2020-01-24T12:24:08-04:00

Attending Mass (Even for an Entire Lifetime) Doesn’t Excuse Us from the Moral Requirements of Christianity, Including Confession of Sin

A Lutheran who has a great interest in Catholicism wrote to me as follows:

[Reformed Baptist apologist James White raises a] particular argument with regard to the Mass and mortal sin. He says, that the Mass perfects no one and someone can still end up in hell, even though they attend Mass regularly but fall into mortal sin and die before they get absolved. As he is a Calvinist, I understand that he believes in the perseverance of the saints, so one can’t lose his salvation. It seems that he is trying to make God less gracious in the Roman “system”. What are your thoughts? [links to a video of White speaking about these notions]

I think the easiest way to address this is to appeal to the Bible:

1 John 3:15 (RSV) Any one who hates his brother is a murderer, and you know that no murderer has eternal life abiding in him.

Revelation 21:8 But as for the cowardly, the faithless, the polluted, as for murderers, fornicators, sorcerers, idolaters, and all liars, their lot shall be in the lake that burns with fire and sulphur, which is the second death.

Revelation 22:15 Outside are the dogs and sorcerers and fornicators and murderers and idolaters, and every one who loves and practices falsehood.

So, if one commits any of these sins and doesn’t repent, they are in severe danger of hellfire, according to Holy Scripture: not just in my opinion  or that of the Catholic Church.

I could go to Mass or a Protestant service every week my whole life, and Wednesday night Bible studies too, and Monday prayer meetings, but if I decided to go and murder someone, how does that not lead me to hell, unless I repent?

I don’t see that any system of theology can overcome this. It’s just too biblical. All White and other double predestinarians can say is the weak comeback of “Joe committed murder; therefore, he never was a Christian at all.”

The Bible tells us that the believer ought not sin, by nature:

1 John 2:3, 5-6 And by this we may be sure that we know him, if we keep his commandments. . . . [5] . . . By this we may be sure that we are in him: [6] he who says he abides in him ought to walk in the same way in which he walked.

1 John 3:6-10 No one who abides in him sins; no one who sins has either seen him or known him. [7] Little children, let no one deceive you. He who does right is righteous, as he is righteous. [8] He who commits sin is of the devil; for the devil has sinned from the beginning. The reason the Son of God appeared was to destroy the works of the devil. [9] No one born of God commits sin; for God’s nature abides in him, and he cannot sin because he is born of God. [10] By this it may be seen who are the children of God, and who are the children of the devil: whoever does not do right is not of God, nor he who does not love his brother.

Yet we do sin all the time, and St. John in the same book recognizes that, too (hence, Catholic Masses and Lutheran services both include a general absolution, since they presuppose that such sin has occurred):

1 John 1:8-10 If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us. [9] If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just, and will forgive our sins and cleanse us from all unrighteousness. [10] If we say we have not sinned, we make him a liar, and his word is not in us.

1 John 2:1 My little children, I am writing this to you so that you may not sin; but if any one does sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous;

Note that the remedy is not a one-time profession, or being selected from all eternity by God; therefore, no sin can keep us from going to heaven. Rather, it appears that God is assuming a regular scenario of repeated sin, for which we repent and receive forgiveness form God, either directly, or in absolution through a priest, or (as in Lutheranism) through a pastor or any other believer. It seems to me to assume that sanctification is an ongoing command and need. For example:

1 John 3:3 And every one who thus hopes in him purifies himself as he is pure.

And this sanctification cannot be unconnected from salvation or justification itself. Of course, this is a big disagreement between Catholics and Protestants. But Arminian / Wesleyan Protestants are much closer to our view. Luther and Calvin both taught that true, authentic faith is verified by good works; thus, lacking the latter, one may doubt that saving faith is present.

I have argued that that is practically, or in effect the same, as in Catholic teaching on infused justification / sanctification.

Lastly, God also makes it very clear that one can go through all the required motions and gestures of worship and prayer, but if their heart is not right and they are in sin, it means nothing whatsoever to Him.

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Related Reading:

St. Paul on Justification, Sanctification, & Salvation [1996]

Justification in James: Dialogue [5-8-02]

Dialogue w Three Lutherans on Justification & Salvation [2-1-07]

Formal Human Forgiveness of Sins in the Bible [6-10-07]

Catholic Bible Verses on Sanctification and Merit [12-20-07]

Final Judgment & Works (Not Faith): 50 Passages [2-10-08]

Examination of Conscience: Biblical (Pauline) Evidence [7-14-08]

St. Paul on Grace, Faith, & Works (50 Passages) [8-6-08]

Martin Luther: Strong Elements in His Thinking of Theosis & Sanctification Linked to Justification [11-23-09]

Grace, Faith, Works, & Judgment: A Scriptural Exposition [12-16-09; reformulated & abridged on 3-15-17]

Sacrament of Penance: Man-Made Tradition? (vs. Calvin #51) [12-21-09]

Bible on Participation in Our Own Salvation (Always Enabled by God’s Grace) [1-3-10]

Bible on the Nature of Saving Faith (Including Assent, Trust, Hope, Works, Obedience, and Sanctification) [1-21-10]

Biblical “Power”: Proof of Infused (Catholic) Justification [3-14-11]

Justification: Not by Faith Alone, & Ongoing (Romans 4, James 2, and Abraham’s Multiple Justifications) [10-15-11]

Salvation: By Grace Alone, Not Faith Alone or Works [2013]

The Bible on Confession & Absolution [2013]

New Testament Epistles on Bringing About Further Sanctification and Even Salvation By Our Own Actions [7-2-13]

Bible: Men & Angels Forgive Sins as Representatives of God [7-18-14]

Jesus vs. “Faith Alone” (Rich Young Ruler) [10-12-15]

Dialogue: Rich Young Ruler & Good Works [10-14-15]

“Catholic Justification” in James & Romans [11-18-15]

Philippians 2:12 & “Work[ing] Out” One’s Salvation [1-26-16]

Absolution, Sanctification, & Forgiveness: Reply to Calvin #7 [12-19-18]

Jesus: Faith + Works (Not Faith Alone) Leads to Salvation [8-1-19]

Vs. James White #6: Faith & Works, and First John [11-11-19]

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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not Exist: If you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.
*
My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2600 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will be receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers (and “likes” and links and shares). Thanks!
*
See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago, but send to my email: [email protected]). Another easy way to send and receive money (with a bank account or a mobile phone) is through Zelle. Again, just send to my e-mail address. May God abundantly bless you.
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Photo credit: Prophet Nathan rebukes David for adultery with Bathsheba. Woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld (1794-1872) [public domain / US public domainWikimedia Commons]

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2020-01-23T12:38:46-04:00

Chapter 19 of my book, “The Catholic Mary”: Quite Contrary to the Bible? (Sep. 2010). I have abridged the many Scripture verses (i.e., merely listed some references rather than present the whole passage) for the sake of brevity.

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Some Protestants argue that Catholic terminology and notions regarding petitions or pleas directed towards Mary are unbiblical (and indeed idolatrous), since we invoke her aid and comfort and strength and claim to receive peace by the same means, and (so they claim) such things are only properly referred to as coming from God alone.

Thus, a Catholic who said that Mary gave him strength might have a verse such as the following given to him as a rebuttal (as if it is being violated by so believing):

Psalm 46:1 (RSV, as throughout) God is our refuge and strength, a very present help in trouble.

Or if he said Mary provided spiritual comfort, he might very well be directed to the following verse, as a corrective:

Isaiah 49:13 . . . For the LORD has comforted his people, and will have compassion on his afflicted.

If Mary is said to have granted peace to a troubled soul, the Catholic (or anyone who believes such about Mary and the saints) would be rebuked and “instructed” (with all the very best intentions, I freely grant) with a biblical verse such as:

John 14:27 Peace I leave with you; my peace I give to you; not as the world gives do I give to you. Let not your hearts be troubled, neither let them be afraid.

It is implied (with a fallacious, unbiblical “either/or” reasoning) that only God can be a strength (etc.), and that this somehow precludes human beings participating in the strengthening of other human beings in time of need. The Bible doesn’t teach that. For example, we see the following:

Deuteronomy 3:28 But charge Joshua, and encourage and strengthen him; for he shall go over at the head of this people, and he shall put them in possession of the land which you shall see. [God speaking to Moses]

1 Samuel 23:16 And Jonathan, Saul’s son, rose, and went to David at Horesh, and strengthened his hand in God. (cf. 2 Chron 11:16-17; Ecc 7:19)

Daniel 11:1 And as for me [Daniel], in the first year of Darius the Mede, I stood up to confirm and strengthen him.

Luke 22:32 but I have prayed for you [Peter] that your faith may not fail; and when you have turned again, strengthen your brethren.

Acts 14:22 [Paul and Barnabas] strengthening the souls of the disciples, exhorting them to continue in the faith, and saying that through many tribulations we must enter the kingdom of God.

Acts 15:32 And Judas and Silas, who were themselves prophets, exhorted the brethren with many words and strengthened them.

Acts 15:41 And he [Paul] went through Syria and Cili’cia, strengthening the churches. (cf. Acts 16:5)

Acts 18:23 After spending some time there he [Paul] departed and went from place to place through the region of Galatia and Phryg’ia, strengthening all the disciples.

Romans 1:11 For I [Paul] long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift to strengthen you,

St. Paul in turn gives God the ultimate credit as the original source of all such strength, channeled through himself and other spiritual leaders (“both / and” reasoning again: Rom 16:15; Eph 3:16; 6:10; Phil 4:13; Col 1:11; 2 Thess 3:3; 1 Tim 1:12; 2 Tim 2:1; 4:17). St. Peter does the same (1 Pet 4:11; 5:10).

At least one passage even illustrates how God uses things in His creation to strengthen man:

Psalm 104:13-15 From thy lofty abode thou waterest the mountains; the earth is satisfied with the fruit of thy work. [14] Thou dost cause the grass to grow for the cattle, and plants for man to cultivate, that he may bring forth food from the earth, [15] and wine to gladden the heart of man, oil to make his face shine, and bread to strengthen mans heart.

Note how “heart” is used here instead of body. This refers to the spirit, not merely physical energy from nutrition. Other similar biblical concepts concerning aid from others (not solely God to the exclusion of men) abound:

Encouragement (Deut 1:38; 2 Chron 35:2; Acts 18:27; 20:2; 27:36; Rom 1:12; 1 Cor 14:3, 31; Eph 6:22; Col 2:2; 4:8; 1 Thess 2:11;5:11, 14).

Exhortation (Lk 3:18; Acts 2:40; 11:23; 14:22; 15:31-32; 16:40; 20:1; Rom 12:8; 1 Thess 2:11; 3:2; 4:1, 10; 5:14; 2 Thess 3:12; 1 Tim 5:1; 2 Tim 4:2; Titus 2:15; Heb 3:13; 13:22; 1 Pet 5:1, 12)

Help (Gen 2:18, 20; Is 41:6 [cf. 10, 13-14]; Acts 16:9; 18:27; 20:35; Rom 16:2; 1 Cor 12:28; 2 Cor 1:11; 1 Thess 5:14).

Comfort (of the spiritual sort) is also referred to as coming from fellow human beings: not just from God:

Job 42:11 Then came to him all his brothers and sisters and all who had known him before, and ate bread with him in his house; and they showed him sympathy and comforted him for all the evil that the LORD had brought upon him; and each of them gave him a piece of money and a ring of gold. (cf. 1 Chr 7:22)

2 Corinthians 1:4, 6-7 who comforts us in all our affliction, so that we may be able to comfort those who are in any affliction, with the comfort with which we ourselves are comforted by God. . . . [6] If we are afflicted, it is for your comfort and salvation; and if we are comforted, it is for your comfort, which you experience when you patiently endure the same sufferings that we suffer. [7] Our hope for you is unshaken; for we know that as you share in our sufferings, you will also share in our comfort.

2 Corinthians 2:7 so you should rather turn to forgive and comfort him, or he may be overwhelmed by excessive sorrow.

2 Corinthians 7:7 and not only by his coming but also by the comfort with which he was comforted in you, as he told us of your longing, your mourning, your zeal for me, so that I rejoiced still more. (cf. 7:4, 6, 13)

1 Thessalonians 3:7 for this reason, brethren, in all our distress and affliction we have been comforted about you through your faith;

1 Thessalonians 4:18 Therefore comfort one another with these words. (cf. Col 4:11; Philemon 1:7)

God even compares His comfort with human (and animal) maternal comfort and care:

Isaiah 66:13 As one whom his mother comforts, so I will comfort you; you shall be comforted in Jerusalem.

Matthew 23:37 O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, killing the prophets and stoning those who are sent to you! How often would I have gathered your children together as a hen gathers her brood under her wings, and you would not!

Lastly, human beings extend to each other God’s peace — as well as grace and mercy (God is not the only One who does this, though He is the ultimate origin and cause of it):

1 Samuel 25:6 And thus you shall salute him: “Peace be to you, and peace be to your house, and peace be to all that you have.” (cf. 1:17; 25:35; Jud 18:6)

Matthew 10:13 And if the house is worthy, let your peace come upon it; but if it is not worthy, let your peace return to you. (cf. 5:9; Lk 10:5-6)

Romans 1:7 To all God’s beloved in Rome, who are called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

1 Corinthians 1:3 Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ. (cf. 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; 6:16; Eph 1:2; 6:23; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; 1 Thess 1:1; 2 Thess 1:2; 1 Tim 1:2; 2 Tim 1:2; Titus 1:4; Philem 1:3)

1 Peter 5:14 . . . Peace to all of you that are in Christ.

2 Peter 1:2 May grace and peace be multiplied to you in the knowledge of God and of Jesus our Lord. (cf. 1 Pet 1:2)

3 John 1:15 Peace be to you. . . .

Jude 1:2 May mercy, peace, and love be multiplied to you.

St. Paul, for example, also asks God to give others peace (an example of God using men as instruments to spread His blessings):

2 Thessalonians 3:16 Now may the Lord of peace himself give you peace at all times in all ways. The Lord be with you all.

