graces” is no more troublesome than His never saying in Scripture: “I am God the Son, the Second Person of the Trinity, equal in power, glory, and essence with My Father, with Two Natures (the Hypostatic Union) in my one Person.”

Both notions are developments in theology, and both (in terms of full understanding) are mostly post-biblical developments, based on the reflection of the Church and the guidance of the Holy Spirit of the Church into all truth. The Church was working on and developing Christology all the way up to 451 and the Council of Chalcedon (the Hypostatic Union), some 400 years after Jesus’ death. Development is a fact of Christianity, and Mariology is one area which has exhibited much development, even up to our own times.

Jesus couldn’t even guarantee that two of His closest disciples would sit near Him in His Glory, because He knew that their mere earthly relationship with Him does not give them privilege over others who might come later in history who might be closer to Him in the Spirit.

Jesus can do whatever He wants. He could make weak St. Peter the Rock and build His Church upon the notion of a human leader. Likewise, He can choose to give His mother whatever honor He deems fitting and in accordance with His purposes in salvation history. I have given plenty of Scripture, but you keep giving me your own opinions, which don’t — with all due respect — count for much if they clash with Scripture itself.

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Related Reading:

Mary Mediatrix: A Biblical Explanation [1999]

Mary Mediatrix vs. Jesus Christ the Sole Mediator? [1-30-03]

Mary Mediatrix & the Bible (vs. Dr. Robert Bowman) [8-1-03]

Mary Mediatrix and the Church Fathers (+ Documentation That James White Accepts the Scholarship of the Protestant Church Historians I Cite [J. N. D. Kelly and Philip Schaff] ) [9-7-05]
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Mary Mediatrix: A Biblical & Theological Primer [9-15-15]

Mary Mediatrix: Close Biblical Analogies [National Catholic Register, 8-14-17]

Mary Mediatrix & Jesus (Mere Vessels vs. Sources) [8-15-17]

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(originally 1-21-02)

Photo credit: Dolorosa (1660), by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617-1682) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]

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2019-08-09T11:50:22-04:00

This dialogue came about as a result of Jack DisPennett‘s critique of my paper, The Blessed Virgin Mary: Biblical & Catholic Overview. His words will be in blue.

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There is very little I can say in response to this issue, since the Bible doesn’t really tell us anything affirmative or negative.

Of course, to make this statement, you casually assume that all Christian doctrine must be explicitly found in the Bible: itself a non-biblical and arbitrary unproven axiom. We don’t accept this presupposition, but I understand that you are operating from it, whether or not you are aware of it. The Bible also tells us nothing about the canon of the New Testament.

But millions of Protestants accept with more-or-less blind faith, both sola Scriptura and the New Testament as they have received it. So if I am told that one of my distinctively Catholic beliefs is rejected because “it ain’t in the Bible,” I ask, “why, then, do you accept other things — even fundamental Protestant premises — which are also not explicitly (or not at all) in the Bible? Is this a double standard?”

However, I would like to make a quick comment about the centrality of Mary in the Catholic Church today–an emphasis that seems to be totally lacking until the mid-4th century A.D.

First of all, you would have to define “centrality.” We would fully expect the relatively late development, as Cardinal Newman argued, because Christology was on the front burner. After that was taken care of and defined, then the Church had the “luxury,” so to speak, to develop and ponder other doctrines. Mariology came to the fore precisely because of its proximity to Christology. One must understand the inevitability of development of doctrine.

I have just read most of Eusebius’s Ecclesiastical History, (along with his concise Book of Martyrs) and although this is far from being a comprehensive doctrinal treatise, it definitely does reveal many of the emphases of the early church. Much emphasis is given to martyrs (it is interesting, though, that although dead martyrs sometimes appear to people in dreams, e.g. Potamiaena, they are never prayed to),

It was more so a matter of praying for them, for the dead, as we see in the catacombs. As time went on, the intercession of the saints (whereby a Christian asks a saint to pray for them, just as they would ask a Christian brother or sister on earth), came into more widespread use. The latter is generally what a Catholic means by “praying to” a saint.

“Prayer” has a wider meaning in Catholicism, to include asking (a dead saint, who is much more alive than we are) for prayer, or intercession, whereas in Protestantism it is almost regarded as intrinsically an act of worship, which is why Protestants have such a problem with the intercession of saints, because it strikes them — in their unfortunate lack of understanding of it — as rank idolatry and elevation of creatures to the place of God’s sole prerogatives. In fact, all it is an acknowledgment that Christians who die are still able to pray and love, and thus, to help us by their intercession. It’s very simple.

to the centrality and deity of Christ, to doctrinal disputes about the Passover, deity of Christ, immortality of the soul, Mary is never mentioned, except in passing.

I explained our reply to this, above. This poses no problem for the Catholic, who accepts development of doctrine. Protestants, however (if they wish to follow this line of argument) have a huge problem finding many of their distinctive doctrines in the Fathers. If they wish to make this case, they will create more difficulties for their own position than they could imagine, whereas the Catholic position is unharmed by the mere presence of late development of any particular development.