Now, Mary and other saints are still very much alive; they are not unconscious or nonexistent. Jesus rebuked the Sadducees, who denied the resurrection and afterlife:

Mark 12:26-27 “And as for the dead being raised, have you not read in the book of Moses, in the passage about the bush, how God said to him, ‘I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob’? [27] He is not God of the dead, but of the living; you are quite wrong.”

Luke 20:34-38 And Jesus said to them, “The sons of this age marry and are given in marriage; [35] but those who are accounted worthy to attain to that age and to the resurrection from the dead neither marry nor are given in marriage, [36] for they cannot die any more, because they are equal to angels and are sons of God, being sons of the resurrection. [37] But that the dead are raised, even Moses showed, in the passage about the bush, where he calls the Lord the God of Abraham and the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob. [38] Now he is not God of the dead, but of the living; for all live to him.” (cf. Mt 22:29-32)

If one denies this, serious problems with biblical revelation arise (not at all tied only to distinctively Catholic theology, but to all trinitarian Christian theology). Therefore, Mary and other departed saints can extend to us these blessings and graces, such as peace, comfort, encouragement, help, exhortation, and strength, just as believers extend these things to each other on earth.

Death does not end participation in the Body of Christ. To the contrary, it magnifies it and makes it more powerful. And Mary, as the Mother of God the Son, has more power than any other creature to pray and comfort those of us on earth who ask for her aid. This is according to explicit biblical principles as well:

James 5:13-18 Is any one among you suffering? Let him pray. Is any cheerful? Let him sing praise. [14] Is any among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord; [15] and the prayer of faith will save the sick man, and the Lord will raise him up; and if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven. [16] Therefore confess your sins to one another, and pray for one another, that you may be healed. The prayer of a righteous man has great power in its effects. [17] Eli’jah was a man of like nature with ourselves and he prayed fervently that it might not rain, and for three years and six months it did not rain on the earth. [18] Then he prayed again and the heaven gave rain, and the earth brought forth its fruit.

It is precisely because Mary is Jesus’ mother (and given extraordinary graces for that purpose) that her intercession is so powerful: more so than any other creature’s.

Catholics do not believe (as we are often falsely accused) that Mary is the source of salvation; only that she is a vessel of God’s grace and salvation, which is nothing more than what Paul says about himself and indeed about all believers (see, e.g., 2 Cor 4:8-15; Eph 3:2; 4:29; Phil 1:7, 19; cf. 1 Pet 4:10; longer list in chapter 18).

Every time we pray for someone else we are a vessel of grace. Protestants too often confuse intercession and Mary’s maternal role as mother of believers (hence Jesus called Mary John’s mother from the cross), with some supposed identification of Mary in Catholicism as the source and origin of salvation. Only God is that: and this is what we teach.

No one (i.e., who correctly understands orthodox Catholicism) is worshiping Mary. Seeking comfort from her is completely different from worship. All of Mary’s power to help us is directly derived from God: solely by His grace. Properly understood, such aid from Mary is never intended in Catholic theology to usurp or compete with God’s grace and power: she is merely His vessel or channel.

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Related Reading:

Does Invoking Mary at Death Ignore Jesus? [2013]

Dialogue with an Anglican on “Praying to Mary,” Patron Saints, Etc. [11-10-14]

Reply to Lutheran on Invocation of Saints [12-1-15]

Mary Mediatrix: A Biblical Explanation [1999]

Mary Mediatrix: Dialogue w Evangelical Protestant [1-21-02]

Mary Mediatrix vs. Jesus Christ the Sole Mediator? [1-30-03]

Mary Mediatrix & the Bible (vs. Dr. Robert Bowman) [8-1-03]

Biblical Evidence for Mary Mediatrix [11-25-08]

Mary Mediatrix: A Biblical & Theological Primer [9-15-15]

Mary Mediatrix & Jesus (Mere Vessels vs. Sources) [8-15-17]

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Praying to Angels & Angelic Intercession [2015]

Asking Saints to Intercede: Teaching of Jesus [2015]

Why Pray to Saints Rather than God? [9-4-15]

Reply to a Lutheran Pastor on Invocation of Saints [12-1-15]

Dialogue on Praying to Abraham (Luke 16) [5-22-16]

Prayer to Saints: “New” [?] Biblical Argument [5-23-16]

Invocation & Intercession of Saints & Angels: Bible Proof [10-22-16 and 1-9-17]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #5: Prayer to Creatures [2-20-17]

Dialogue: Rich Man’s Prayer to Abraham (Luke 16) and the Invocation of Saints (vs. Lutheran Pastor Ken Howes) [5-3-17]

Dialogue on Samuel Appearing to Saul (Witch of Endor) [5-6-17]

Dialogue on Prayer to the Saints and Hades / Sheol [12-19-17]

Prayers to Saints & for the Dead: Six Biblical Proofs [6-8-18]

Vs. James White #13: Jesus Taught Invocation of Saints (And by James White’s “Reasoning,” Jesus Couldn’t be God and was a Blaspheming False Teacher) [11-16-19]

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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not ExistIf you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.
*
My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2600 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will be receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers (and “likes” and links and shares). Thanks!
*
See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago, but send to my email: [email protected]). Another easy way to send and receive money (with a bank account or a mobile phone) is through Zelle. Again, just send to my e-mail address. May God abundantly bless you.
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2020-01-20T12:45:34-04:00

[Chapter Six from my book, Biblical Catholic Eucharistic Theology (Feb. 2011) ]

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St. Paul wrote that those taking the bread and cup “in an unworthy manner” were “guilty of profaning the body and blood of the Lord” (1 Cor 11:27-30; cf. 1 Cor 10:14-22). Does he “need” the Aristotelian philosophy of substance and accidents to know this? No. He doesn’t even need Stoic or Epicurean or Platonic philosophy. He doesn’t need any philosophy at all. All he needs is Jewish realism, just as when he was converted, Jesus told him he was persecuting Him (Acts 9:3-6). Paul was persecuting the Church (Acts 8:3).

The Church is the Body of Christ, in this incarnational, sacramental, biblical way of thinking. It is Jewish realism and historicism taken to another spiritual level. John 6 and the Last Supper accounts, as well as Paul’s literalism above, make eucharistic realism quite easily ascertained, which is why no one of note denied the doctrine until the Protestant Zwingli in the 16th century. Even Luther left it untouched and damned to hell all those who denied it. The fathers unanimously took the literal view of the Eucharist.

Nothing in Paul’s discussion of the Eucharist goes against a straightforward literal interpretation. If I referred to “the body and blood of Dave Armstrong,” people would know exactly what that meant. If I complained that “my body aches today,” no one would take that merely symbolically or “spiritually” or “mystically.” If I mentioned that “I gave blood at the Red Cross” I dare say that not a single person would think I was only speaking allegorically. Yet when Jesus says, “This is My Body” and “This is My Blood” at the Last Supper, all of a sudden many people think it is a spiritual, non-physical, symbolic meaning only.

The Last Supper was an observance of the Jewish Passover. The sacrifice of the lamb (Jesus) — following Jewish ritual and ceremonial practices — was quite real. That wasn’t symbolic. Yet Jesus’ Body and Blood are reduced to mere symbols. Why should symbol be more impressive or “spiritual” than physical, concrete reality? I think the tendency to anti-sacramentalism in Protestantism is ultimately (by logical reduction) anti-incarnational and a derivative of the antipathy to matter of ancient heresies such as the Docetics and Gnostics.

In any event, one can believe in the literal, substantial Eucharist without a whit of philosophical knowledge, just as one can believe in the Trinity or the Incarnation without the slightest knowledge of the hypostatic union, homoousios, filioque, kenosis, etc. The puddle of Christianity (as the proverb goes) is shallow enough for a child to play in and deep enough for an elephant to drown in.

The central point isn’t the philosophical categories, but that Jesus is truly present, Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity. The Orthodox and the Lutherans are realists, too; they simply use different words and expressions. All agree that it is ultimately a great mystery. We merely try to explain or comprehend it in a bit more detail.

Orthodox object to our alleged “hyper-rationalism,” yet they get into quite technical detail also when they discuss the filioque, the Divine Energies, and theosis, or divinization. Excessive “rationalism,” then, is often in the eye of the beholder.

Does anyone wish to contend that the Holy Eucharist can’t be understood or believed at all without taking four philosophy courses: philosophy of language, epistemology, logic, and analytic philosophy? I deny it. I think many Protestant apologists are approaching this issue far too “academically” or “philosophically”.

The philosophy has been raised to too high a level once again, usurping the place of faith and common sense. And we Catholics stand by common sense. To wax somewhat “Chestertonian”: Common sense is far better than uncommon lack of sense.

Catholic sacramentalism and incarnational theology maintain that the symbol or sign is also a reality. The separation whereby all symbols are opposed to realism, is what we oppose. Jesus compared His Resurrection to the “sign of Jonah.” But it was literal. Augustine could speak of the Eucharist as both a sign and a physical reality. The two are not mutually exclusive.

We must not yield up such a fundamental doctrine and rite of Christianity to relativism and “diversity.” It’s clear enough what the Church believed through the centuries on this, without a necessity for Aristotelianism to be brought into the discussion.

If we were to observe Jesus as a fetus, would we be able to ascertain that He had come about in a way other than the usual natural meeting of sperm and egg? Could we prove that the burning bush was somehow to be equated with the Creator of the Universe? How would someone falsify the multiplication of the loaves and fishes?

How could someone prove that the atonement and redemption of all mankind is occurring by observing an itinerant preacher being put to death on a cross: just one of many thousands who endured the same horrible end at the hands of the Romans? How is that falsifiable? One can’t prove that the water used in baptism has power by taking it immediately off the head of a baby and analyzing it chemically.

Christianity is an empirical, concrete, practical religion. But it is not always. The foundational doctrines of Christianity cannot be proven empirically. How does one prove that Christ redeemed the world? How can the Holy Trinity itself be either proven or falsified, apart from revelation and faith? Such skepticism about the Eucharist would also exclude the atonement, the incarnation, the virgin birth, etc. (by placing them in the same “absurd” category — qua miracles — as transubstantiation). Yet some seem to deny that the Eucharist is a mystery at all.

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Related Reading:

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John Calvin’s Erroneous Mystical View of the Eucharist [4-9-04, 9-7-05, abridged and re-edited on 11-30-17]
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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not ExistIf you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.
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My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2600 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will be receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers (and “likes” and links and shares). Thanks!
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See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago, but send to my email: [email protected]). Another easy way to send and receive money (with a bank account or a mobile phone) is through Zelle. Again, just send to my e-mail address. May God abundantly bless you.
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2020-01-16T12:44:09-04:00

My friend Tony Gerring offered an excellent guest post on my blog, entitled, Raising of Tabitha: Proof of Purgatory. This was a follow-up discussion of that article on my Facebook page. Words of  Scott Fleischman will be in blue.

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Fascinating! The key point for me is that Tabitha died after Jesus’ resurrection (which opened the gates of heaven).

Other instances of Jesus’ raising people from the dead (Lazarus, Jairus’ daughter) don’t carry the same weight because it can be argued they went to the same place of the dead as all did before Jesus.

Then given one’s position on the afterlife, one can outline a few possibilities:

1) There is only heaven. Then Tabitha was taken from the bliss of heaven back to the sufferings of earth, which is an unpalatable interpretation. This seems to be the main force of the argument.

2) There is heaven and hell. Then one could hypothesize Tabitha went to hell, and Jesus brought her back from that place of torment. This is plausible but puts Tabitha in negative light.

3) There is heaven, hell and some other place. The Catholic understanding of purgatory fits the bill here nicely. This allows Tabitha to be an honorable person and coming back to earth allows for her own growth, without it being a punishment.

Great point. I don’t see how she could go to hell, though, and be brought back. She would never go there unless she were eternally condemned: in which case there would be no return.

Ah, that is a good point. Indeed the permanence of one’s state in the afterlife does make the situation more complicated than I initially outlined above. In fact, it might end up ruling out the passage pointing to purgatory specifically, depending on how purgatory is conceived.

Augustine makes a good point about the assurance in heaven–would it really be heaven if we had the possibility of losing it in the future? It would seem not. Therefore someone going to heaven and coming back to earthly life where one could sin and go to hell does not fit that viewpoint.

With hell, a common perspective is that God doesn’t send people there–the people send themselves. Given that, one might be inclined to say God could give someone a second chance (which if you allow that kind of opens up that idea that hell might be emptied out at some point in the future).

Granted, our will for or against God is one-and-for-all in the afterlife, much like the angels and devils. So in that sense, one could not have a “second chance” if that permanence of choice is due to something that would imply a contradiction (such as something within our nature, something about our souls).

Given the permanence of decision for-God or against-God in the afterlife (like the angels and devils), it would seem neither heaven nor hell are reasonable possibilities for where Tabitha went.

However, does purgatory also have that same sense of permanent choice for-God? It would seem so, since the usual description amounts to a purification of our souls on the way to heaven. It would seem rather contrary to the promised joy, to be able to fall off that road again back to hell.

So given the above, it seems to me that raising someone from the dead where they come back to life as normal on earth more likely points to some sort of temporary holding spot, where God sort of covers their eyes, so to speak, from making the final once-and-for-all choice for-God or against-God, like the angels and devils.

Another option is that Tabitha went to heaven and came back to earth with an internal assurance of her place in heaven, and God preserved her according to that internal promise. And she came to earth to suffer more in union with Christ for the redemption of the world, with the assurance she would join Him again.

I don’t see that there is any difficulty in purgatory. Say (for the sake of argument) that Tabitha was destined to go to purgatory first (like most of us). In God’s providence, Peter raised her, thus bringing her back from a temporary stay in purgatory. When she dies for good, she goes back there, en route to heaven. No difficulties there that I see. This life is itself similar to purgatory (as I have argued in papers), since God chastises us.

Having been removed from purgatory to return to earthly life with the possibility of sin, would Tabitha have the ability to mortally sin and go to hell when she dies a second time?

That makes me tend to either of two possibilities:

1) Maybe they didn’t face their personal judgment somehow. I would think purgatory would happen after personal judgment, so then they didn’t quite make it to purgatory, I would argue.

2) They did go to purgatory or heaven, and God preserves them from final sin in their return to earthly life.

or 3) it’s a mystery! Let us fall in adoration before the mystery of God, “O the depth of the riches and wisdom and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are his judgments and how inscrutable his ways!”

She would have that ability. I don’t see why she would not. But because purgatory is not a final state (nor is the limbo of the fathers, before Christ), then it’s a possibility to go there and return from it: precisely because it is not intrinsically eternal. And also it’s possible that someone could return from it and end up in hell.

You also have examples of people who saw visions of heaven, or were “there” in some sense (before — presumably — ending up there for eternity): like St. Paul being caught up to the “third heaven” or St. John in writing Revelation.

I can see where there could conceivably / possibly be scenarios where someone temporarily went to purgatory, without their *final* state being determined. It would be an exception to the rule.

But God could have arranged it in His providence simply for Tabitha to be a person who was one of the elect.

It sounds like we are in agreement about the possibility of Tabitha being assured of her ultimate salvation after being raised and returned to earthly life. So in that sense she could have went to purgatory or heaven and returned to earthly life with that assurance.

And as far as visions and experiences go, I would distinguish between visiting heaven in a vision and actually being there in soul after your personal judgment. Maybe you might call the latter “belonging” there. In Paul’s case, I would consider that a visit/vision without belonging there per se. And I suppose one could hold Tabitha visited with her personal judgment being withheld till her final earthly death.

However, I do believe it is inconsistent with the CCC’s description of purgatory to hold that she could have went to purgatory after her first death, but then could go to hell ultimately. The CCC describes those in purgatory as assured of their salvation (1030,1031). Therefore they could not ultimately end up in hell.

So however one explains where Tabitha went while dead the first time, I guess I would have to conclude that she could not have went to purgatory after personal judgment in the “normal” way.

At the very least, there would have to have been some concession to her presence in purgatory: A) either not judged or B) having assurance of her ultimate judgment.

Which is kind of unfortunate, because I rather liked the original argument in the article, but now I don’t find it that convincing as a reference to purgatory per se.

But the passage does point to something that is not heaven or hell in the afterlife. And that possibility of some place that’s not heaven could also help discussions of purgatory (unless one takes the position she didn’t fully die).

1030 All who die in God’s grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven.

1031 The Church gives the name Purgatory to this final purification of the elect, which is entirely different from the punishment of the damned.

God could have also put her in a state of soul sleep, where she didn’t go anywhere.

I don’t see that the argument is lessened at all. It’s obviously an exceptional situation, anyway you look at it. If anyone in purgatory (even temporarily) is assured of haven, then God simply would have caused in His providence, Peter to raise a girl who was always of the elect from the start, as I have said.

There is no unsolvable difficulty here (except for Protestants).

Yes I agree there is no insoluble difficulty. There are several options but none of them are a great fit, it seems to me.

However, due to our discussion (for which I am grateful, even though it appears we have some disagreement?) I do not think the passage is a great one for pointing to purgatory, except to ask the question, where did she go?

Also even if one only believes in heaven (no hell nor purgatory), I think one could make a very plausible argument she returned to earth with assurance of her salvation after having belonged to heaven.

So as you say, the passage isn’t problematic–there are answers that one could posit that are consistent. And I would take that further to say it’s not problematic in most common worldviews, if you allow for assurance of salvation on earth.

But as with many things, it’s just problematic to try to determine /which/ is the actual one. And at that note, I have no conclusive answer, . . . 

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Related Reading:

Fictional Dialogue on Purgatory [1995]

25 Bible Passages on Purgatory [1996]

Purgatory: A Short Exposition [5-9-02]

New (?) Biblical Argument: Prayers for the Dead [2004]

A Biblical Argument for Purgatory (Matthew 5:25-26) [10-13-04]

“Catholicism Refuted” (?): “Father” / Purgatory / Statues / Confession (Pt. III) [12-11-04]

Is Purgatory a “Place” or a “Condition”?: Misconceptions From [Eastern Orthodox] Fr. Ambrose About My Opinion (and the Church’s View) / Also: Development and Alleged Historical Revisionism [7-24-05]

Dialogue with Lutherans on Jesus’ Descent Into “Hell” [2-1-07]

Purgatory: Refutation of James White (1 Corinthians 3:10-15) [3-3-07]

Has Limbo Been Relegated to Limbo? [12-28-07]

Luther Believed in Soul Sleep; Thus He Rejected Purgatory [2-9-08]

Dialogue on Sheol / Hades (Limbo of the Fathers) and Luke 16 (the Rich Man and Lazarus) with a Baptist (vs. “Grubb”) [2-28-08]

Luther: Purgatory “Quite Plain” in 2 Maccabees [3-5-09]

Purgatory is the Waiting Room for Heaven [4-25-09]

Luke 23:43 (Thief on the Cross): “Paradise” = Sheol, Not Heaven, According to Many Reputable Protestant Scholars [5-25-09]

50 Bible Passages on Purgatory & Analogous Processes [2009]

John Wesley’s Belief in an Intermediate State After Death [7-13-09]

Purgatory: My Biblical Defense of its Doctrinal Development [9-20-11]

John Wesley’s View of Purgatory and Analogous Processes [2013]

Dialogue: Jesus, Peter, Elijah & Elisha Prayed for the Dead (+ a discussion on apologetics methodology and effectiveness) [6-9-13]

Dialogue with an Evangelical on Purgatory [10-7-13]

Multiple Meanings of “Paradise” in Scripture [1-2-14]

Martin Luther’s Belief in Purgatory (1517-1522, 1528) [11-17-14]

Dialogue w Calvinists on Prayer for the Dead & Purgatory [3-18-15]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #1: Purgatory (Mt 12:32) [2-17-17]

“Armstrong vs. Geisler” #2: Purgatory (Lk 23:43) [2-17-17]

Purgatory: Exchange with a Presbyterian (Calvinist) [5-11-17]

Armstrong vs. Collins & Walls #7: Unbiblical / Non-Patristic Purgatory? [10-19-17]

Dialogue on Prayer to the Saints and Hades / Sheol [12-19-17]

C. S. Lewis Believed in Purgatory & Prayer for the Dead [6-22-10; rev. 10-8-19]

Does Time & Place Apply to Purgatory? (vs. James White) [11-6-19]

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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not Exist: If you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.
*
My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2600 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will be receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers (and “likes” and links and shares). Thanks!
*
See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago, but send to my email: [email protected]). Another easy way to send and receive money (with a bank account or a mobile phone) is through Zelle. Again, just send to my e-mail address. May God abundantly bless you.
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(originally March 2015 on Facebook)
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Photo credit: Saint Peter raises Tabitha (1611), by Fabrizio Santafede (1560-1623 or 1628) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]
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2020-01-13T17:40:20-04:00

“Past Events Become Present Today”/ Survey of “Remember” in Scripture

I have heard that Jews celebrating Passover believe that the past becomes present. As such, the Catholic sees a similarity to our notion of the Sacrifice of the Mass, and Jesus’ death on the cross becoming present, and in a very real sense, transcending time altogether. We also believe that the Last Supper, where the Holy Eucharist was initiated, was a Passover meal. Many common notions could be explored with regard to the development of traditional Jewish understanding and Christian belief that is related to these in some fashion. For example, one ecumenical Jewish site stated:

The Jewish conviction that at the Seder past events become present today is something that can resonate strongly with Catholics. The Catholic concept of anamnesis corresponds to the Hebrew term zecher. Both refer to the use of ritual to make the past a lived present reality.

The Hebrew word zecher (in Strong’s Concordancezakar or zeker: words #2142-2145), are usually translated as remember or remembrance, or related terms. It seems to have a connotation of more than a mere remembrance. The thing remembered has a direct relation to the present. For example:

Exodus 2:24 (RSV) And God heard their groaning, and God remembered his covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob.

God “remembering” the covenant “made” it present insofar as it was still in force, thus enabling the Jews to win a battle. Of course, for God to “remember” anything is an anthropomorphism: God using expressions that human beings will understand. Since God knows everything at all times, to say that He “remembers” cannot be taken literally. If it were, this would imply a limitation of God’s knowledge. But this is how it is often expressed: God “remembers” the covenant, which is very much a present (or eternal) thing, so that past and present are in effect merged:

Genesis 9:15-16 I will remember my covenant which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and the waters shall never again become a flood to destroy all flesh. [16] When the bow is in the clouds, I will look upon it and remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is upon the earth.”

Exodus 6:5 Moreover I have heard the groaning of the people of Israel whom the Egyptians hold in bondage and I have remembered my covenant.

Psalm 106:45 He remembered for their sake his covenant, and relented according to the abundance of his steadfast love.

Ezekiel 16:60 yet I will remember my covenant with you in the days of your youth, and I will establish with you an everlasting covenant.

1 Maccabees 4:10 And now let us cry to Heaven, to see whether he will favor us and remember his covenant with our fathers and crush this army before us today.

Luke 1:54 He has helped his servant Israel, in remembrance of his mercy,

Luke 1:72 to perform the mercy promised to our fathers, and to remember his holy covenant,

The “remembrance” is perfectly harmonious with being “present” and “eternal.” It’s the classic biblical, Hebraic “both/and” outlook. Less “sacramental” Protestants, on the other hand, often draw the conclusion that because the terminology of “remembrance” is used in the Last Supper and the Mass, that, therefore, the Eucharist is solely a thing of the past, to be reflected upon, with mere symbolism of bread and wine (or grape juice), as opposed to being a present reality, and the actual Body and Blood of Christ under the outward appearance of bread and wine: a miracle.

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The Passover was a way for the Jews to remember, or make again present, the Exodus and deliverance from Egypt. Thus, when it was instituted, Moses stated:

Exodus 13:3-10 And Moses said to the people, “Remember this day, in which you came out from Egypt, out of the house of bondage, for by strength of hand the LORD brought you out from this place; no leavened bread shall be eaten. [4] This day you are to go forth, in the month of Abib. [5] And when the LORD brings you into the land of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the Hivites, and the Jeb’usites, which he swore to your fathers to give you, a land flowing with milk and honey, you shall keep this service in this month. [6] Seven days you shall eat unleavened bread, and on the seventh day there shall be a feast to the LORD. [7] Unleavened bread shall be eaten for seven days; no leavened bread shall be seen with you, and no leaven shall be seen with you in all your territory. [8] And you shall tell your son on that day, `It is because of what the LORD did for me when I came out of Egypt.’ [9] And it shall be to you as a sign on your hand and as a memorial between your eyes, that the law of the LORD may be in your mouth; for with a strong hand the LORD has brought you out of Egypt. [10] You shall therefore keep this ordinance at its appointed time from year to year.”

Likewise, the Sabbath was an ongoing observance, but the word “remember” is applied to it:

Exodus 20:8 Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy.

To “remember” all the commandments is to keep them in the present, and always:

Numbers 15:39-40 and it shall be to you a tassel to look upon and remember all the commandments of the LORD, to do them, not to follow after your own heart and your own eyes, which you are inclined to go after wantonly. [40] So you shall remember and do all my commandments, and be holy to your God.

Psalm 103:18 to those who keep his covenant and remember to do his commandments.

Psalm 119:55 I remember thy name in the night, O LORD, and keep thy law.

There was a spiritual, moral aspect to remembering, with regard to present conduct:

Deuteronomy 9:7 Remember and do not forget how you provoked the LORD your God to wrath in the wilderness; from the day you came out of the land of Egypt, until you came to this place, you have been rebellious against the LORD.

Deuteronomy 15:15 You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt, and the LORD your God redeemed you; therefore I command you this today.

Deuteronomy 16:12 You shall remember that you were a slave in Egypt; and you shall be careful to observe these statutes.

Deuteronomy 24:18, 22 but you shall remember that you were a slave in Egypt and the LORD your God redeemed you from there; therefore I command you to do this. . . . [22] You shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt; therefore I command you to do this.

John 14:26 But the Counselor, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all that I have said to you.

2 Peter 3:2 that you should remember the predictions of the holy prophets and the commandment of the Lord and Savior through your apostles.

Jude 1:17 But you must remember, beloved, the predictions of the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ;

Revelation 3:3 Remember then what you received and heard; keep that, and repent. If you will not awake, I will come like a thief, and you will not know at what hour I will come upon you.

God “remembers” our acts of worship and prayers:

Exodus 28:29 So Aaron shall bear the names of the sons of Israel in the breastpiece of judgment upon his heart, when he goes into the holy place, to bring them to continual remembrance before the LORD.

Exodus 30:16 And you shall take the atonement money from the people of Israel, and shall appoint it for the service of the tent of meeting; that it may bring the people of Israel to remembrance before the LORD, so as to make atonement for yourselves.

Psalm 20:3 May he remember all your offerings, and regard with favor your burnt sacrifices! [Selah]

Acts 10:31 saying, `Cornelius, your prayer has been heard and your alms have been remembered before God.

“Remembering” God is virtually a synonym for reverence and worship of God:

Psalm 6:5 For in death there is no remembrance of thee; in Sheol who can give thee praise?

Psalm 22:27 All the ends of the earth shall remember and turn to the LORD; and all the families of the nations shall worship before him.

Isaiah 17:10 For you have forgotten the God of your salvation, and have not remembered the Rock of your refuge; therefore, though you plant pleasant plants and set out slips of an alien god,

Jonah 2:7 When my soul fainted within me, I remembered the LORD; and my prayer came to thee, into thy holy temple.

Tobit 1:12 because I remembered God with all my heart.

Given all this background, the institution of the Holy Eucharist can now come into clearer focus:

Luke 22:19 And he took bread, and when he had given thanks he broke it and gave it to them, saying, “This is my body which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.”

1 Corinthians 11:24-25 and when he had given thanks, he broke it, and said, “This is my body which is for you. Do this in remembrance of me.” [25] In the same way also the cup, after supper, saying, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me.”