For me, though, rhetorically speaking, “late” would be much more applicable to the novelties and inventions of 16th-century Protestantism (sola Scripturasola fide, two sacraments, symbolic Eucharist and baptism, congregationalism, etc.), than to Marian developments in the 4th century. Even the canon of the Bible wasn’t finally formalized until 397. Why is that not mentioned in the cry over the “late” development of Mariology? What’s good for the goose is good for the gander . . .

In fact, the title “The Virgin Mother” is used for the Church, not for Mary.

One of many parallelisms in the Bible and Christianity. Mary is indeed a symbol for the Church, and for the Christian.

(There are also documents from the council of Nicaea in an appendix to my copy of the Ecclesiastical History that seem to support the authority of the Bible against tradition, but that’s another topic entirely).

Indeed, and I have more on that subject than I have on anything else, on my website (which is why I chose not to include your remarks in that vein — as you suggested as a possibility — in this dialogue.

It seems strange that the earliest surviving comprehensive church history that is extant would not mention Mary as an important figure in Christian devotion, if this doctrine was supposedly “handed down” from the Apostles.

No more than the absence of the canon of New Testament Scripture. What was handed down was the “kernel” — which is, basically, the Virgin Mother and the New Eve. All else develops straightforwardly from that. Elsewhere I summarized early Christian teaching on Mary:

In the second century, St. Justin Martyr is already expounding the “New Eve” teaching, which Cardinal Newman regards as a starting-point for much later Marian dogmatic development:

Christ became man by the Virgin so that the disobedience which proceeded from the serpent might be destroyed in the same way it originated. For Eve, being a virgin and undefiled, having conceived the word from the serpent, brought forth disobedience and death. The Virgin Mary, however, having received faith and joy, when the angel Gabriel announced to her the good tidings . . . answered: Be it done to me according to thy word. (1)

St. Irenaeus, a little later, takes up the same theme: “What the virgin Eve had tied up by unbelief, this the virgin Mary loosened by faith.” (2) He also views her as the preeminent intercessor for mankind. (3)In the third century, Origen taught the perpetual virginity (4), Mary as the second-Eve (5), and was the first Father to use the term Theotokos. (6) He expressly affirms the spiritual motherhood of Mary: “No one may understand the meaning of the Gospel [of John], if he has not rested on the breast of Jesus and received Mary from Jesus, to be his mother also.” (7)

1. Dialogue with Trypho, 100:5, in Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, combined edition of volumes 1 & 2, London: Sheed & Ward, 1965.

2. Against Heresies, 3, 21, 10.

3. Ibid., 4, 33, 11.

4. Homily 7 on Luke.

5. Homily 1 on Matthew 5.

6. Two Fragments on Luke, nos. 41 and 80 in the Berlin edition.

7. In John, 1, 6.

Even Eusebius calls her panagia, or “all-holy.” (Ecclesiastica Theologia).

It seems to me much more likely that Marian devotion increased as pagans estranged from their pagan goddesses in the wake of Constantine and his successors sought comfort in Marian devotion, and that the doctrine developed thusly. This is confirmed by the resemblance between early madonnas and figures of one of the pagan goddesses and her son (Another church historian, writing roughly 100 years after Eusebius, whose name escapes me currently, mentioned Mary as a figure of Christian devotion, however).

This is the familiar Protestant charge, but it is a very difficult one to prove, and is little more than a bald assertion. Why not go after the same Fathers for promoting prayers for the dead, or sacramentalism, or baptismal regeneration, or penance, on the same basis: similarity to pagan precursors? Pretty soon you’ll find yourself attacking biblical, apostolic Christianity lock, stock, and barrel, for similarities can always be found by those insistent upon finding them. Atheists and Jews and Muslims and Jehovah’s Witnesses find what they think are manifestations of trinitarianism in kernel form, in Babylonian three-headed gods and so forth.

Anthropologists have (for some odd reason) long thrilled themselves over similarities in creation myths, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, or like-minded ethical codes (Code of Hammurabi, etc.) which approximate the laws of Moses and the Ten Commandments. Christmas and Easter have been pilloried by various Protestant sects as pagan and unworthy of celebration. Such speculation is subjective in its very nature, and therefore quite weak and insubstantial. There is a fallacy and serious misunderstanding involved here, too, even beyond the obvious genetic fallacy.

After exploring more of my biblical arguments, in the original paper:
To say that she was “nearest to” Christ just because she bore His human body is question begging. We could just as easily say that Paul or one of the other martyrs was closest to Him in a more spiritual sense on account of their great suffering for His Name’s sake. We could say that the disciple He loved was closer to Him than anyone else on account of his leaning on His bosom at the last supper and of his privileged relationship with Him. The speculation could go on and on, proving what can happen if we try to read too much into the Bible.

I’ll refer the readers to my remarks on the profundity of the role of Theotokos above. One either immediately grasps the significance of that or they don’t. Martin Luther did, so I am not left without hope that Protestants today can regain some of the original Protestant beliefs, which had a fairly high Mariology.

Related Reading:

Defending Mary (Revelation 12 & Her Assumption) [5-28-12]

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Biblical Arguments in Support of Mary’s Assumption [National Catholic Register, 8-15-18]

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(originally 1-21-02)

Photo credit: Virgin in Glory with Saints, by Giovanni Bellini (c. 1430-1516) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]

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