The Eucharist and Sacrifice of the Mass are present realities, not just bare symbolic, abstract thoughts. The Jewish Passover has this characteristic also. Rabbi Yossi Kenigsberg explains:

. . . on no other Jewish holiday are we instructed to have a formalized dialogue and discussion recollecting the relevant historical events of the time. Why did our sages provide us with the Haggadah text and prescribe this lengthy and detailed analysis of our Egyptian experience?

Besides celebrating our physical emancipation from slavery, on Pesach we also commemorate the anniversary of Jewish nationhood and identity. Since the Exodus represents the genesis of our Jewish collective identity, it is vital that we do everything possible to discover and reaffirm our Jewish consciousness at this juncture. In order to achieve this, we must feel a connection to our Jewish past, present and future. The objective of the seder and the Haggadah format is to facilitate the opportunity for us to develop an acute sense of affiliation with the past, present, and future of the Jewish experience. . . .

Throughout the trials and tribulations of Jewish history, God continuously intervenes on our behalf and we are confident that His divine protection will always embrace us. The fusion of the past, present, and future that we created on those first nights of Pesach will provide for us and for our children a glimpse into eternity.

In a book specifically about the Passover celebration, Martin Sicker provides further relevant insight:

The Haggadah then continues with a statement that is also found in the Mishnah that calls upon each participant in the Seder to share vicariously in the experience of the Exodus.

In every generation one is obliged to view oneself as though he [personally] had gone out from Egypt. As it is said: And thou shalt tell thy son in that day, saying: It is because of that which the Lord did for me when I came forth out of Egypt (Ex. 13:8).

The Haggadah then amplifies this teaching, providing an appropriate biblical prooftext in support of its elaboration.

The Holy One, blessed is He, did not redeem only our ancestors, but also redeemed us along with them. As it is said: And He brought us out from thence, that he might bring us in, to give us the land which He swore unto our fathers. (Deut. 6:23).

. . . The Mishnah calls upon each participant in the Seder to make an intellectual leap across the millennia and thereby to share directly in the experience of their ancestors. (A Passover Seder Companion and Analytic Introduction to the Haggadah, IUniverse, 2004, p. 104)

Another Jewish source concurs:

By participating in the Seder, we are vicariously reliving the Exodus from Egypt. Around our festival table, the past and present merge and the future is promising.

Rabbi Dan Fink provides a further eloquent explanation:

Our sages taught: “In every generation, it is incumbent upon us to see ourselves as if we, too, went out from Egypt.” Pesach is not about remembering the distant past; it is about re-experiencing that past in the present time. It is not the story of our ancestors long ago; it is our story. Our challenge is to consider what enslaves us — anything and everything from money to television to old, stale habits — and find ways to free ourselves from those burdens. The Hebrew word for Egypt, mitzrayim, means “a narrow place.” This spring festival of deliverance is the time of our own liberation, an opportunity to renew ourselves.

So this year, don’t ask, “When do we eat?” Savor the journey rather than kvetching your way to the destination. Find creative ways to make your seder a living, breathing experience of redemption. Raise other, better questions: “What can I do to change the world this year? What still enslaves me? How can I help hasten the redemption of others still in bondage?” It’s not about the food. It’s about the freedom. Experience it this year.

Citing some of the same passages from the Talmud, Jewish educator Jennie Rosenfeld wonderfully expresses the same notions:

. . . it is particularly difficult to imagine how anyone so historically removed from the Egyptian exile can personally experience the redemption from Egypt in the same way that the Jewish slaves experienced it. . . . If we use this season in order to tap into our personal need for redemption in the here and now, we can either vicariously relate to or truly experience yetziat mitzrayim (exodus from Egypt) in our own lives. . . .

One type of holiness is kedushat hazman, holiness of time; the time of year in which miracles occurred in the past has within it the potential for future miracles. Jewish holidays both commemorate past miracles and contain the kedushat hazman, the temporal holiness, which we can access to effect miracles now. . . . by believing in the miracle of yetziat mitzrayim, we can experience it again now in our personal lives. Every individual can tap into this season in order to leave his/her personal meitzar (place of narrowness or confinement) or mitzrayim. The fact that Pesach occurs in the spring, the season in which nature renews itself and the flowers begin to blossom, foreshadows this potential for personal growth.

These fascinating aspects of the Jewish self-understanding of Passover have obvious analogical implications relative to the Catholic Mass. The great Catholic writer Karl Adam exclaimed:

The Sacrifice of Calvary, as a great supra-temporal reality, enters into the immediate present. Space and time are abolished. The same Jesus is here present who died on the Cross. The whole congregation unites itself with His holy sacrificial will, and through Jesus present before it consecrates itself to the heavenly Father as a living oblation. So Holy Mass is a tremendously real experience, the experience of the reality of Golgotha. (The Spirit of Catholicism, translated by Dom Justin McCann, Garden City, New York: Doubleday Image, 1954; originally 1924 in German, 197)

In conclusion, here are my thoughts, from my (1996) book, A Biblical Defense of Catholicism (pp. 99-100):

Some verses in Revelation state that the “prayers of the saints” are being offered at the altar in the form of incense (8:3-4; cf. 5:8-9). But the climactic scene of this entire glorious portrayal of Heaven occurs in Revelation 5:1-7. Verse 6 describes “a Lamb standing as though it had been slain.” Since the Lamb (Jesus, of course) is revealed as sitting in the midst of God’s throne (5:6; 7:17; 22:1, 3; cf. Matt. 19:28; 25:31; Heb. 1:8), which is in front of the golden altar (Rev. 8:3), then it appears that the presentation of Christ to the Father as a sacrifice is an ongoing (from God’s perspective, timeless) occurrence, precisely as in Catholic teaching. Thus the Mass is no more than what occurs in Heaven, according to the clear revealed word of Scripture. When Hebrews speaks of a sacrifice made once (Heb. 7:27), this is from a purely human, historical perspective (which Catholicism acknowledges in holding that the Mass is a “re-presentation” of the one Sacrifice at Calvary). However, there is a transcendent aspect of the Sacrifice as well.

Jesus is referred to as the Lamb twenty-eight times throughout Revelation (compared with four times in the rest of the New Testament: John 1:29, 36; Acts 8:32; 1 Peter 1:19). Why, in Revelation (of all places), if the Crucifixion is a past event, and the Christian’s emphasis ought to be on the resurrected, glorious, kingly Jesus, as is stressed in Protestantism (as evidenced by a widespread disdain for, crucifixes)? Obviously, the heavenly emphasis is on Jesus’ Sacrifice, which is communicated by God to John as present and “now” (Rev. 5:6; cf. Heb. 7:24)

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Related Reading:

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Sacrifice of the Mass & Hebrews 8 (vs. James White) [3-31-04]
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Biblical Evidence for Priests [9-13-15]

St. Paul Was a Priest [9-15-15]

Luther Espoused Eucharistic Adoration [9-17-15]

Catholic Mass: “Re-Sacrifice” of Jesus? [11-19-15]

“Re-Presentation” vs. “Re-Sacrifice” in the Mass: Doctrinal History [4-4-18]

Eucharistic Adoration: Explicit & Undeniable Biblical Analogies [2-1-19]

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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not ExistIf you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.
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My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2600 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will be receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers (and “likes” and links and shares). Thanks!
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See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago, but send to my email: [email protected]). Another easy way to send and receive money (with a bank account or a mobile phone) is through Zelle. Again, just send to my e-mail address. May God abundantly bless you.
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(originally 7-7-09)

Photo credit: The Last Supper, by Philippe de Champaigne (1602-1674) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]
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2020-01-08T13:15:21-04:00

. . . with special emphasis on the beliefs of the Church Fathers: were they were more “Catholic” or “Protestant”?

Pastor Ken Howes (Missouri Synod) is a good friend of mine, with whom I have enjoyed several cordial, constructive dialogues. I have great respect for him. This is a prime example of one of them. He was responding on Facebook to my article, Medieval Catholic Corruption: Main Cause of Protestant Revolt? His words will be in blue.

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There’s a lot to answer there, and I won’t undertake more than a short answer. Papal corruption, though it was not the chief issue in the Reformation, was indeed the immediate trigger, and it was the reason that there was so much of a response from the laity. The immediate trigger of the Reformation was that for about half a century, Popes had been routinely selling benefices, and they had been doing it on and off for several centuries.

For about thirty years, the customary way to become Pope had been to bribe the right cardinals; the Popes had been buying their office. The Simon they were most resembling wasn’t Simon Peter but Simon Magus. Leo X sold the archepiscopal see of Mainz to Albrecht von Brandenburg, who was already Archbishop of Halberstadt and bishop of one other diocese as well.

This was in violation of a couple of canons of ancient councils condemning the sale of benefices and holding more than one bishopric at the same time. Albrecht did not have the money to buy this archdiocese, so Leo suggested that he borrow the money, and raise the money to repay the banker (Bankhaus Fugger, in Augsburg) by the sale of indulgences. Leo agreed to sign the indulgences to enable Albrecht to do that. Albrecht became Archbishop of Mainz, and commissioned a Dominican monk named Johann Tetzel to sell the indulgences.

Again, this has the stench of Simon Magus about it–the sale of grace. The practice would only be outlawed in the Church in the early 1900’s by Pope Benedict XV. Martin Luther objected to the idea that absolution was being decoupled from penitence. Indeed, he wrote the 95 Theses in the belief that the Pope did not know what was going on, how his indulgences were being dispensed, as a loyal Catholic.

There was, however, another, bigger issue, and it went back to a terrific blowup in the Church in the 13th century between the Scholastics, the greatest of whom was St Thomas Aquinas, and the Augustinians who had previously dominated the Catholic Church. As the great English Catholic writer Chesterton recognizes, the Reformation was above all the great counter-stroke of the Augustinians.

It was no accident that Luther, who began the Reformation in Germany, and Robert Barnes, who began the Reformation in England, were not only both Augustinians but fairly prominent ones; Barnes was the prior of the Augustinian cloister in Cambridge, and Luther was an up-and-coming monk, priest and theologian in the Augustinian order.

It was not only a matter of bribery when, at the Diet of Worms, the Archbishop of Trier attempted to settle the dispute by offering Luther the position of prior of one of the richest monasteries in the Moselle valley in return for his being willing to cease public criticism of the papacy–he could preach what he wanted in his monastery but would have to stop making it public outside the monastery’s walls.

According to Catholic Answers (“Does the Catholic Church Still Sell Indulgences?”):

The Catholic Church does not now nor has it ever approved the sale of indulgences. This is to be distinguished from the undeniable fact that individual Catholics (perhaps the best known of them being the German Dominican Johann Tetzel [1465-1519]) did sell indulgences–but in doing so they acted contrary to explicit Church regulations. This practice is utterly opposed to the Catholic Church’s teaching on indulgences, and it cannot be regarded as a teaching or practice of the Church.

In the 16th century, when the abuse of indulgences was at its height, Cardinal Cajetan (Tommaso de Vio, 1469-1534) wrote about the problem: “Preachers act in the name of the Church so long as they teach the doctrines of Christ and the Church; but if they teach, guided by their own minds and arbitrariness of will, things of which they are ignorant, they cannot pass as representatives of the Church; it need not be wondered at that they go astray.”

For more on this topic, see my papers:

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The Augustinian/Scholastic controversy is far more complex than could be set forth in a few paragraphs–even in his discussion of it in his biography of St. Thomas Aquinas, Chesterton, a better mind than I, is simplifying it greatly. The shortest possible condensation would be that St Augustine had taught, “If anyone tells you anything, and cannot support it from Scripture, do not believe him, no matter who he is;” the Scholastics had said, “But we receive Scripture by reason and together with the traditions of the Church; in applying our reason, we will use the principles of reason introduced by the classical philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.”
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Luther and the other conservative Reformers (I am not making the case for more radical people like Zwingli, whom I wouldn’t claim) sought to restore Augustinian principles. They considered themselves good Catholics who were re-forming the Catholic faith to what it had been in the days of late antiquity. Whether they were right or wrong about that is the real question between those who remain in the Roman Catholic Church and those in the more conservative churches of the Reformation (Lutheran and Anglican); but the German and English Reformers sought to restore what they understood to be the true tradition of the Catholic Church. When you read the most important writings of Lutheranism, you will see profuse quotation from St Augustine, St Jerome, St Ambrose, St John Chrysostom, and other early Fathers.
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The Scholastics had some honorable early Church precedent in applying classical philosophy to theology. Clement of Alexandria and Origen were great early Fathers of the Church who relied greatly on classical philosophy. On the other hand, that was very controversial even then–that’s why they’re not St Clement of Alexandria or St Origen; the Church in the third and fourth centuries, especially in the West, took a dim view of giving such weight to classical philosophy.
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They were dealing with Neo-Platonism, which, though it influenced the Church greatly in that period, was nonetheless something of a rival to Christian thought. St Augustine, St John Chrysostom and St Jerome had to contend against Neo-Platonism, which was why they insisted that all doctrine must be supported by Scripture. (The phrase “sola Scriptura” was coined by St Thomas Aquinas, much later.)
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Let’s present St. Augustine’s views on the rule of faith in a balance, not in a one-sided way. He also wrote:
And thus a man who is resting upon faith, hope, and love, and who keeps a firm hold upon these, does not need the Scriptures except for the purpose of instructing others. Accordingly, many live without copies of the Scriptures, even in solitude, on the strength of these three graces.  (On Christian Doctrine, I, 39:43; NPNF 1, Vol. II, 534)

I believe that this practice [of not rebaptizing heretics and schismatics] comes from apostolic tradition, just as so many other practices not found in their writings nor in the councils of their successors, but which, because they are kept by the whole Church everywhere, are believed to have been commanded and handed down by the Apostles themselves. (On Baptism, 2, 7, 12; cf. NPNF 1, IV, 430)

. . . the custom, which is opposed to Cyprian, may be supposed to have had its origin in apostolic tradition, just as there are many things which are observed by the whole Church, and therefore are fairly held to have been enjoined by the apostles, which yet are not mentioned in their writings. (On Baptism, 5, 23:31; NPNF 1, IV, 475)

But those reasons which I have here given, I have either gathered from the authority of the church, according to the tradition of our forefathers, or from the testimony of the divine Scriptures, or from the nature itself of numbers, and of similitudes. No sober person will decide against reason, no Christian against the Scriptures, no peaceable person against the church. (On the Trinity, 4,6:10; NPNF 1, Vol. III, 75)

Lutheran historian Heiko Oberman noted concerning St. Augustine and the rule of faith:
Augustine’s legacy to the middle ages on the question of Scripture and Tradition is a two-fold one. In the first place, he reflects the early Church principle of the coinherence of Scripture and Tradition. While repeatedly asserting the ultimate authority of Scripture, Augustine does not oppose this at all to the authority of the Church Catholic . . . The Church has a practical priority: her authority as expressed in the direction-giving meaning of commovere is an instrumental authority, the door that leads to the fullness of the Word itself.

But there is another aspect of Augustine’s thought . . . we find mention of an authoritative extrascriptural oral tradition. While on the one hand the Church “moves” the faithful to discover the authority of Scripture, Scripture on the other hand refers the faithful back to the authority of the Church with regard to a series of issues with which the Apostles did not deal in writing. Augustine refers here to the baptism of heretics . . . (The Harvest of Medieval Theology, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, revised, 1967, 370-371)

The quotation from St Augustine was a direct quotation. My statement of the Scholastics’ position was a summary, but I think a fair one. As to the quotations Dave introduces, of course many could not read the Scriptures and therefore lived without reading them; but St Augustine certainly is not saying that those who teach can teach without the Scriptures. There are indeed some issues which the apostles and evangelists did not address directly; those still have to be approached Scripturally, in terms of reasonable deduction from what they did say.
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Catholic dogma on this point of course says that tradition cannot speak against Scripture; the problem from the Lutheran viewpoint is that Catholic dogma, and even more so, practice, and even more so, the popular piety within the Catholic Church, has at various points become contrary to Scripture. 
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Just to sum up, it can fairly be debated whether the Reformers were correctly applying the early Church Fathers. I think they were; Dave thinks they weren’t. That’s why I’m a Lutheran and he’s a Roman Catholic. What should not be said is that they were attempting to overthrow the Church. What they were trying to do was restore the Church to what they believed was its true tradition. In their minds, they were good Catholics trying to bring their church back to correct teaching and practice; the mindset, though not the specifics of doctrine, would be the same as that of the traditionalist Catholics who have dissented from certain actions of the Church in the last century.
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Are you saying that the following is a “direct quotation” from Augustine?: “If anyone tells you anything, and cannot support it from Scripture, do not believe him, no matter who he is.” I’m trying to search for it and I’m coming up with nothing. Can you give me a primary source reference for it? Thanks.
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I’ll see if I can get it for you. I read it in a secondary source (Chemnitz, I believe); I’ll see if he or the editor of the English translation gives the specific source.
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I see some stuff in Chemnitz, Examination of Trent, pp. 151-152 that might be (or are similar to) the quote you reference. I did a very lengthy three-part critique of this book [one / two / three].
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Yes, that’s the book I’m in at the moment.
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“In their minds, they were good Catholics trying to bring their church back to correct teaching and practice”

I think this is fundamentally absurd, in light of, e.g., Luther’s dissent on at least 50 points by 1520, before he was excommunicated (as I have documented). Here are Luther’s 50 points of departure:

1. Separation of justification from sanctification.
2. Extrinsic, forensic, imputed notion of justification.
3. Fiduciary faith.
4. Private judgment over against ecclesial infallibility.
5. Tossing out seven books of the Bible.
6. Denial of venial sin.
7. Denial of merit.
8. The damned should be happy that they are damned and accept God’s will.
9. Jesus offered Himself for damnation and possible hellfire.
10. No good work can be done except by a justified man.
11. All baptized men are priests (denial of the sacrament of ordination).
12. All baptized men can give absolution.
13. Bishops do not truly hold that office; God has not instituted it.
14. Popes do not truly hold that office; God has not instituted it.
15. Priests have no special, indelible character.
16. Temporal authorities have power over the Church; even bishops and popes; to assert the contrary was a mere presumptuous invention.
17. Vows of celibacy are wrong and should be abolished.
18. Denial of papal infallibility.
19. Belief that unrighteous priests or popes lose their authority (contrary to Augustine’s rationale against the Donatists).
20. The keys of the kingdom were not just given to Peter.
21. Private judgment of every individual to determine matters of faith.
22. Denial that the pope has the right to call or confirm a council.
23. Denial that the Church has the right to demand celibacy of certain callings.
24. There is no such vocation as a monk; God has not instituted it.
25. Feast days should be abolished, and all church celebrations confined to Sundays.
26. Fasts should be strictly optional.
27. Canonization of saints is thoroughly corrupt and should stop.
28. Confirmation is not a sacrament.
29. Indulgences should be abolished.
30. Dispensations should be abolished.
31. Philosophy (Aristotle as prime example) is an unsavory, detrimental influence on Christianity.
32. Transubstantiation is “a monstrous idea.”
33. The Church cannot institute sacraments.
34. Denial of the “wicked” belief that the mass is a good work.
35. Denial of the “wicked” belief that the mass is a true sacrifice.
36. Denial of the sacramental notion of ex opere operato.
37. Denial that penance is a sacrament.
38. Assertion that the Catholic Church had “completely abolished” even the practice of penance.
39. Claim that the Church had abolished faith as an aspect of penance.
40. Denial of apostolic succession.
41. Any layman who can should call a general council.
42. Penitential works are worthless.
43. None of what Catholics believe to be the seven sacraments have any biblical proof.
44. Marriage is not a sacrament.
45. Annulments are a senseless concept and the Church has no right to determine or grant annulments.
46. Whether divorce is allowable is an open question.
47. Divorced persons should be allowed to remarry.
48. Jesus allowed divorce when one partner committed adultery.
49. The priest’s daily office is “vain repetition.”
50. Extreme unction is not a sacrament (there are only two sacraments: baptism and the Eucharist).

If that is “reform” and not “revolution” then certainly a different definition of “reform” is being utilized. It’s easy to grasp my point, by using analogy: I go into the headquarters of LCMS and say that LCMS has gotten 50 major things wrong about the Christian faith, and I demand that I should be treated like a good Lutheran who has no desire to leave Lutheranism: but merely to bring Lutheranism back to its proper roots.

Without going to more time, one could get plenty of support from early Fathers for 31 and 33, and from Gelasius for 32. Many of the things you list simply were not taught or practiced in the early Church. Indulgences? Papal infallibility? Those are things for which you can find little or no support in the early Church.
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You see a great many bishops, often a consensus of bishops, opposing decisions of the Bishop of Rome, made in his capacity as such and dealing with issues of faith and morals in the early Church; the sixth Council anathematized a Pope who had accepted monothelitism. The list of bishops who opposed Rome at different times on issues affecting faith and morals includes several saints, the most prominent of whom would be St Cyprian, who specifically said that the decisions of a synod over which he presided at Carthage were not appealable to Rome.
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I took a look at your critique of his [Chemnitz’] book. It doesn’t really get to my point which was that they believed that they were simply restoring Catholic doctrine. As to your last, on how many of those points did Luther say, “The Catholic Church has always been wrong since its first days?” Wasn’t he in all cases saying, “The teaching I am disputing is contrary to Scripture,” and in all or almost all cases saying, “The teaching of the Church was formerly different” or at least “The Church did not teach this before (some date after 500 AD)”?
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I am not here arguing whether the Reformers were right or wrong. I am arguing that they did not believe they were introducing a novel teaching not before seen in the Church. And be careful that you are not adopting the posture for which you criticize Chemnitz–that of imputing the worst motives to the opponent.
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Well, the most charitable way I can view it is granting that they wrongly thought they were appealing to true patristic doctrine, but in fact were almost systematically wrong about it, as I have shown time and again in debates with Lutherans and Calvinists over patristic beliefs.

I’m happy to grant sincerity: no problem; always have been. Luther was sincere (and dead wrong on much of his agenda). Calvin was sincere; so were Zwingli and all the rest. I am vigorously disputing the patristic interpretation of the Protestant founders and Protestant polemicists ever since.

It’s easy to refute using exclusively Protestant historians (Pelikan, Schaff, Kelly Oberman et al). The most frequent mistake is to quote certain statements of the fathers while ignoring other equally relevant ones, to get the whole picture. I see this time and again in my debates and critiques of such efforts. It happens all the time.
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Here is one easy way to show the fallacies of “Reformed” patristics. Augustine believed in seven sacraments, just as the Church did. Luther believed in two. Yet he claimed to be appealing to Augustine.
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Luther and Melanchthon, however, increasingly distanced themselves from St. Augustine as they realized that he didn’t agree with their novelties. See:
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The question is whether those really are refutations. By the way, you may want to look at to what degree what you’re doing is apologetics and to what degree it is polemics. Apologetics is the defense of your own doctrine; polemics, the attempt to refute the opposing doctrine. Melanchthon was an apologist; Chemnitz a polemicist.
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Well, I tend to do polemics in dialogue, when I am dealing with a position that is trying to refute my position (or, “counter-apologetics” if you will). It’s not much of a difference, anyway. To defend one thing necessarily is at least an opposition to other views. I think the key is to grant good faith and good intentions, as I do, and to not demonize the opponent.
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For much more material on all these topics, see my web pages on Martin Luther and Lutheranism; also John Calvin and Calvinism, as well as on historic Protestant persecution and anti-Catholicism. See also, in particular:
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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not ExistIf you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.
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My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2600 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will be receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers (and “likes” and links and shares). Thanks!
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See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago, but send to my email: [email protected]). Another easy way to send and receive money (with a bank account or a mobile phone) is through Zelle. Again, just send to my e-mail address. May God abundantly bless you.
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(originally 3-27-12 on Facebook; edited with links added on 1-8-20)

Photo credit: Martin Luther and the Wittenberg Reformers (c. 1543), by Lucas Cranach the Younger (1515-1586). Luther (left) with the Reformers and their protector, the Elector of Saxony, John Frederick the Magnanimous (1532-1547), right Philipp Melanchthon (1497-1560), man behind Luther is most often identified as Georg Spalatin (1484-1545), the man behind John Frederick’s left shoulder is probably Saxon Chancellor Gregor Brück (1485-1557) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]

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2019-11-22T13:47:25-04:00

Reply to an Evangelical Spoof of Catholic Eucharistic Beliefs

Way back in 1991, the year I was received into the Catholic Church, an evangelical friend of mine (who was raised as a Catholic), who also worshiped at my non-denominational church, wrote a satirical spoof against Catholic belief in the Real, Substantial, Physical Presence of Jesus in the Eucharist. He did this by concentrating on Jesus saying “I am the door” (John 10:9).

By satirizing that as intending to be literal, he went after, by analogy, the literal interpretation of Catholics with regard to the Last Supper utterances of Jesus and the statements of Jesus in His discourse in John 6 about eating His flesh and drinking His blood (whereas earlier in the same chapter He spoke symbolically, as we agree, saying, “I am the bread of life”). It was clever, and well done, as satire goes, but ultimately flawed and fallacious, as I revealed, I think, in my counter-satire.

He called his piece, The Thuran Doctrine, Rediscovered (utilizing the Greek word for door: thura). It ran to nine single-spaced typed pages. Without missing a beat, I responded with The Sarxon Fallacy, Refuted (9-6-91): the Greek word for flesh being sarx. My piece was 14 pages of single-spaced handwriting (I was still writing with a typewriter back then, and was not yet online: that would be in 1996). It is probably my longest extended satire (and I’ve done a fair amount of that). I thought it was about time to post it on my site, after more than 16 years of sitting in a file.

My friend never responded back. Too bad. I think the next round of (non-satirical, substantive) discussion would have been very fascinating and interesting (and actually constructive), had he been willing to participate. Through the years I have repeatedly been frustrated by Protestants who might go “one round” in discussion over serious disagreements, but then suddenly stop if the Catholic comes up with any good arguments that don’t have a ready-made Protestant response.

Here is my summary of his satirical arguments (in blue), as I don’t have permission to post his words verbatim:

1) John 10:1-9:

Truly, truly, I say to you, he who does not enter the sheepfold by the door but climbs in by another way, that man is a thief and a robber; but he who enters by the door is the shepherd of the sheep. To him the gatekeeper opens; the sheep hear his voice, and he calls his own sheep by name and leads them out. When he has brought out all his own, he goes before them, and the sheep follow him, for they know his voice. A stranger they will not follow, but they will flee from him, for they do not know the voice of strangers.” This figure Jesus used with them, but they did not understand what he was saying to them. So Jesus again said to them, “Truly, truly, I say to you, I am the door of the sheep. All who came before me are thieves and robbers; but the sheep did not heed them. I am the door; if any one enters by me, he will be saved, and will go in and out and find pasture.

2) Jesus used the word paroima (proverb) to describe His teaching; therefore, it was literal truth, not fiction.

3) Some of the Pharisees thought Jesus was mad by claiming to be a door.

4) To confirm this saying, Jesus passed through a “door” after His resurrection (John 20:19).

5) Noah’s Ark had a single door, for all to pass through (Gen 6:16).

6) The door theme reappears in the institution of Passover: Exodus 12:7:

Then they shall take some of the blood, and put it on the two doorposts and the lintel of the houses in which they eat them.

7) Similar motifs appear elsewhere in the Law: Deuteronomy 11:19-20:

And you shall teach them to your children, talking of them when you are sitting in your house, and when you are walking by the way, and when you lie down, and when you rise. And you shall write them upon the doorposts of your house and upon your gates, (cf. Deut 29:12; 28:6; Ex 21:6)

8) The veil of the Tabernacle (Ex 26:31-33) functioned as a door and represented Jesus Himself, because it was torn when He died (Lk 23:45).

9) Various offerings were presented to God at the door of the Tabernacle (Lev 1:3-5; 3:1-2; 4:1-7; 16:7).

10) Lepers were brought to the door of the Tabernacle for cleansing (Lev 14:11, 23).

11) The similar notion of “gate” appears in the Psalms:

Open to me the gates of righteousness, that I may enter through them and give thanks to the LORD. This is the gate of the LORD; the righteous shall enter through it. I thank thee that thou hast answered me and hast become my salvation. The stone which the builders rejected has become the head of the corner. (Psalm 118:19-22)

12) Jesus told us to enter by the narrow door (Lk 13:24).

13) The Bible speaks of “entering” into God’s rest and the Holy of Holies (Heb 4:5; 10:19).

14) The “Thuran Doctrine” was first given to Jews (Rom 1:16) and then Gentiles (Acts 14:27).

15) The door of the Temple even figures into the new age of the Church:

Now Peter and John were going up to the temple at the hour of prayer, the ninth hour. And a man lame from birth was being carried, whom they laid daily at that gate of the temple which is called Beautiful to ask alms of those who entered the temple. Seeing Peter and John about to go into the temple, he asked for alms. (Acts 3:1-3; cf. 3:6)

16) Acts 14:27 refers to a “door of faith”.

17) Paul refers to a door that opened up to him in Ephesus (1 Cor 16:9) and speaks of “a door of the Word” (Col 4:3).

18) The doctrine seems to have been inexplicably lost to later Church history (after the third century), and the “door” motif was taken to be simple allegory. It’s notable, however, that Martin Luther began the Reformation and restoration of the Gospel by posting his 95 Theses on a door of a Church in Wittenberg, Germany.

19) But, truth be told, we must accept in faith the fact that Jesus Christ is really, truly and substantially present under the appearance of a door. As He became flesh in the incarnation, so He also remains as a door, to bless us and be with us for all times. To deny this is to also deny the incarnation. If there is no door, there is no way to enter heaven, and no resurrection, either.

20) A change of substance occurs in the door when Jesus becomes present. What was once wood, brass, or iron has become the flesh and blood of Jesus, under the form of a door. We can’t go by our senses. As Jesus changed water into wine, so He can transform a door into Himself. Knowing this, we must worship the Holy Door as God Himself.

21) The door should be made of wood (preferably olive wood) but any material is proper, as long as opaque.

22) The Thuran Doctrine is not illogical, as some charge, but rather, it is above logic. God’s ways are higher than our own, and some things are beyond our ability to comprehend.

23) Nature offers analogies: for example, the caterpillar is transformed into a butterfly. Matter can be transformed into energy. A thing is what God says it is. Who are we to question that?

24) Christ is whole and entire in every part of the door: wood, hinges, and knob.

25 Holy Communion could be said to closely parallel the Thuran Doctrine. What has been written above about the Holy Door may also be said about the Eucharist.

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There you have the gist of my friend’s clever, hard-hitting satire. I trust that Catholics (and Protestants) will see exactly what he was driving at. This cynical, anti-sacramental presentation begged for a satirical response, and I provided it. First, I wrote a personal letter to my friend, explaining exactly what I would be attempting to do in my reply:

I commend you for a truly inventive, humorous, and original piece of satire. Far be it from me to deny your work’s value as satirical farce, from a strictly literary perspective. I’ve done some of this type of work too, in the past, as you probably know.

So inspired was I by your creative ability, that I wrote a response at a furious pace in the space of one day. At first I thought I would respond in a serious fashion, revealing the logical and exegetical fallacies which abound in your work (after all, you are trying to make a point by using the technique of argumentum ad absurdum). All good satire attempts to make a point, as I’m sure you’re aware.

Upon reflection, however, I decided to fight farce with farce, much like Rush Limbaugh’s philosophy of “illustrating the absurd by being absurd.” Two can play at this game. It is great fun, but the issue at hand is, after all, an important issue in theology, by anyone’s reckoning. I, too, will be making a point in my work, which, surely can’t be missed, given my flamboyant style.

I believe your underlying premise, as far as I can tell (that literalism in the Eucharist is well-nigh ridiculous), is fallacious by three standards: exegetically, logically, and historically: if Church history counts for anything. I have decided. I oppose ludicrosity with more of the same.

My countering satirical piece was to be devoted to a farce about Jesus not having a body at all: the logical opposite of a Bodily, Substantial Presence in the Eucharist, and to subtly show that anti-matter Gnosticism is the logical reduction of a denial of a Substantial Eucharist, just as the latter is a reflection of the incarnation: Christ taking on flesh. I “turned the tables,” and showed how a denial of same was unbiblical (by the method of extreme satirical argument and reductio ad absurdum). “Anti-physicality” can be satirized, after all, just as easily as “excessive dependence on matter” can be.
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My counter-spoof may also serve an illustration of the ways in which many heretical groups (cults that deny the Trinity) can distort Holy Scripture by interpreting it wrongly, and according to a preconceived pattern, picking out what they like, with utter disregard for context and background and the latitude in meanings of biblical words (as my friend’s piece also showed). I hope you enjoy it, and remember, neither I nor any orthodox Catholic believes the following; it is a satire; a spoof.

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The Sarxon Fallacy, Refuted

by Dave “Pneuma” Armstrong

— all verses RSV —

Many are the struggles in the history of the thousands of brands of Christianity (possessed of a hidden, mystical, esoteric “oneness” and “unity” that is incomprehensible to obscurantists who speak of a “Church”), to assert the superiority of spirit over flesh. Fools and upstarts, in trying to flesh out the true doctrine of Christ, have forsaken the spirit of the Gospels, and have fallen into pernicious errors, that have misrepresented the very heart and soul of the many invisibly united Christianities.

Just as the Soviet Union, though it appears diverse and fragmented, is actually one (Yugoslavia is another clear example of this mystical unity), so are all the multitudinous Christianities now extant, in contradistinction to that dreaded, imbecilic dinosaur known as “Catholicism.” But we are straying from our intended subject matter.

There is a constant annoying tendency throughout history, among many so-called Christians, to emphasize the flesh at the expense of the spirit, which is self-evidently superior to not only flesh, but to all matter whatsoever. Thus we observe “Christians” building magnificent churches. shrines, etc., completely missing the point that matter is evil.

The Catholics, who seem to revel in this idolatrous orgy of matter-worship, have reached ridiculous heights of absurdity in this respect, even to the extent of worshiping statues, wafers, and pieces of hair, bones, etc., which they call “relics.” How could men have stooped to such a low level, when the truth is plain to see in the pages of Scripture? The gullibility of religious zealots is truly amazing and tragic.

Despite the Holy Scriptures being crystal clear in this (as it is in everything, so that any and all can interpret it with no need of assistance save that of the Holy Spirit), we shall condescend for the sake of the ignorant and offer the scriptural proof presently. The key verse is:

John 4:24 God is spirit . . .

Other verses concur. For example:

2 Corinthians 3:17-18 Now the Lord is the Spirit . . . the Lord who is the Spirit.

Those verses speak of God in His totality and wholeness. This is not to say that God does not subsist in three Persons. We must not deny the Trinity, which is central to Christian theology. To understand this mystery of the faith as much as possible, we will examine it more closely, by looking at each of the three Persons.

The Father
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God the Father is clearly an invisible Spirit:

John 5:37 . . . the Father . . . his form you have never seen;

1 Timothy 1:17 . . . the King of ages, immortal, invisible, the only God, . . .

1 Timothy 6:16 who alone has immortality and dwells in unapproachable light, whom no man has ever seen or can see. . . .

1 John 4:12 No man has ever seen God; . . .

The Holy Spirit
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The Holy Spirit, obviously, is also an invisible Spirit; by definition a spirit is invisible. We need not offer scriptural proof.

Jesus Christ
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It is here that corruption has crept into Christian theology. Most so-called Christians, especially the Catholics, fail to realize that Jesus, too, was a Spirit, since if He was not, this would introduce a contradiction into the trinitarian Godhead. Scriptural proof is simple enough to come by:

Acts 16:7 . . . the Spirit of Jesus did not allow them;

Romans 8:9 But you are not in the flesh, you are in the Spirit, if in fact the Spirit of God dwells in you. Any one who does not have the Spirit of Christ does not belong to him.

Galatians 4:6 And because you are sons, God has sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, “Abba! Father!”

Philippians 1:19 . . . the Spirit of Jesus Christ . . .

We know that Jesus is God from many verses, such as John 1:1-4, 14, 18; 8:24, 28, 58; 10:30-33; Col 1:15-19; 2:9-10; Heb 1:3, 8. The above verses are the plainest proof of His being a Spirit, but there are also many more indirect proofs. For instance:

John 1:18 No one has ever seen God . . .

Now, since Jesus is God, then no one has seen Jesus. This is logically inescapable, as we shall diagram:

1) Bodies are visible and can be seen.

2) God is a Spirit and cannot be seen.

3) Jesus is God.

Ergo, Jesus is a spirit and cannot be seen, and cannot possess a body.

Some might object by saying that Colossians 1:15 proves otherwise (“He is the image of the invisible God”). The reasoning here presupposes that an image is visible. But this misunderstands the relationship between image and reality, which are not identical. A photographic image is not the same as the person who is photographed. Likewise, we speak of a person having a certain image, yet the image doesn’t contain the essence of someone in their totality.

Jesus states in John 10:30, “I and the Father are one.” Most commentators feel that “one” refers to essence and/or substance. But how could Jesus and the Father be “one” and yet differ in such a fundamental aspect as having a material body or not? Surely, this is nonsense, especially when we know that matter is evil. How could Christ take on that which is evil? The sinfulness of the material world is proven by Romans 8:21: “the creation itself will be set free from its bondage to decay and obtain the glorious liberty of the children of God”).

Another proof among many of the spiritual nature of Jesus is afforded to us in John 20:26: ” The doors were shut, but Jesus came and stood among them . . .” Here He is walking through walls. Obviously, then, He is a Spirit. The Bible also states that “Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and for ever” (Heb 13:8). Therefore, since He is declared in Scripture to be a Spirit, God, and invisible, He cannot change in any of these respects:

1) Jesus cannot change.

2) Jesus is a Spirit (Acts 16; Rom 8; Gal 4; Phil 1).

3) A spirit becoming a body undergoes change.

Ergo: Jesus has no body.

Moving on, then, to the Eucharist, we shall put the last nail in the coffin of sacramental theology, that presupposes two fallacies: 1) matter is good, and 2) Jesus took on flesh (which is called the “incarnation”). The crux is the meaning of “flesh”. This word, like most others, can have different meanings in different contexts.

In John 6, where Catholics largely derive their ridiculous and primitive doctrine of a literal Eucharist of bread changing into the Body of Christ, the key is verse 63: “It is the spirit that gives life, the flesh is of no avail; the words that I have spoken to you are spirit and life.” This gives us an interpretational principle that we need in order to make sense of an apparently difficult discourse. Without this material helping to flesh out the body of the text, we would certainly lose the spirit of what appears in this particular space. Jesus states in John 6:54: “he who eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life” (cf. 6:50-53, 55-58).

Catholics and Protestants alike err in interpreting this passage, which is clearly literal, both committing foolish logical fallacies. Catholics think that Christians are to eat Jesus’ actual flesh during communion at every “mass.” But they fail to recognize that Jesus had no flesh.

Protestants, slightly closer to the mark, at least think communion is symbolic, but err in considering the text symbolic rather than literal, and in believing with Catholics that Jesus possessed a physical body, which it is impossible for God to do. Thus, communion, for them, still represents something that is a nonentity.

Perhaps this will be made clearer by an examination of “flesh” in the Bible (sarx in Greek). As we approach this sacred truth, which only a few privileged elite initiates ever do, we will attain to the truth of the golden Sarxon Principle (its counterpart: the “Sarxon Fallacy,” was referred to in my title). The best way to show that sarx need not refer to literal, physical flesh and bones, is to trace it in Scripture:

Matthew 19:5 . . . the two shall become one flesh.

This refers to married couples. Clearly, they are not one flesh. Therefore, the sense is of mystical unity, just as when Jesus said He and the Father were “one.” Neither case requires a wooden physical interpretation.

Acts 2:26 . . . my flesh will dwell in hope.

Flesh cannot “hope,” only immaterial minds or spirits can do that, so this is clearly symbolic as well.

Romans 8:3 For God . . . sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh . . .

“Likeness” means that Jesus only appeared to have flesh. He was not seen in His essence, since God cannot be seen.

Romans 8:8 and those who are in the flesh cannot please God.

If this meant “bones, blood,” etc., then we’d all be in trouble.

Galatians 1:16 . . . I did not confer with flesh and blood,

The literal sense would be absurd.

With this in mind, let us return to John 6. Surprisingly, the Jews here were very perceptive, since they correctly surmise, “How can this man give us his flesh to eat?” (John 6:52). They knew full well that Jesus had no physical flesh, and so saw the difficulty. But even they didn’t understand the use of the verb “eat” in Scripture. It is used many times as a synonym of “belief”:

Psalm 19:9-10 . . . the ordinances of the LORD are true, and righteous altogether. . . . sweeter also than honey and drippings of the honeycomb.

Psalm 119:103 How sweet are thy words to my taste, sweeter than honey to my mouth!

Jeremiah 15:16 Thy words were found, and I ate them, and thy words became to me a joy and the delight of my heart; . . . (cf. Rev 10:10; Ezek 2:8; 3:1-3)

In these passages, it is “words” that are “eaten.” Jesus is called the Word in John 1:1. Both the Sarxon Principle and what we have seen of the meaning of “eat” in the Bible help us to know for sure that the incarnation is a blasphemous heresy. A “word” is not a physical specimen! Why can’t Christians figure this out? Yet Catholics persist in a childish practice of communion, where they ludicrously partake of bread that supposedly becomes the “body of Christ,” which He never even possessed!

As a last proof of Christ’s spiritual nature, we have Paul’s persistent use of the phrase “Body of Christ.” It is clearly not literal, either, since it refers to the collective group of Christian believers (see, e.g., Rom 7:4; 12:5, 12-14, 27; Eph 5:30, etc.).

All of these wonderful spiritual truths were quickly lost in Church history. But let it not be thought that the truth was utterly without its witnesses, too. Actually, the Golden “Sarxon Era” was the 2nd century, when great men like Valentinus, Basilides, Marcion (and in the next century, Mani) preached the truth that Christ had no body. They are known as Gnostics (meaning “knowledge”). The Protestant Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (p. 573) describes their belief:

Christ . . . neither assumed a properly human body nor died, but either temporarily inhabited a human being, Jesus, or assumed a merely phantasmal human appearance.

Although the Cathari and Albigensians tried to revive this truth, they were struck down by so-called “orthodox” fanatics, as were the noble men of old by such upstarts as Irenaeus and Augustine, who were arrogant triumphalists.

At first some hoped that Martin Luther might finally overcome the illusion that Jesus had a body, since he was highly critical of the Catholic Church, but he never stopped believing in the Real presence and consigned others to hell for disbelieving it. John Calvin approached a true doctrine of spiritual communion but accepted the foul belief of the incarnation.

The first “Christian” of note since Mani to deny any “presence” whatsoever in the Eucharist was Zwingli, who has the honor of being the forerunner of many of today’s “evangelical Protestants” (though surprisingly many of same forfeit Christian history as irrelevant and superfluous to theology). Followers of Zwingli can be found all around today at the halls of various Christianities. Yet in their deluded inconsistency they make the words of Jesus in John 6 a symbolic manner of speech about a true fleshly body, rather than literal expression about a spirit (proven beyond doubt above).

They have correctly surmised that wafers of bread cannot become God, but fail to see that even representing what is spirit is absurd. Anyone knows it is impossible for God to be present in bread, just as the incarnation and omnipresence are both logically impossible. But at least Protestants are closer to Gnostic truth and much more spiritual and non-materialistic and “sacramental” than spiritually ignorant, deluded Catholics.

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Related Reading:

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Transubstantiation, John 6, Faith and Rebellion [National Catholic Register, 12-3-17]
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The Holy Eucharist and the Treachery of Judas [National Catholic Register, 4-6-18]
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Transubstantiation is No More Inscrutable Than Many Doctrines [National Catholic Register, 9-26-18]
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Transubstantiation, John 6, Faith and Rebellion [National Catholic Register, 12-3-17]
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Treatise on Transubstantiation in Reply to Protestants [2-4-05; abridged and very slightly edited on 12-7-17]
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John Calvin’s Erroneous Mystical View of the Eucharist [4-9-04, 9-7-05, abridged and re-edited on 11-30-17]
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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not Exist: If you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.
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My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2600 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will be receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers (and “likes” and links and shares). Thanks!
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See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago, but send to my email: [email protected]). Another easy way to send and receive money (with a bank account or a mobile phone) is through Zelle. Again, just send to my e-mail address. May God abundantly bless you.
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(originally from 9-6-91; introduction and additional commentary added on 3-17-08)
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Photo credit: Persian Gnostic teacher Mani (210-276), founder of Manichaeism and one of the key figures in the history of the Sarxon Principle [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]
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2019-10-30T16:42:49-04:00

St. John Henry Cardinal Newman (1801-1890)

Newman, while still an Anglican, thirteen years before his conversion, preached a sermon at Oxford University, entitled, “The Reverence Due to the Virgin Mary” (March 25, 1832), which included these words:

Who can estimate the holiness and perfection of her, who was chosen to be the Mother of Christ? If to him that hath, more is given, and holiness and Divine favour go together (and this we are expressly told), what must have been the transcendent purity of her, whom the Creator Spirit condescended to overshadow with His miraculous presence? What must have been her gifts, who was chosen to be the only near earthly relative of the Son of God, the only one whom He was bound by nature to revere and look up to; the one appointed to train and educate Him, to instruct Him day by day, as He grew in wisdom and stature? This contemplation runs to a higher subject, did we dare follow it; for what, think you, was the sanctified state of that human nature, of which God formed His sinless Son; knowing as we do, `that which is born of the flesh is flesh’ (1 Jn 3:6), and that `none can bring a clean thing out of an unclean?’ (Job 14:4). (Parochial and Plain Sermons, San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1987 [orig. 1843], p. 309)

Later, as a Catholic, St. John Henry Newman wrote, with characteristically brilliant, rhetorical prose, a piece intended as a counter-argument to a hypothetical Protestant objector to the Immaculate Conception:

Does not the objector consider that Eve was created, or born, without original sin? Why does not this shock him? Would he have been inclined to worship Eve in that first estate of hers? Why, then, Mary?

Does he not believe that St. John the Baptist had the grace of God – i.e., was regenerated, even before his birth? What do we believe of Mary, but that grace was given her at a still earlier period? All we say is, that grace was given her from the first moment of her existence.

We do not say that she did not owe her salvation to the death of her Son. Just the contrary, we say that she, of all mere children of Adam, is in the truest sense the fruit and purchase of His Passion. He has done for her more than for anyone else. To others He gives grace and regeneration at a point in their earthly existence; to her, from the very beginning.

We do not make her nature different from others . . . certainly she would have been a frail being, like Eve, without the grace of God . . . It was not her nature which secured her perseverance, but the excess of grace which hindered Nature acting as Nature ever will act. There is no difference in kind between her and us, though an inconceivable difference of degree. She and we are both simply saved by the grace of Christ.

Thus, sincerely speaking, I really do not see what the difficulty is . . . The above statement is no private statement of my own. I never heard of any Catholic who ever had any other view . . .

Consider what I have said. Is it, after all, certainly irrational? Is it certainly against Scripture? Is it certainly against the primitive Fathers? Is it certainly idolatrous? I cannot help smiling as I put the questions . . .

Many, many doctrines are far harder than the Immaculate Conception. The doctrine of Original Sin is indefinitely harder. Mary just has not this difficulty. It is no difficulty to believe that a soul is united to the flesh without original sin; the great mystery is that any, that millions on millions, are born with it. Our teaching about Mary has just one difficulty less than our teaching about the state of mankind generally. (Meditations and Devotions, Harrison, New York: Roman Catholic Books, n.d. [orig. 1893], “Memorandum on the Immaculate Conception,” 151-152, 155-156)

Bishop William Bernard Ullathorne (1806-1889)

It is the divine maternity of Mary which explains both her perfect excellence and her perfect holiness. It is the key to all her gifts and privileges. For the excellence of each creature is to be found in the degree in which it resembles its Creator . . .

Mary was made as like to Him [Christ], as being a mere creature, she could be made. For, having no earthly father, Our Lord bore the human likeness of His mother in all His features. Or rather, she bore His likeness. And as, for thirty years of His life, her mind was the law which directed His obedience, and her will the guide, which regulated His actions, her soul was the perfect reflection of His conduct. And as all created holiness is derived from Jesus, and from the degree of our union with Jesus, of which union His sacred and life-giving flesh is the great instrument; we may understand something of the perfect holiness of the Mother of God, from the perfection of her union with her Son. For He was formed by the Holy Ghost of her flesh. And His blood, that saving blood which redeemed the world, was taken from her heart. And whilst the Godhead dwelt bodily in Him, He, for nine months, dwelt bodily in her. And all that time . . . the stream which nourished the growth of life in Jesus flowed from the heart of Mary, and, at each pulsation, flowed back again, and re-entered His Mother’s heart, enriching her with His divinest spirit. How pregnant is that blood of His with sanctifying grace, one drop of which might have redeemed the world . . . Next to that union by which Jesus is God and man in one person, there is no union so intimate as that of a mother with her child. (The Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God, Westminster, Maryland: Christian Classics, 1988 [orig. 1855], 6-7)

Certainly, He who preserved the three children from being touched by the fire in the midst of which they walked uninjured, and who preserved the bush unconsumed in the midst of a burning flame, could preserve Mary untouched from the burning fuel of concupiscence. He who took up Elijah in the fiery chariot, so that he tasted not of death, could, in the chariot of His ardent love, set Mary on high above the law of sin . . . And He who held back the waves of that Jordan, that the ark of the Old Testament might pass untouched and honoured through its bed, could hold back the wave of Adam, lest it overflow the ark of the New Testament beneath its defiling floods. For that we are born in the crime of Adam and with original sin, is not the result of absolute necessity, but of the divine will. And if He who ordained this penalty, had already solved it in part, when ere His birth, He sanctified the holy Precursor of His Coming; much more could he solve it altogether when He sanctified His holy Mother.

For He, who could have limited Adam’s sin unto himself, can ward off that sin from Mary. And what He could, that He willed to do. For why should He not have willed it? (Ibid., 32-33)

James Cardinal Gibbons (1834-1921)

Whenever God designs any person for some important work, He bestows on that person the graces and dispositions necessary for faithfully discharging it . . .

The Prophet Jeremiah was sanctified from his very birth because he was destined to be the herald of God’s law to the children of Israel: `Before I formed thee in the bowels of thy mother I knew thee, and before thou camest forth out of the womb I sanctified thee.’ (Jer 1:5) . . .

John the Baptist was `filled with the Holy Ghost even from his mother’s womb.’ (Lk 1:15). `He was a burning and a shining light’ (Jn 5:35) because he was chosen to prepare the way of the Lord.

The Apostles received the plenitude of grace; they were endowed with the gift of tongues and other privileges (Acts 2) before they commenced the work of the ministry. Hence St. Paul says: `Our sufficiency is from God, who hath made us fit ministers of the New Testament.’ (2 Cor 3:5-6) [other translations have “able,” “competent,” “qualified,”] . . .

There is none who filled any position so exalted, so sacred, as is the incommunicable office of Mother of Jesus; and there is no one, consequently, that needed so high a degree of holiness as she did.

For, if God thus sanctified His Prophets and Apostles as being destined to be the bearers of the Word of life, how much more sanctified must Mary have been, who was to bear the Lord and `Author of life’ (Acts 3:5) . . . If God said to His Priests of old: `Be ye clean, you that carry the vessels of the Lord’ (Is 3:2); nay, if the vessels themselves used in the divine service and churches are set apart by special consecration, we cannot conceive Mary to have been ever profaned by sin, who was the chosen vessel of election, even the Mother of God. (The Faith of Our Fathers, New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, revised edition, 1917, 135-137)

Louis Bouyer (1913-2004)

The case of the Virgin Mary . . . is certainly the one which best reveals the Catholic idea of sanctity, [yet] to Protestants it appears the height of idolatry . . .

If there is any Catholic belief that shows how much the Church believes in the sovereignty of grace, in its most gratuitous form, it is this one. It is remarkable that the Orthodox controversialists, contrary to the Protestants, reproach Catholics for admitting, in this one case of Our Lady, something analogous to what strict Calvinists admit for all the elect — a grace that saves us absolutely independently of us, not only without any merit of our own, but without any possibility of our cooperation, . . . whereas the Protestant view seems, not merely against reason, but completely absurd. To say that Mary is holy, with a super-eminent holiness, in virtue of a divine intervention previous to the first instant of her existence, is to affirm in her case as absolutely as possible that salvation is a grace, and purely a grace, of God. (The Spirit and Forms of Protestantism, translated by A. V. Littledale, London: Harvill Press, 1956, p. 247)

This faith of Mary’s, whereby the free act of fallen man effectively reversed Eve’s choice of unbelief and revolt, presupposes, on the part of God, his total repossession of his creature. For God to give himself as he intended, for his Word to take flesh of Mary, it was necessary that, in Mary, he should take back his creature wholly to himself . . .

Though the Immaculate Conception was the most excellent of all the graces given before Christ, it would be mistaken to look on it as a grace perfect in itself, sufficient in itself . . . It is . . . only the pre-condition of Christian grace; for this begins with Mary’s `fiat’, with the acceptance and the accomplishment of the Incarnation . . .

The whole course of the Old Testament culminates in the Immaculate Virgin. In her the ultimate realities of the New are first foreshadowed . . .

The New and Eternal Testament starts from her . . . She proclaims, prefigures, and realises, in a wholly unique manner, all the sanctity to be attained ultimately by the Church, when it shall have reached its perfection. The Virgin `without spot or wrinkle’ (Eph 5:27), to be presented to Christ at the end of time is the Church; but Mary, at the beginning of the new epoch, is already this Virgin without stain. She is, thus, the promise already fulfilled, the pledge already actualised, of what all of us together are to become . . .

All this goes to show that there is no ground for the Protestant apprehension that the Church’s worship of our Lady is a form of idolatry, for we venerate in her simply the glory promised by God to every creature. In consequence, we are in no danger of ever attributing to her any of that glory which God has said that he will never give to another (Is 42:8, 48:11). (The Seat of Wisdom, translated by A. V. Littledale, Chicago: Henry Regnery Co., 1965 [orig. 1960], 119-120, 126, 128-129)

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Related Reading:

Blessed Virgin Mary & God’s Special Presence in Scripture [1994; from first draft of A Biblical Defense of Catholicism]
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“All Have Sinned” vs. a Sinless, Immaculate Mary? [1996; revised and posted at National Catholic Register on 12-11-17]
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Was Mary’s Immaculate Conception Absolutely Necessary? [1-5-05; published at National Catholic Register on 12-8-17]
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Martin Luther’s “Immaculate Purification” View of Mary [National Catholic Register, 12-31-16]
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Unfortunately, Money Trees Do Not ExistIf you have been aided in any way by my work, or think it is valuable and worthwhile, please strongly consider financially supporting it (even $10 / month — a mere 33 cents a day — would be very helpful). I have been a full-time Catholic apologist since Dec. 2001, and have been writing Christian apologetics since 1981 (see my Resume). My work has been proven (by God’s grace alone) to be fruitful, in terms of changing lives (see the tangible evidences from unsolicited “testimonies”). I have to pay my bills like all of you: and have a (homeschooling) wife and three children still at home to provide for, and a mortgage to pay.

*

My book royalties from three bestsellers in the field (published in 2003-2007) have been decreasing, as has my overall income, making it increasingly difficult to make ends meet.  I provide over 2500 free articles here, for the purpose of your edification and education, and have written 50 books. It’ll literally be a struggle to survive financially until Dec. 2020, when both my wife and I will start receiving Social Security. If you cannot contribute, I ask for your prayers. Thanks! See my information on how to donate (including 100% tax-deductible donations). It’s very simple to contribute to my apostolate via PayPal, if a tax deduction is not needed (my “business name” there is called “Catholic Used Book Service,” from my old bookselling days 17 or so years ago, but send to my email: [email protected]). Another easy way to send and receive money (with a bank account or a mobile phone) is through Zelle. Again, just send to my e-mail address. May God abundantly bless you.

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(compiled and edited in 1994)

Photo credit: Close-up from an 1881 portrait of St. John Henry Cardinal Newman (1801-1890) by Sir John Everett Millais (1829-1896) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]

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2019-10-08T13:07:17-04:00

I received the following question from a friend, and replied to it:
Your “dialogue” vs. James White contained this back-and-forth:
WHITE: Now this assertion of a second inspired source of God’s truth has led, I feel, to some tremendously false beliefs.
 
ME: We don’t believe that tradition and Church proclamations are ‘inspired” but rather, infallible and authoritative / binding under certain carefully specified conditions. This is a surprising mistake from White on an elementary matter.
 
Fr. Mitch Pacwa disagrees with you:
 
In a [1999] debate between White and Fr. Pacwa on Sola Scriptura [ time: 1:00:50, cross examination section], White asked Fr. Pacwa, whether oral tradition is inspired, and Fr. Pacwa replied: 1. It has not been defined, 2. He thinks it is inspired even though there is some difference.
 
My comment/question:
I have always thought that tradition was inspired indeed. My understanding is that the Word of God is transmitted via two modes – Scripture and tradition – therefore, both Scripture and tradition are inspired. According to 2 Thessalonians 2:15 we should “hold fast to the teachings apostles passed on to us, whether by word of mouth or by letter.” If what was passed by letter is inspired, why what was passed by mouth not? It seems inconsistent to me. Could you comment on that please and give some resources you think support your claim, and could you comment on Fr. Pacwa´s reply? Thanks.
My reply follows:
 
Dei Verbum [Vatican II] refers only to Holy Scripture as inspired — never to Sacred Tradition: as you can see by searching “inspir” in that document.
 
For example:

9. Hence there exists a close connection and communication between sacred tradition and Sacred Scripture. For both of them, flowing from the same divine wellspring, in a certain way merge into a unity and tend toward the same end. For Sacred Scripture is the word of God inasmuch as it is consigned to writing under the inspiration of the divine Spirit, while sacred tradition takes the word of God entrusted by Christ the Lord and the Holy Spirit to the Apostles, and hands it on to their successors in its full purity, so that led by the light of the Spirit of truth, they may in proclaiming it preserve this word of God faithfully, explain it, and make it more widely known. Consequently it is not from Sacred Scripture alone that the Church draws her certainty about everything which has been revealed. Therefore both sacred tradition and Sacred Scripture are to be accepted and venerated with the same sense of loyalty and reverence. (6)

[Dave: the above explains the distinction best, in my opinion]

11. Those divinely revealed realities which are contained and presented in Sacred Scripture have been committed to writing under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. For holy mother Church, relying on the belief of the Apostles (see John 20:31; 2 Tim. 3:16; 2 Peter 1:19-20, 3:15-16), holds that the books of both the Old and New Testaments in their entirety, with all their parts, are sacred and canonical because written under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, they have God as their author and have been handed on as such to the Church herself. (1)

18. . . . The Church has always and everywhere held and continues to hold that the four Gospels are of apostolic origin. For what the Apostles preached in fulfillment of the commission of Christ, afterwards they themselves and apostolic men, under the inspiration of the divine Spirit, handed on to us in writing: the foundation of faith, namely, the fourfold Gospel, according to Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. (1)

20. Besides the four Gospels, the canon of the New Testament also contains the epistles of St. Paul and other apostolic writings, composed under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, . . . 

With regard to Fr. Pacwa (whom I greatly admire and respect), he was correct in saying that apostolic tradition can be referred to as the “word of God” because that phrase is used in a wider sense than Scripture alone in Scripture (see, e.g., many instances of prophets speaking the “word of God” or “word of the Lord”).
 
But I think he was sloppy in applying the term “inspired” to sacred Tradition, because it is a technical term referring to direct guidance by God of Holy Scripture as divine revelation, which is “God-breathed” (theopneustos, as White noted, and often rightly notes).
 
I believe that if you wrote to Fr. Pacwa and especially highlighted the above portions of Dei Verbum, that he would correct himself, and concede that he misspoke: as we all do at times. If not, I’d be very curious to see what he says, in light of what I have produced.
 
Likewise, Catholic Encyclopedia, “Inspiration of the Bible” never applies inspiration to Sacred Tradition.
 
And again, the Catholic Catechism in referring to inspiration, applies it solely to the Bible, not tradition (search “inspir” in the following section). The phrase “inspired tradition” never appears in it. See also:
CCC 81 “Sacred Scripture is the speech of God as it is put down in writing under the breath of the Holy Spirit.”42
“And [Holy] Tradition transmits in its entirety the Word of God which has been entrusted to the apostles by Christ the Lord and the Holy Spirit. It transmits it to the successors of the apostles so that, enlightened by the Spirit of truth, they may faithfully preserve, expound and spread it abroad by their preaching.”43
 
The same is found also in the latest edition of Denzinger, Enchiridion symbolorum: Compendium of Creeds, Definitions, and Declarations on Matters of Faith and Morals (43rd edition: San Francisco: Ignatius, 2012, edited in part by my good friend, Dr. Robert Fastiggi).
 
In the Index of Persons and Subjects (p. 1373), it has “Inspiration: of Sacred Scripture, A3bb . . . “
 
When we go to that section (starting on p. 1192), we find:
3. The Tradition of God’s Revelation
a. The Nature of the Tradition
The notion or characteristic of “Inspiration” never appears in this section, excepting a reference to “the inspired books” (i.e., Scripture).
b. Sacred Scripture
Here (pp. 1193-1195) we see a paragraph specifically devoted to “Inspiration” (of Scripture), and several other references.

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Photo credit: Pete unseth (11-28-09): Set of scrolls comprising the entire Tanakh [Wikimedia CommonsCreative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication]

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2019-08-09T11:50:22-04:00

This dialogue came about as a result of Jack DisPennett‘s critique of my paper, The Blessed Virgin Mary: Biblical & Catholic Overview. His words will be in blue.

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There is very little I can say in response to this issue, since the Bible doesn’t really tell us anything affirmative or negative.

Of course, to make this statement, you casually assume that all Christian doctrine must be explicitly found in the Bible: itself a non-biblical and arbitrary unproven axiom. We don’t accept this presupposition, but I understand that you are operating from it, whether or not you are aware of it. The Bible also tells us nothing about the canon of the New Testament.

But millions of Protestants accept with more-or-less blind faith, both sola Scriptura and the New Testament as they have received it. So if I am told that one of my distinctively Catholic beliefs is rejected because “it ain’t in the Bible,” I ask, “why, then, do you accept other things — even fundamental Protestant premises — which are also not explicitly (or not at all) in the Bible? Is this a double standard?”

However, I would like to make a quick comment about the centrality of Mary in the Catholic Church today–an emphasis that seems to be totally lacking until the mid-4th century A.D.

First of all, you would have to define “centrality.” We would fully expect the relatively late development, as Cardinal Newman argued, because Christology was on the front burner. After that was taken care of and defined, then the Church had the “luxury,” so to speak, to develop and ponder other doctrines. Mariology came to the fore precisely because of its proximity to Christology. One must understand the inevitability of development of doctrine.

I have just read most of Eusebius’s Ecclesiastical History, (along with his concise Book of Martyrs) and although this is far from being a comprehensive doctrinal treatise, it definitely does reveal many of the emphases of the early church. Much emphasis is given to martyrs (it is interesting, though, that although dead martyrs sometimes appear to people in dreams, e.g. Potamiaena, they are never prayed to),

It was more so a matter of praying for them, for the dead, as we see in the catacombs. As time went on, the intercession of the saints (whereby a Christian asks a saint to pray for them, just as they would ask a Christian brother or sister on earth), came into more widespread use. The latter is generally what a Catholic means by “praying to” a saint.

“Prayer” has a wider meaning in Catholicism, to include asking (a dead saint, who is much more alive than we are) for prayer, or intercession, whereas in Protestantism it is almost regarded as intrinsically an act of worship, which is why Protestants have such a problem with the intercession of saints, because it strikes them — in their unfortunate lack of understanding of it — as rank idolatry and elevation of creatures to the place of God’s sole prerogatives. In fact, all it is an acknowledgment that Christians who die are still able to pray and love, and thus, to help us by their intercession. It’s very simple.

to the centrality and deity of Christ, to doctrinal disputes about the Passover, deity of Christ, immortality of the soul, Mary is never mentioned, except in passing.

I explained our reply to this, above. This poses no problem for the Catholic, who accepts development of doctrine. Protestants, however (if they wish to follow this line of argument) have a huge problem finding many of their distinctive doctrines in the Fathers. If they wish to make this case, they will create more difficulties for their own position than they could imagine, whereas the Catholic position is unharmed by the mere presence of late development of any particular development.

For me, though, rhetorically speaking, “late” would be much more applicable to the novelties and inventions of 16th-century Protestantism (sola Scripturasola fide, two sacraments, symbolic Eucharist and baptism, congregationalism, etc.), than to Marian developments in the 4th century. Even the canon of the Bible wasn’t finally formalized until 397. Why is that not mentioned in the cry over the “late” development of Mariology? What’s good for the goose is good for the gander . . .

In fact, the title “The Virgin Mother” is used for the Church, not for Mary.

One of many parallelisms in the Bible and Christianity. Mary is indeed a symbol for the Church, and for the Christian.

(There are also documents from the council of Nicaea in an appendix to my copy of the Ecclesiastical History that seem to support the authority of the Bible against tradition, but that’s another topic entirely).

Indeed, and I have more on that subject than I have on anything else, on my website (which is why I chose not to include your remarks in that vein — as you suggested as a possibility — in this dialogue.

It seems strange that the earliest surviving comprehensive church history that is extant would not mention Mary as an important figure in Christian devotion, if this doctrine was supposedly “handed down” from the Apostles.

No more than the absence of the canon of New Testament Scripture. What was handed down was the “kernel” — which is, basically, the Virgin Mother and the New Eve. All else develops straightforwardly from that. Elsewhere I summarized early Christian teaching on Mary:

In the second century, St. Justin Martyr is already expounding the “New Eve” teaching, which Cardinal Newman regards as a starting-point for much later Marian dogmatic development:

Christ became man by the Virgin so that the disobedience which proceeded from the serpent might be destroyed in the same way it originated. For Eve, being a virgin and undefiled, having conceived the word from the serpent, brought forth disobedience and death. The Virgin Mary, however, having received faith and joy, when the angel Gabriel announced to her the good tidings . . . answered: Be it done to me according to thy word. (1)

St. Irenaeus, a little later, takes up the same theme: “What the virgin Eve had tied up by unbelief, this the virgin Mary loosened by faith.” (2) He also views her as the preeminent intercessor for mankind. (3)In the third century, Origen taught the perpetual virginity (4), Mary as the second-Eve (5), and was the first Father to use the term Theotokos. (6) He expressly affirms the spiritual motherhood of Mary: “No one may understand the meaning of the Gospel [of John], if he has not rested on the breast of Jesus and received Mary from Jesus, to be his mother also.” (7)

1. Dialogue with Trypho, 100:5, in Hilda Graef, Mary: A History of Doctrine and Devotion, combined edition of volumes 1 & 2, London: Sheed & Ward, 1965.

2. Against Heresies, 3, 21, 10.

3. Ibid., 4, 33, 11.

4. Homily 7 on Luke.

5. Homily 1 on Matthew 5.

6. Two Fragments on Luke, nos. 41 and 80 in the Berlin edition.

7. In John, 1, 6.

Even Eusebius calls her panagia, or “all-holy.” (Ecclesiastica Theologia).

It seems to me much more likely that Marian devotion increased as pagans estranged from their pagan goddesses in the wake of Constantine and his successors sought comfort in Marian devotion, and that the doctrine developed thusly. This is confirmed by the resemblance between early madonnas and figures of one of the pagan goddesses and her son (Another church historian, writing roughly 100 years after Eusebius, whose name escapes me currently, mentioned Mary as a figure of Christian devotion, however).

This is the familiar Protestant charge, but it is a very difficult one to prove, and is little more than a bald assertion. Why not go after the same Fathers for promoting prayers for the dead, or sacramentalism, or baptismal regeneration, or penance, on the same basis: similarity to pagan precursors? Pretty soon you’ll find yourself attacking biblical, apostolic Christianity lock, stock, and barrel, for similarities can always be found by those insistent upon finding them. Atheists and Jews and Muslims and Jehovah’s Witnesses find what they think are manifestations of trinitarianism in kernel form, in Babylonian three-headed gods and so forth.

Anthropologists have (for some odd reason) long thrilled themselves over similarities in creation myths, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, or like-minded ethical codes (Code of Hammurabi, etc.) which approximate the laws of Moses and the Ten Commandments. Christmas and Easter have been pilloried by various Protestant sects as pagan and unworthy of celebration. Such speculation is subjective in its very nature, and therefore quite weak and insubstantial. There is a fallacy and serious misunderstanding involved here, too, even beyond the obvious genetic fallacy.

After exploring more of my biblical arguments, in the original paper:
To say that she was “nearest to” Christ just because she bore His human body is question begging. We could just as easily say that Paul or one of the other martyrs was closest to Him in a more spiritual sense on account of their great suffering for His Name’s sake. We could say that the disciple He loved was closer to Him than anyone else on account of his leaning on His bosom at the last supper and of his privileged relationship with Him. The speculation could go on and on, proving what can happen if we try to read too much into the Bible.

I’ll refer the readers to my remarks on the profundity of the role of Theotokos above. One either immediately grasps the significance of that or they don’t. Martin Luther did, so I am not left without hope that Protestants today can regain some of the original Protestant beliefs, which had a fairly high Mariology.

Related Reading:

Defending Mary (Revelation 12 & Her Assumption) [5-28-12]

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Biblical Arguments in Support of Mary’s Assumption [National Catholic Register, 8-15-18]

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(originally 1-21-02)

Photo credit: Virgin in Glory with Saints, by Giovanni Bellini (c. 1430-1516) [public domain / Wikimedia Commons]

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